Lead Opinion
Natalia Nazarova entered this country from her native Ukraine. There is now a deportation order against her, entered in her absence because she was two hours late for her deportation hearing. The delay occurred because Nazarova’s interpreter was late for the hearing, and Nazarova (who speaks only Russian) had chosen to wait for him rather than risk an incomprehensible proceeding before the Immigration Judge (“IJ”). If the INS were to prevail in its opposition to the petition before us, Nazarova would be deported without ever having received a meaningful opportunity to be heard. Because, on the unique facts present here, we believe that Nazarova’s constitutional right to due process of law has been violated, we remand her case to the immigration authorities for further proceedings.
I
Nazarova entered the United States on February 15, 1993. Her entry papers permitted her to stay in this country until April 14, 1994. Shortly after her arrival, she filed an application for political asylum based on her fear of persecution as a Jew. On May 11, 1994, the INS denied that application and instituted deportation proceedings against her by serving her with an “Order To Show Cause and Notice of Hearing.” (The date of this action suggests that Nazarova’s application for asylum was filed prior to April 14, 1996, but we cannot find the precise date of filing in
Because the order to show cause did not contain information about the availability of interpreters, and knowing that she would need one, Nazarova asked her former employer, Rita Aizenberg, to contact the office of the IJ on her behalf to inquire whether an interpreter would be available at the hearing. The person at the IJ to whom Aizenberg spoke assured her that the “court” would provide an interpreter for Nazarova. Relying on this information, Nazarova took no steps to find her own interpreter and attended the August 19 hearing alone.
When she arrived at the hearing, however, there was in fact no interpreter present. This hearing turned out to be a master calendar hearing, at which pending matters were either quickly dispatched or rescheduled. The IJ spoke to Nazarova in English. As she recounts it, she understood little to nothing of what transpired orally, but she did receive a new written notice of hearing with a later date, from which she gleaned that her hearing had been rescheduled for October 7, 1994 at 10 a.m. That notice, like the first, was printed only in English and Spanish; once again, it specified the potential consequences of failing to appear.
Given her experience at the master calendar hearing — one reminiscent of that of Richard Gere’s character Jack Moore in the 1997 movie Red Comer — Nazarova made certain to hire an interpreter to accompany her to the merits hearing. When that date arrived, Nazarova set off to meet her interpreter in plenty of time for her 10:00 a.m. hearing. Unfortunately, he was not at his office. At that point Nazarova believed that she was on the horns of a dilemma: should she go to another hearing at which she understood nothing, and could convey nothing, or should she wait for the interpreter? She chose to wait, and wait she did for nearly two hours. When he arrived at last, the two proceeded immediately to the hearing room, arriving right around noon. There she discovered to her dismay that the IJ had already held her deportation hearing in her absence. He held that Nazarova had received notice of the hearing, that the INS had established her deportability, and that, by failing to appear, Nazarova had failed to establish her entitlement to relief from deportation. On that basis, the IJ deported her to Russia. (This was, of course, an embarrassing error for an IJ to make. Although Nazarova speaks Russian, she is Ukrainian, and any deportation order should have specified the Ukraine as her destination. For an American IJ to deport a Russian-speaking Ukrainian to Russia is the same as if a Ukrainian Immigration Judge were to deport an English-speaking American to England.)
Less than a week later, Nazarova submitted a handwritten motion to reopen, explaining her failure to appear at the specified hour as a consequence of her interpreter’s late arrival. This motion was eventually denied. Several months later, Nazarova, this time through counsel, again moved to reopen her case. She again argued that her interpreter’s lateness constituted an exceptional circumstance sufficient to justify her failure to appear, and she added the new complaint that the notice of hearing she received was inadequate because the consequences of a failure to appear, though recited in English and Spanish, were not made known to her in Russian. This motion, too, was denied. Finally, Nazarova pressed her inadequate notice claim before the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”). That body also denied her relief, holding that Nazarova had received adequate notice of the consequences of failing to appear. This petition for review followed.
The INS first challenges our jurisdiction to hear this petition. It correctly notes that § 242B(c)(4) of the Immigration and Nationality Act confines appellate judicial review of deportation orders entered in absentia “to the issues of the validity of the notice provided to the alien, to the reasons for the alien’s not attending the proceeding, and to whether or not clear, convincing, and unequivocal evidence of deportability has been established.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252b(c)(4). The INS believes that Nazarova has waived or conceded each of these potential grounds for appeal.
