48 N.H. 339 | N.H. | 1869
According to the agreed case the three corporations, the Worcester & Nashua Railroad, the Norwich & Worcester Railroad, and the Norwich & New York Transportation Company, were engaged as common carriers in the business of transporting goods between Nashua and New York in a continuous line under an agreement by which they divided the price paid for transportation through in proportions fixed by the agreement. The agreement is not before us; but from the general statement of it in the case it must be inferred that the parties to it were mutually bound to transport goods on their connected line according to the direction given by the owner, when they were received for transportation in the usual course of the business by any one of the parties. In this case it would have been a violation of the agreement among the parties to the continuous line, if either the Norwich & Worcester Railroad or the Transportation Company had refused to receive and transport the goods towards their destination in the usual course of the business as they were marked and directed when they were received by the defendants.
The contract between the plaintiffs and defendants must be implied from the facts stated in the agreed case. There was no special agreement, written or oral, that the goods should be carried to New York, nor that the responsibility of the defendants should end on delivery to the Norwich & Worcester Railroad. The general question is whether the defendants undertook for the transportation of the goods through to New York, or only agreed to carry and deliver, or tender, them to the Norwich & Worcester Railroad.
Had the defendants corporate authority to contract for the transportation of the goods beyond their own line? We have no hesitation in holding that railroads may contract to carry goods and passengers beyond their own lines. They could not answer the main objects of their incorporation without the exercise of this power. They are laid out and established with reference to connections in business with other extended lines of transportation, and the power to contract for transportation over the connected lines is implied in the general grant of corporate authority. On this point the authorities are nearly unanimous. It has been held otherwise in Connecticut by the opinion of three Judges against two. Hood v. N. Y. & N. H. Railroad, 22 Conn. 1; Elmore v. The Naugatuck Railroad, 23 Conn. 457; The Naugatuck Railroad v. The Button Company, 24 Conn. 468. But in a later case, Converse v. The Norwich & N. Y. Transportation Company, 33 Conn. 166, the court in that State have shown some disposition to recede from the doctrine of their earlier cases. No other authorities are cited by the defendants to this point, and I have found no others
In the agreed case it is said the goods were received to be forwarded &c., and from this phrase an argument is drawn that the agreement of the defendants was to forward to the next party in the line and not to carry through to New York. But here was no express agreement in any particular terms, and we are not called on to interpret the language used in any contract. The nature of the undertaking must be inferred from the facts stated in the agreed case, and cannot be determined by the phrase used in stating them. Even in a written contract, where the term, forwarded is used, if the thing to be done belongs to the business of a carrier, he will be charged as such. In Wilcox v. Parmelee, 3 Sandf. 610, the court say : “ The criticism of the defendant on the word forwarded used in the contract is not just. It applies to the whole distance, as well to those portion's of the route where other parties were owners of the vessels, as to that portion where he employed his own means of transportation. He was to forward the goods from New York to Fail-port, not to Buffalo, which he now says was the terminus of his own immediate route. The words used by him can only mean that be was to carry or transport the goods, and whether in his own vessels or in those of others was perfectly immaterial to the plaintiff.” In Schroeder v. The Hudson River Railroad, 5 Duer 55, the defendants gave a receipt for goods “to be forwarded per Hudson River Freight Train to Chicago ” ; and under this receipt it was held that the defendants were bound to carry the goods to Chicago. So in the recent case of Buckland v. The Adams Express Company, 97 Mass. 124, the defendants were charged as common carriers though they described themselves in the contract under which they received the goods, as “ Express Forwarders.” In the present case the undertaking of the defendants must be implied from the facts stated in the agreed case, and the particular language used in stating them is of no materiality.