We find no jurisdictional bar to our review. While it is true that Nazarova has never challenged the evidence of deporta-bility, her arguments before the IJ, before the BIA, and before this court have all addressed the adequacy of the notice she received and her reasons for not timely attending her deportation hearing. She has not therefore conceded each of the statutory grounds for appeal.
Furthermore, even if her arguments below were imprecise renditions of the arguments that will eventually win the day on appeal, that raises at most the specter of forfeiture, and forfeiture is not a jurisdictional bar. Thomas v. Arn,
III
We review the denial of a motion to reopen a deportation order entered in absentia for abuse of discretion. INS v. Doherty,
Section 242B of the Immigration and Nationality Act governs this case, which arose before the effective date of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, now in force. In deportation proceedings under section 242B, the alien must receive written notice of the time, date, and place of the proceedings; the consequences of a failure to appear for reasons other than the statutorily defined “exceptional circumstances”; and notification of the right to be represented by an attorney. 8 U.S.C. § 1252b(a)(2), (3). The printed notice must be in English and Spanish. § 1252b(a)(3)(A). If an alien fails to appear at the deportation hearing, she will be deported in absentia if the INS establishes that she received the statutorily required . notice and that she is deportable. § 1252b(c)(l). Upon a motion to reopen, such a deportation order can be rescinded if the alien’s failure to appear was due to “exceptional circumstances,” defined as circumstances beyond the control of the alien “such as serious illness of the alien or death of an immediate relative of the alien, but not including less compelling circumstances.” § 1252b(c)(3)(A), (f)(2). The deportation order may also be rescinded if the alien did not receive proper notice. § 1252b(c)(3)(B).
This statutory concern with notice has its genesis in the well-settled fact that aliens have due process rights in deportation hearings. See, e.g., The Japanese Immigrant Case,
*483 A primary purpose of the notice required by the Due Process Clause is to ensure that the opportunity for a hearing is meaningful. See Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co.,339 U.S. 306 ,70 S.Ct. 652 ,94 L.Ed. 865 (1950) ("ThEe] right to be heard has little reality or worth unless one is informed that the matter [affecting one's property rights] is pending and can choose for himself whether to appear or default, acquiesce or contest").
Id. at 657; see also Mathews v. Eldridge,
Nazarova first argues that the actual notice she received of the consequences of a failure to appear at the proceedings was inadequate because it was written in both English and Spanish, but not in Russian. She concedes that the notice met the statutory requirements in this regard, and thus her real argument is that the statutory requirements do not satisfy the dictates of due process. This is a broad and troublesome position: the logical implication is that the INS must maintain a stock of forms translated into literally all the tongues of the human race, and then select the proper one for each potential deportee. No court to our knowledge has ever held that the Constitution requires the INS to undertake such a burden, and we will not be the first.
It has long been established that due process allows notice of a hearing (and its attendant procedures and consequences) to be given solely in English to a non-English speaker if the notice would put a reasonable recipient on notice that further inquiry is required. See, e.g., Toure v. United States,
Even if the notice of the second hearing was technically adequate in isolation, by the time she received it Nazaro-va had also learned from the INS itself one more fact, as a result of the way it conducted the first hearing she attended: that, contrary to the telephonic advice Aiz-enberg had received, she would have to find her own interpreter. Whether or not there is an interpreter at a hearing is a fact that goes not to the existence of notice, but to the achievement of its purpose-the meaningful opportunity to be heard. Late in her brief, Nazarova contends that the notice she received, which was silent as to the provision of interpreters, and the affirmative misinformation the INS had relayed through Aizenberg cumu-lated to jeopardize her opportunity to be
On the unusual facts of this case, Nazarova received adequate notice, but she did not receive a meaningful opportunity to be heard. A non-English-speaking alien has a due process right to an interpreter at her deportation hearing because, absent an interpreter, a non-English speaker’s ability to participate in- the hearing and her due process right to a meaningful opportunity to be heard are essentially meaningless. See Drobny v. INS,
As we noted earlier, when Nazarova presented these facts to the BIA on appeal from the IJ’s refusal to reopen the proceedings, the BIA ruled that Nazarova had failed to show exceptional circumstances that justified her “failure” to appear. “Exceptional circumstances,” recall, are those beyond the control of the alien, “such as serious illness of the alien or death of an immediate relative of the alien, but not including less compelling circumstances.” § 1252b(f)(2). The entire unfortunate chain of events leading to Nazarova’s tardiness at her second hearing began with the INS’s confusing and contradictory actions with respect to the interpreter question. When it failed to produce one at Nazarova’s first hearing, she reasonably believed that the advice her employer had received over the telephone was in error and that she needed to find her own interpreter. Whether or not the INS gave consistent or accurate advice on this crucial aspect of the hearing was certainly a matter beyond Nazarova’s control, and it made all the difference to the quality of the process she received.