Since the introduction of steam as the means of transportation by land and water the genéral question raised in this case has been much considered in different jurisdictions, and there is no little confusion and contradiction of authority respecting the rule which shall govern the rights,and liabilities of the parties, where goods are put in the course of transportation to distant places through connected lines associated in the
In England and in several of the United States, it has been held that when a railroad or other common carrier receives goods marked or otherwise directed for a place beyond the carrier’s own line, this alone is prima facie evidence of a contract to carry the goods to their final destination, though the freight money for transportation through is not paid to the carrier that receives the goods, and though he is not shown to have any connection in business with other parties beyond his own line. Muschamp v. The Lancaster & Preston Railway, 8 M. & W. 421; Watson v. The Ambergate, Nottingham & Boston Railway, 3 Law & Equity, 497; Collins v. The Bristol & Exeter Railway, 11 Exchequer 790, S.C., 7 House of Lords Cases 194; Coxon v. The Great Western Railway, 5 Hurlstone & M. 274. These and several other cases show that in England, after the fullest discussion in all the courts, the rule is firmly established that a carrier who receives goods marked for a place beyond his owu line is prima facie bound to carry them as directed to their final destination, and it is there held that the contract in such case is entire, and with the first carrier alone; that until some connection in the business, which has the general nature, if not the technical character, of a partnership, appears between him and the subsequent carriers, no action can be maintained against them by the owner, though the goods were lost or damaged on their part of the route.
I have not met with an American case, in which the rule has been pressed to the extent of holding that the owner cannot come on any carrier, by whose default the loss or damage actually happened. There are, however, numerous authorities in the United States for the general rule of. Muschamp v. The Railway, that the receipt of goods marked for a place beyond the line of the carrier who receives them, implies a contract to carry them to their final destination, though no connection in business is shown with other carriers beyond, and though t}ie price for transportation through is not paid in advance.
In Foy v. The Troy & Boston Railroad, 24 Barb. 382, the doctrine of the case is stated in the head note to be that " where a railroad company receives for transportation property addressed to a person at a point beyond the terminus of the road, he will be understood, in the absence of any proof to the contrary, to have agreed to deliver the property in the same order and condition in which it was received, to the consignee.” The court say, " it was no part of the plaintiff’s business to inquire 'how many different corporations made up the entire line of road between Troy and Burlington, or, having ascertained this, to determine at his peril,, which of said companies had been guilty of the negligence which resulted in the injury to his wagon.” In Schroeder
St. John v. Van Santvoord, 25 Wend. 660, is a strong authority for the rule that when goods are received by a carrier marked for a place beyond his line, he is bound to carry them to their final destination, if there is nothing to control the contract implied by the receipt of the goods so marked. Nelson, C. J., delivering the opinion of the court says : " It appears to me such a contract is fairly to be inferred from the receipt of the Captain in the absence of any explanation. The box
The American authorities above cited sustain the doctrine of Muschamp v. The Railway, that when a carrier receives goods marked for a place beyond his own line, he is, prima facie and in the absence of ■other evidence, bound by an implied contract to carry the goods to the place for which they are marked, though he has no connection in business beyond his own line and though he does not receive pay for transportation through.
There is another class of American cases which hold that the mere receipt ef goods marked for transportation beyond the line of the party that receives them is not evidence of a contract to carry beyond his own line, if he has no connection in business with carriers beyond; but that, if several carriers associate in a continuous line, carry goods for one price through, and. divide the freight money among them in an agreed ratio, though they may not be technically partners, but only quasi partners, yet as to third persons who entrust goods to them for transportation they are jointly liable for a loss that happens in any part of the continuous line, though the freight money is not paid to the first carrier on delivery of the goods to him.
In Champion v. Bostwick, 11 Wend. 571, S. C., 18 Wend. 174, several proprietors of different sections in a connected line of stage coaches divided the receipts of the whole route in proportion to the miles run by each ; and it was held that they were jointly liable as partners for an injury to a third person, not a passenger, eaused by the negligence of one of them. It is to be observed that in this ease the receipts of the way as well as the through travel were brought into the account ; and on this, a distinction has been taken between that case and one where the receipts of the through travel only are divided; and for that reason it has been said that in a case like the present there is no partnership and no joint liability. But as to parties, who deal with the through line, it is of no consequence how the other business is managed, or w hether any other business is done by the associated carriers. At
Hart v. The Rensselaer & Saratoga Railroad is to the point that 5‘ where three separate railroad companies owning distinct portions of a continuous railroad route between two termini run their cars over the whole road, employing the same agents to sell passenger tickets, and receive luggage to be carried over the entire road, an action may be maintained against any one of them for loss of luggage received at one terminus to be carried over the whole road.” Smith, J. delivering the opinion of the court in McDonald v. The Western Railroad, 34 New York 501, 502, says. “ We may judicially take notice of the fact that the vast business of inland transportation of goods is carried on mainly upon routes formed by successive lines belonging to different owners, each of whom carries the goods over his own line and delivers them to the next. Many of these routes extend over thousands of miles. Their proprietors unite and receive goods for transportation upon the promise express or implied that they shall be carried safely to the place of delivery. The owner has lost sight of his goods when he delivers them to the first carrier and has no means of learning their whereabouts till he or the consignee is informed of their arrival at the place of destination.”
In Wibert v. The Erie Railroad, 12 New York 256, it was said that ‘ ‘ where a carrier is in the habit of receiving and forwarding goods directed to any particular place, an agreement on his part to take them there has been presumed ; but where these operations are entirely disconnected, there is no partnership. In Bradford v. The Railroad Company, 7 Rich. (L.) 201, it was held that “ an advertisement of a through line and the course of the business is evidence to charge all the roads engaged in the continuous line of transportation as jointly liable for carriage through the whole route.” Redfield, C. J., in delivering the opinion of the court in The F. M. Bank v. The Transportation Company, 23 Vermont 131, speaking of Weed v. The S. & S. Railroad, 19 Wend. 534, says “ that case is readily reconciled with the general rule that such carrier is only bound to the end of his own route, by the consideration that in this case there was a hind of partnership connection between the first company and the other companies constituting the entire route, and also that the first carrier took pay and gave a ticket through, which is most relied on by the court; and in such cases where the first company gives a ticket and takes pay through it may be fairly considered equivalent to an undertaking to carry throughout the entire route.” In a note to this case by Redfield, C. J., he
By the statute of New York, enacted in 1847, “ whenever two or more railroads are connected together any company owning either of said roads receiving freight to be transported to any place in the line of either of said roads shall be liable as common carriers for the delivery of such freight at such place.” This statute has received a liberal construction and been'held to make a railroad in New York liable for a loss on a road in the connected line beyond the limits of the State ; Burtis v. The Buffalo & State Line Railroad, 24 New York 269; but not to discharge an intermediate carrier for loss caused by his own fault. Smith v. The N. Y. Central Railroad, 43 Barb. 225.
In The Cincinnati H. & D. Railroad v. Speat, 2 Duval 4, it was decided that “ where several parties are associated for the transportation of freight from Louisville to New York, executing through bills of lading and charging through freight, they will be chargeable as common carriers between those points ; and in such cases public justice and commercial policy require a stringent construction against any intermediate irresponsibility as common carriers.” Two points were decided in this case : that the defendants were liable as common carriers for transportation through to New York; and that on the facts of the case they held the goods as common carriers and not as warehouse men. The court say: “Thefacts conduce to prove that the áppellants, associated as they were with steamboats and other carriers from Louisville to Cincinnati as joint transporters between those points, and jointly charging through freight and giving through receipts, were in the popular and technical import common carriers to the whole extent between those termini; and in such cases, where associated companies are engaged in a common undertaking for transportation on a long line, public justice and commercial policy require a stringent construction against any intermediate irresponsibility as common carriers.” This reasoning applies with full force to the present ease.
In 2 Bedfield on Bailwajvs 104, the learned author sums up the result of the American cases on this particular point as follows : “ The American eases upon the subject, with rare exceptions, recognize the right of a railroad company to enter into special contracts to carry goods beyond the line of their road ; and lohere different roads are united in one continuous route such an undertaking, when goods are received and booked for any part of the line, is almost a matter of course.” In the present case the defendants were united in a continuous line to New York; the goods were received marked, which must be equivalent to hoohed, for New York ; and the case would seem to fill clearly within the rule laid'down in Bedfield as the result of the American authorities.