We are aware that the standard of review from the BIA’s decision not to reopen a case is abuse of discretion, but we find here that such an abuse occurred. Nazarova’s “failure to appear,” to the extent it was that and not simple tardiness, meets the statutory requirements for rescinding a deportation order due to exceptional circumstances. We also agree with the Second Circuit that, when an IJ’s decision to enter an in absentia deportation order and her subsequent refusal to reopen the order threaten the alien’s constitutional or statutory rights, circumstances may exist that are sufficiently exceptional to excuse nonappearance and warrant remand. Romero-Morales v. INS,
The three published opinions upon which the dissent relies, see dissenting op. at 488, all present significantly different circumstances and, in our view, simply underscore the difference between the exceptional nature of the problem Nazarova faced and the unexceptional nature of the problems petitioners faced in those cases. Thomas v. INS affirmed the BIA’s refusal to remand a case to the IJ who entered a deportation order in absentia when the petitioner was ten minutes late for his fifth hearing and the IJ had already continued the case four times to allow the petitioner and his attorney numerous opportunities to appeal* together and present the proper documentation.
Yet even if the dissent is correct and Nazarova’s situation does not qualify as an exceptional circumstance, the course of events here conspired to deprive her of the meaningful opportunity to be heard that the Due Process Clause guarantees. This too is enough to require the BIA to reopen the proceedings. Cf. State Farm Ins. Co. v. Kazakova,
When her interpreter failed to appear on time, Nazarova faced a serious problem to which there was simply no good solution. On the one hand, she could appear alone at the merits hearing. Given the erroneous information she had received that an interpreter would be present at the scheduling hearing, and her resulting experience of that hearing as incomprehensible gibberish, she held the very reasonable belief that her physical presence alone would do nothing to secure an opportunity to participate meaningfully in the proceedings. Alternatively, she could wait for her interpreter and hope that she would still be allowed the opportunity to state her case even if she arrived late. Although the latter was surely the better of the two choices from her perspective, the IJ and the BIA have formalistieally demanded that Nazarova suffer the consequences of her failure to appear. (We pause to note with disfavor their refusal to distinguish between a failure to appear at all and a failure to appear at exactly the appointed hour. We question whether this is the sort of “failure to appear” envisioned by the statute and doubt that Congress intended such a punitive response to a brief and reasonable delay. See Romani v. INS,
Accordingly, we GraNt the petition for review, Vaoate the deportation order, and ReMand the case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting.
In reversing, the court concludes that Nazarova was denied a meaningful opportunity to be heard and that her absence should be excused due to exceptional circumstances. We lack jurisdiction over these arguments because they were not made to the BIA. Nazarova renews the argument that she made before the BIA—
Under the prior (and now amended) statutory scheme, which applies to this case, our review of deportation orders entered in absentia was more limited than our review of other deportation orders. An alien deported in absentia could move to reopen her case only on two grounds: that she did not receive the statutorily mandated notice, 8 U.S.C. § 1252b(c)(3)(B); or that her absence was caused by “exceptional circumstances,” 8 U.S.C. § 1252b(c)(3)(A). “Exceptional circumstances” are circumstances beyond the control of the alien “such as serious illness of the alien or death of an immediate relative, but not including less compelling-circumstances.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252b(f)(2). Where the BIA denies such a motion to reopen, this court’s review of that decision is limited to: (1) whether the alien received valid notice; (2) the reasons why the alien was absent from her hearing; and (3) whether clear, convincing, and unequivocal evidence of deportability was established. 8 U.S.C. § 1252b(c)(4).