There is still another class of cases, in which it is held that the fact
In Weed v. The Saratoga & Schenectady Railroad, 19 Wend. 534, the plaintiff’s agent took passage at Saratoga in the Saratoga & Schenectady Railroad for Albany and paid his fare to Albany. The route to Albany consisted of the defendants’ and the Mohawk & Hudson River Railroad. When the agent arrived at Albany his trunk containing money of the plaintiff was missing, and this action was brought to recover for the loss. One ground taken for the defendants was that there was no evidence the trunk was lost on their road. There was no evidence of a contract to carry to Albany except such as was implied from the fact that the two roads made a continuous line to Albany, and the defendants took the trunk for carriage to Albany and received the pay for carrying through. It was held that the payment and receipt of fare through bound the defendants as carriers over the other road through the whole continuous route.
Van Santvoord v. St. John, 6 Hill 157, cited for the defendants recognizes the doctrine of Weed v. The Railroad. In his opinion for reversing the judgment of the supreme court the Chancellor says : " In the case of Weed v. The Railroad the two lines were connected together by an arrangement between themselves, and the agent of the defendant took the pay in advance for the conveyance of the plaintiff and his baggage the whole distance. Or, if no actual connection between the two lines was proved, it at least appeared that the defendant permitted its agent to hold it out as a earner of passengers and their baggage for the whole distance by taking pay therefor.'''’ It thus appears that in Van Santvoord v. St. John, as in Hyde v. The Navigation Company, taking pay for carriage to a place beyond the line of the party that takes it is regarded as decisive of an undertaking to carry to that place. Quimby v. Vanderbilt, 17 New York 315, is to the same point, that receiving pay for carriage through a continuous line imports a contract to carry through; and i'n Burtis v. The Buffalo & State Line Railroad, 24 New York 269, 278, Sutherland J, says : "It would appear to be settled by botli the American and English cases that when from usage in the particular business or by receiving pary to the place to which the goods are addressed, beyond the railway company’s road, or from any other circumstance, it is to be presumed that the undertaking of the railway -was to deliver at such place, they are responsible for the delivery of the goods at 'such place, • and are liable if the goods are lost after leaving their road.”
In Choteaux v. Leach, 18 Penn. St. Rep. 224, furs were shipped at Cincinnati for New York. The defendants admitted that they were carriers on the canals and railroads of Pennsylvania, but denied that they were on the river Ohio. The furs were lost in a steamboat on that river. The court (Black, C. J.,) say : “ They, the defendants, received the full freight from Cincinnati to New York ; and this is wholly inconsistent with the notion that they were agents for the shipment of the furs, and not carriers from Cincinnati to Pittsburg, as well as on other parts of the route.” To the same point is The Baltimore & Philadelphia Steam Boat Company v. Brown, 54 Penn. 77, which cites and approves The Illinois Central Railroad v. Copeland, 24 Illinois 338; The Illinois Central Railroad v. Johnson, 34 Illinois 382, and The Railroad v. Schwartzenburg, 9 Wright 208. So in Candee v. The Pennsylvania Railroad, 21 Wis. 582, where a railroad sells a through passenger ticket by a specified route to some point out of the State over lines belonging to other companies, it seems the understanding of the first company is to transport the passenger and his baggage
Redfield, in Red. on Railways 109, sums up the result of the authorities on this point as follows: "It has generally been considered, both in this country and in the English courts, that receiving goods destined beyond the terminus of the particular company and giving a check or ticket through does import an undertaking to carry through, and that this contract is binding on the company.”
Then, again, there are American cases which maintain the doctrine that, though carriers are associated in a continuous line and one of them, on receiving goods marked for transportation through, takes pay for transportation through, which by agreement of the parties to the continuous line is divided among them in a fixed proportion, yet in the absence of a positive agreement, each carrier is liable for loss on his own line, and not for a loss on any other part of the connected line.
This appears to be the settled rule in Connecticut. In Hood v. The New York & New Haven Railroad, 22 Conn. 1, the defendants’ road was connected with a line of stage coaches which runs from their terminus to Coleville; and they advertised that passengers by their line went by stage from Farmington to Coleville. The plaintiff bought a ticket of the defendants at New Haven for Coleville. The conductor on the said road took up the plaintiff’s ticket and gave him one for the stage. The plaintiff was injured cn the stage route. The whole fare through was paid to the defendants, and they accounted on settlement with the proprietors of the stage line, and this was according to the custom of the business. There was no other contract between the stage company and the railroad. It was held that there was no contract by the defendants to carry the plaintiff on the stage route. The decision would seem to have been put mainly on the ground that the defendants had no corporate authority to contract for carriage beyond their own line. In Elmore v. Naugatuck Railroad, 23 Conn. 457, it was decided that neither the receiving of goods directed to a point beyond the line of the road, nor an advertisement of the general facilities of trans
In Maine a single case is cited by the defendants, Perkins v. The P. S. & P. Railroad, 47 Maine 573, and I have found no other in that State bearing on the present question ; the head note of which is as follows : “ A railroad company may be bound by special contract, (but not otherwise), to transport persons or property beyond the line of their own road.” It is to be observed that in this case of Perkins v. The Railroad, the plaintiff had judgment, on the ground of a special contract; from which the negative inference is drawn that the plaintiff could not recover otherwise than by a special contract. This cannot be regarded as quite equivalent to a direct decision on the point; for if the point was raised in the case it certainly did not require the court to determine whether a special contract was necessary to charge the defendants, and besides there is reason to think that the term “ express contract ” could hardly have been used in its strict sense to signify a contract in the form of a direct promise or undertaking in language, oral or written, proper to show a positive agreement; since the judge, who delivered the opinion of the court speaks of a case where the carriers would be liable on the ground that they “ held themselves out as common carriers to that place;” in which case, as I understand it, the contract would not be express, in the strict or usual sense of the term, but implied from the conduct of the party. And the same learned judge also says: “ It is of great public convenience, if not absolute necessity, that several companies should combine their operations, and thus transport passengers and merchandise by a mutual arrangement over all their lines, upon one contract, for one price. In such cases each is held liable for the whole distance.” Instances are to be met with in other books of a similar latitude in the use of the term special contract, as in 2 Red. on Railways 104, where the term special contract is used, but the example given is of a contract implied from certain facts. For these reasons we are not inclined to regard Perkins v. The Railroad, as a direct and final decision by the courts in Maine of the question raised in the present case.
In Nutting v. The Connecticut River Railroad, 1 Gray 502, the supreme court of Massachusetts decided that ‘ ‘ a railroad corporation receiving goods for transportation to a place beyond the line of their road on another railroad which connects with theirs, but with the proprietors of which they have no connection in business, and taking pay for transportation over their own road only, are not liable, in the absence of any special contract, for loss of the goods after their delivery to the proprietors of the other road.” This could hardly be regarded as an authority for the defendants in the present case; and I find nothing in the opinion of the court, which carries the'doctrine of the case beyond the statement of the head note. But in later cases the rule has
We have been furnished with a manuscript copy of the opinion in Goss v. The New York, Providence & Boston Railroad, decided in Suffolk, March, 1868, since reported, (99 Mass. 220,) in which on facts that we cannot distinguish from the present, the court held that the point was settled by the prior decisions in Massachusetts, especially by the case of Darling v. The Railroad, and declined to discuss the general question further. And in the case of Burroughs v. The Norwich & Worcester Railroad, decided in September, 1868, we have also been furnished with the opinion of the court holding the law to be well settled in Massachusetts that a corporation established for the transportation of goods over a line between certain points and receiving goods directed to a more distant point is not responsible bc}7ond the end of its own line, unless it makes a positive agreement extendiug its liability.
It has been said that the English rule on this subject has not been generally adopted in this country. A review, however, of the American cases shows but too plainly, that if our courts have differed from the English, they are far from agreeing among themselves in any principle or doctrine that can be called the American mile. There is not only much confusion, but no little conflict in the American authorities. A large proportion of them are not directly in point for the present case, which must be decided on the facts found by agreement of the parties.