In her petition to this court, Nazarova argues, as she did to the BIA, that she did not receive adequate notice because the consequences of her absence were not explained to her. She relates several deficiencies to support her claim: she was misled as to the availability of interpreters at the master calendar hearing; no one spoke to her in her language of the availability of an interpreter; and no one explained to her in her language the consequences of her being late. Thus, she claims she did not receive valid notice and therefore could not be deported in absen-tia.
The court interprets Nazarova’s argument to be that although she received notice, she was denied a meaningful opportunity to be heard. Opn. at 484. The court seems to recognize that this argument was not made to the BIA. Opn. at 482. While the court is correct that in some contexts we have the power to hear arguments forfeited below, opn. at 481-82, we cannot address arguments that were not presented to the BIA. An alien must exhaust her administrative remedies before seeking judicial review, 8 U.S.C. § 1105a(c), and we have no jurisdiction to review unexhausted arguments, Perez-Rodriguez v. INS,
The court concludes that “the course of events here conspired to deprive [Nazaro-va] of the meaningful opportunity to be heard that the due process clause guarantees.” Opn. at 485. Discussing whether the “course of events” deprived Nazarova of her opportunity to be heard misses the point. The statutory scheme that governed Nazarova’s hearing provided her with due process. The statute required that Nazarova be given notice of the time of the hearing and the consequences of her absence; that was done here. This notice satisfied due process even though it was not in Russian. And the statute provided Nazarova with a meaningful opportunity to be heard because it required a hearing at which the INS had the burden to present evidence of her deportability and at which she would be permitted to cross-examine the witnesses and present her own evidence. Nazarova was not heard' — meaningfully or otherwise — because she did not attend that hearing. Her absence was caused by her decision to sit and wait when her interpreter was late, even though she had notice that doing so might result in her deportation in absentia. Nothing the INS did forced her to make that choice.
The court concludes that the interpreter’s tardiness put Nazarova on the “horns of a dilemma.” The court supposes that Nazarova had only two choices: either proceed to the hearing without the interpreter and participate in a hearing she could not comprehend, or wait for him and risk being deported in absentia. But this presumes a false dichotomy. Nothing precluded Nazarova from attempting to contact the IJ to explain her delay, and while she certainly would have had to do this with the assistance of someone else, she had already used the help of Ms. Aizen-berg to contact the court. And had Naza-
The court should not blame Nazarova’s absence on the INS’s misinformation regarding the interpreter at the master calendar hearing. Although it was clear to Nazarova that she had gotten incorrect information about the first hearing, she did not attempt — through Ms. Aizenberg or the interpreter that she hired — to clarify the misunderstanding, that is, to inquire whether an interpreter would be at the deportation hearing, or what could be done to arrange for one to be provided by the INS. A single instance of misinformation does not instill in a reasonable person the notion that the INS will never provide accurate information. The inevitable fact is that Nazarova was late to her hearing because she employed an unreliable interpreter and when she discovered he was late made the bad choice of waiting for him. There is nothing “unique” about those circumstances. In fact equally sympathetic cases are often addressed by the courts of appeal.
In Thomas v. INS,
In addition to resolving the due process argument, the court raises a second issue sua sponte. It addresses the issue of
The judiciary certainly can determine whether Congress intended statutory language to have a particular meaning. See INS v. Cardoza-Fonseca,
I would affirm.
Notes
. The INS argues that Nazarova has failed to raise any of the grounds permitted in a petition for review to this court, but her argument falls squarely within the first ground: she is challenging the validity of the notice she received.
. Nazarova frames her due process argument as:
[tfjnder the unique facts of her case — where she appeared two hours late to her hearing with the explanation that [she] was misled about the availability of interpreters and felt that she could not risk appearing without one — her due process rights were violated by the Board's failure to reopen her case to provide her an opportunity to be heard. The Board should have taken into consider-aLion the fact that she was late only because she believed it was crucial to her ability to be present and heard that she bring her own interpreter — and that she reached that belief because no notice regarding interpreters had been given to her other than the mis-information that an interpreter would be provided at the initial Master Calendar hearing.
Pet. Brief p. 24. She also states her argument as:
The additional procedural protection [Nazaro-va] requests — that the Board forgive her two hours' tardiness caused by the failure of the Immigration Judge to provide an interpreter — is so minimal and at no cost to the government that the failure to provide that relief should be held a violation of due process. Pet. Brief p. 25.