The following are the facts and circumstances from which the contract between these parties must be inferred:
The three corporations were engaged as common carriers in the transportation of goods in a connected line between Nashua and New York, under an agreement among the parties to the connected line.
In the present instance, and generally under the agreement, one price was paid for transportation through.
The freight money was divided among the parties to the connected line in proportions fixed by their agreement.
The goods were received by the defendants for transportation on the connected line marked for New York.
The legal inference from the general statement of the agreement is that the parties to the continuous line were bound by their mutual contract to take from each other and carry through goods so marked, that might be received by any one of them.
The price for transportation to New York was paid to the defendants, when they received the goods.
The American authorities are comparatively few, which hold that when all these circumstances concur, the carrier who receives the goods is not bound, by an implied agreement, to carry them, or see that they are carried, over the connected line to their final destination. Ido not find that the decisions in any of the States sustain this defence, except in Connecticut, Maine and Massachusetts.
With regard to the cases in Connecticut, it cannot imply any want of the respect due to the courts*of that State, if I say that for two reasons their cases on this point are not entitled to all the deference that is paid to their decisions on other subjects. In the first place, it is held there that railroad corporations have no corporate authority to contract for the transportation of goods or passengers beyond their own lines ; a doctrine rejected every where else. If it were admitted that railroads had the power to make such contracts, it does not appear that the courts in Connecticut would have decided that the plaintiff in a case like this would not be entitled to recover. Indeed it would seem from the opinion of the court as delivered by Ellsworth J, in Elmore v. The Naugatuck Railroad, 23 Conn. 457, that in Connecticut these defendants would be held liable if their power to contract were conceded. He says “no money was paid, or agreed to be paid, for conveying the
The single case of Perkins v. The P. S. & P. Railroad, for reasons before suggested, we cannot consider as a final settlement of the question in Maine.
But in Massachusetts the court in a series of decisions have established the rule that a carrier, though associated with others in a connected line of transportation is not liable for a loss happening beyond his own line without a positive agreement to that effect; and this rule is applied to the baggage of passengers, and the undertaking of express companies that receive goods for transportation beyond their own lines. The fact that notwithstanding the earlier decisions, suits have continued to be brought in that Commonwealth against parties that have received goods to be transported on continuous lines for losses happening beyond their own lines, might seem to suggest a suspicion that the profession and the public had not readily acquiesced in the rule as there laid down ; but the court have adhered firmly to the rule, and in some of the later cases have apparently declined to enter on the discussion of the question, treating it as finally settled ; and we must therefore consider the high authority of that court as against the right of the plaintiffs to recover in this action. So far, however, as that court may be understood to have established the rule that to bind a railroad for transportation beyond its own line there must be an express and positive agreement between the railroad and the owner of the goods, and that such an undertaking is not to be implied from facts such as are found in this case, the current of American authority, to say nothing of the English, appears to be strong the other way. Excepting the cases in Connecticut and Maine, which, when examined, do not, I think, give the Massachusetts doctrine any very strong support, the authorities in other States, though they differ much in other particulars, generally agree in this, that where, as
If the case were to be considered on authority only, we should feel bound to decide for the plaintiffs, inasmuch as we find the weight of authority to preponderate heavily in their favor; and taking general principles and reasons of convenience and public policy for our guide, we are led to the same conclusion.
In the view which the plaintiffs ask us to take of this case, when the goods were received by the defendants, marked for transportation to New York, and the price paid to the defendants for transportation through on the continuous line, the plaintiffs made one contract with the defendants, by which the defendants agreed, either as joint carriers with the other associated parties, or as undertaking for them to carry the goods through for the price paid, ns goods were carried in the usual course of the business on that line. In that view the plaintiffs would have nothing further to do in the matter. Everything else was provided for by the agreement among the associated carriers ; for by their agreement the defendants were bound to transport and the successive carriers would be bound to take and carry the goods from each other to their final destination. The price through was paid, and belonged to the different carriers in proportions fixed by their agreement, and this theory would agree exactly with the facts; for the plaintiffs in fact made but one agreement with one party to have the goods carried for one price to New York. No further stipulation or direction on the part of the plaintiffs was necessary, and none was ever in fact given by owners of goods who put them in the course of transportation, as these were put, in the continuous line.
According to the defendants’ theory of the case, when the plaintiffs delivered the goods marked for New York, and the defendants received them and took pay for transportation through, no contract was made with any party to carry the goods through ; but the contract then made by the defendants was to carry the goods to the next carriers on the connected line with the surplus money, and as agents of the plaintiffs make a contract if they could with the next carriers to take the goods and the money and carry them on in the same way through successive agencies for the plaintiff to their final destination. If these agents should consent to act for the plaintiffs, and be able to negotiate bargains with the other carriers for transportation through, the goods would go to New York as was intended ; but they would go under three separate contracts made at different times through this imaginary agency with three different and independent parties.
Let us see what are some of the consequences that would follow, if both parties in a case like this should act on the defendants’ view of their legal rights. Suppose in this case the goods had been carried through to New York, and the defendants had not paid to the next carriers the proportion of the freight money which belonged to the other carriers; and then suppose that the Norwich & Worcester Railroad should sue the plaintiffs for carrying the goods over their road. It would avail the plaintiffs nothing to say that they had paid the freight through when the goods were received at this end of the route. The ready answer would be: "To be sure, you put money into the hands of your agents, the Worcester & Nashua Railroad, to pay us, but they neglected their duty; your money is still in their hands, and we are not paid.” It is, however, quite clear, that the money received by the defendants for transportation through on the connected line would be held by them for all the parties' to the line ; they would be bound to account for it under their agreement as one partner accounts with his fellows for money received on partnership account. Then if the plaintiffs should undertake to pay the different carriers, how are they to know, the share of each ? The proportions of the freight money belonging to them respectively are regulated by a private agreement of which the plaintiffs know nothing, and of which in the way the business is actually conducted they have no need to be informed. If the plaintiffs had proposed when they delivered the goods to pay the Worcester & Nashua road their proportion of the freight money and afterward to pay the other carriers their respective shares, they probably would have found nobody to tell them what the different shares were, or to receive the goods to be carried on such terms. In truth the connected line transacts business as one joint concern, and the business cannot be transacted otherwise with convenience either to the carriers or the owners of the goods.
Then if we look to the remedy of the associated carriers for the recovery of the freight money, each, on the theory of the defendants; must bring a separate suit on the separate contract for his proportion of the money. We have had occasion to learn from the facts stated in another
The use of steam in carrying goods and passengers has produced a great revolution in the whole business. The amount and importance of it have of late vastly increased and are every day increasing. The large business between different parts of the country is done, as in this case, by parties who are associated in long continuous lines, receiving one fare through and dividing it among themselves by mutual agreement. They act together for all practical purposes so far as their own interests are concerned as one united and joint association. In managing and controlling the business on their lines they have all the advantages that could be derived from a legal partnership. They make such an arrangement among themselves as they see fit for sharing the losses, as they do the profits that happen in any part of their route. If by their agreement each party to the connected line is to make good the losses that happen in his part of the route, the associated carriers, and not the owner of the goods, have the means of ascertaining where the losses have happened. And if this cannot be known, there is nothing unreasonable or inconvenient in their sharing the loss, as in case of a legal partnership, in proportion to their respective interests in the whole route.
They undertake the business of common carriers, and must be understood to assume the legal liabilities of that business. They transact the business under a change of circumstances ; but the principles and the general policy of the common law, which, as an elementary maxim, holds the common carrier liable for all accidental losses, must be applied to these new methods of transacting the same business; and there is certainly nothing in the present condition of the business, which calls for any relaxation of the old rule. The great value of commodities trans
What then is the situation of the owner, whose goods have been-damaged or lost on a continuous line of three or any larger number of associated carriers, if he can look only to the carrier, on whose part of the route the damage may have happened ? In the first place he must set about learning where his loss happened. This would often be difficult and sometimes quite impossible. Suppose an invoice of flour shipped in good order at Ogdensburg were found on arrival at Boston to have been damaged somewhere on the route ; or suppose a trunk checked at Boston for Chicago was broken open and plundered before it reached Chicago, what would the owner’s chance be worth of finding out in what particular part of the route the damage happened ? He would have no means of learning himself; and he would not, unless of a very confiding disposition, rely on any very zealous aid in his search from- the different carriers associated in the connected line. And if he should have the luck to make the discovery, he might be obliged to assert his claim for compensation against a distant party, among strangers, in circumstances such as would discourage a prudent man, and induce him to sit down patiently under his loss rather than incur the expense and risk of pursuing his legal remedy under the rule set up by these defendants. The forlorn condition of the owner in such a case is put in a strong light by Waite, C. J., in his dissenting opinion, Elmore v. The Naugatuck Railroad, 23 Conn. 478, where he says : “A merchant residing in Cleveland, Toledo, or Chicago, purchases goods in the . city of New York, which he wishes to send to his place of business. He enters into a contract with a railroad company for their transportation, not to any given point on the route, but for the whole distance. He delivers the goods to the company and they are taken and locked up in freight cars. He does not accompany them, and often sees, and hears nothing more of them until they are- delivered to him at their place of destination. The cars in which they are placed are often run over . roads belonging to different companies to save trouble and expense of change of cars. If the goods are lost or damaged on the route he ordinarily has no means of determining where or in -whose custody the . injury occurred. The trouble and expense of ascertaining that fact in many cases would amount to more than the whole damage. As a prudent, cautious man he would be unwilling to entrust his goods to the custody of others, unless he could find some person or company that would be responsible for their safe delivery.” The remarks of Smith, J, 34 New York 501, before cited are of the same import, showing the
A rule, which throws such difficulties in the way of the owner who seeks to recover of common carriers for the loss of his goods, I cannot but regard as a wide departure from the general doctrine of the common law on this subject; and nothing is plainer than the duty of courts to apply the general principles of the common law to the new circumstances which are introduced by changes in the manner of transacting any business.
Few things are of greater importance to the whole country than the cheap, convenient, and safe transportation of goods between distant points. Vast sums of money are expended to promote this object. The business is already immense and constantly increasing. Most of this business is done on connecting lines of railroads and steamboats, and these by continuous lines have a practical monopoly of the business on their respective roads. The owner of goods must entrust them to tiñese associated carriers ; they cannot be carried in any other way. Not only those who are engaged directly in carrying and sending goods are interested in this subject; all who produce and all who consume are interested that goods should be carried as cheaply, as conveniently, and as safely as possible. Public policy and the public interest concur with the general maxim of the law that those who transact this great business, should be held to a rule which shall give a ready and effectual remedy to the owner whose goods have been lost or damaged in any part of these connected lines of transportation.
There is a perplexing diversity of decision on this subject, in the different tribunals of this country. For instance, by the law of New York, as we understand it to be established by the construction which the courts have given to their statute, if goods are received in that State for transportation through on a connected line of railroads, the road that receives the goods is liable for loss or damage happening in any part of the connected line, though beyond the limits of the State. Burtis v. The Buffalo & State Line Railroad, qua supra. As has been before mentioned, there is a connected line of six or seven railroads extending from Ogdensbui’g to Boston. If goods are received by the Ogdensburg Railroad for transportation to Boston, and are lost or damaged on any part of the line, say on the Lowell Railroad, the Ogdensburg Railroad is liable for the loss. But if merchandise is received at Boston by the Lowell Railroad for transportation to Ogdensburg over the same connected line of railroads associated under the same- agreement, the owner would be left to find out, if he could, on which of the six or seven connected roads his goods were lost or damaged, and could claim for his loss of that road alone. There would seem to be no remedy for this confusion and conflict of decisions unless -the national legislature can provide one under the power given by the constitution to regulate commerce.
- I come to the conclusion that on the case stated the plaintiffs are entitled to recover; and such is the unanimous opinion of the court.