420 Mass. 196 | Mass. | 1995
Nashua Corporation (plaintiff) is a New Hampshire based manufacturer with production facilities in, among other places, Nashua and Merrimack, New Hampshire, and Chelmsford, Massachusetts. From 1974 to 1984, the plaintiff shipped waste products from its Nashua, New Hampshire facility to two recycling facilities, the Silresim Chemical Corporation (Silresim) in Lowell, Massachusetts, and Union Chemical Company (Union Chemical) in South Hope, Maine. In 1983 and 1987, the plaintiff was named as a potentially responsible party in connection with the cleanup of these recycling sites. When the plaintiff notified its insuranee carriers (defendants)
1. Deletion endorsement. We first address the meaning of the term “operations” contained within the deletion endorsement. This determination is critical because the plaintiff’s facilities that produced the waste are located in New Hampshire,
To begin, the plaintiff states that the plain language of the deletion endorsement does not require a New Hampshire release in order for the endorsement to apply. Moreover, the plaintiff states that the regulatory purpose behind the endorsements was to compensate New Hampshire insureds for the diminution in coverage resulting from the inclusion of pollution exclusion clauses in their policies. The plaintiff argues that the term “operations” should be interpreted in a manner consistent with this purpose of protecting New Hampshire insureds and, therefore, the focus should be on where the insured’s operations are located. It follows, according to the plaintiff, that, because its New Hampshire operations generated the waste that caused the property damage,
We have stated that, when construing the language of an insurance policy, it is appropriate “to consider [whether] an objectively reasonable insured, reading the relevant policy language, would expect to be covered.” Hazen Paper Co. v. United States Fidelity & Guar. Co., 407 Mass. 689, 700 (1990). Furthermore, we realize that an insured is entitled to the most favorable interpretation of the policy language when there is more than one rational interpretation of the policy language, or where the policy language is ambiguous. Id. See Trustees of Tufts Univ. v. Commercial Union Ins. Co., 415 Mass. 844, 849 (1993). However, in this case the policy language unambiguously favors the defendants.
Even if the New Hampshire insurance commissioner intended to require that property damage resulting from waste produced in New Hampshire, but disposed far beyond the territorial limits of the State, be covered by insurance, we conclude that that intent was not expressed in the deletion endorsement.
2. Pollution exclusion clause. The next issue we address concerns the nature of the relevant releases, and whether such releases were the kind of releases covered by the policies in question. As we stated earlier, the pollution exclusion clause contained in the policies exclude coverage for all pollution damage, unless the pollution damage was caused by a “sudden and accidental” release. We construed the “sudden and accidental” exception to the pollution exclusion clause in Lumbermens Mut. Casualty Co. v. Belleville Indus., Inc., 407 Mass. 675, 679-683 (1990). In that decision, we concluded that the word “sudden” has a temporal element, and that “only an abrupt discharge or release of pollutants falls within the exception.” Id. at 680-681 & n.4. Moreover, we stated: “The sudden event to which the exception in the pollution exclusion clause applies concerns neither the cause of the release of a pollutant nor the damage caused by the release. It is the release of pollutants itself that must have occurred suddenly, if the exception is to apply so as to provide coverage. The exception thus focuses on the circumstances of the release.” Id. at 679. For example, in Liberty Mut. Ins. Co. v. SCA Servs., Inc., 412 Mass. 330, 336 (1992), the de
Rule 56 (c) of the Massachusetts Rules of Civil Procedure, 365 Mass. 824 (1974), provides that summary judgment is appropriate “if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” The plaintiff argues that it was error for the judge to grant summary judgment in favor of the defendants because a genuine issue of material fact existed regarding
The defendants rely on Liberty Mut. Ins. Co. v. SCA Servs., Inc., supra, and argue that the plaintiff is trying to “microanalyze” the reclamation facilities’ operations, and that over-all, the pollution occurred as part of the reclamation sites’ ongoing operations. The defendants’ reliance on SCA, supra, is misplaced. In this case, unlike SCA, there is evidence that releases resulted from events that did not occur regularly as part of the reclamation sites’ operations. Therefore, a factual question exists regarding what portion of the pollution damage resulted from the reclamation sites’ ordinary operations and what portion was caused by sudden and accidental releases, if any. Because we determine that a genuine issue of material fact does exist, we conclude that the judge erred when he granted summary judgment in favor of the defendants.
3. Other issues. The defendants also argue that the plaintiff’s claims are barred because the property damage was intended as a matter of law, and therefore, cannot constitute
For the aforementioned reasons, we now reverse the judge’s allowance of the defendants’ motion for summary judgment and remand the case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
So ordered.
The plaintiffs primary liability insurer is Liberty Mutual Insurance Company. Its excess liability insurers include First State Insurance Corn-pony, Lexington Insurance Company, and certain underwriters at Lloyds of London and London Market companies.
At the time of the summary judgment motion, the plaintiff had paid approximately $1.4 million for cleanup of the Silresim site, and anticipated owing approximately $1.6 million for its share of the Union Chemical site cleanup.
The policies promise to “pay on behalf of the insured all sums which the insured shall become legally obligated to pay as damages because of . . . property damage to which this policy applies, caused by an occurrence.” Property damage is defined as the “physical injury to or destruction of tangible property which occurs during the policy period, including loss of use thereof.” The term occurrence is defined as “an accident . . . which results in . . . property damage neither expected nor intended from the standpoint of the insured.”
The language of the pollution exclusion clause, denominated as exclusion f, states “property damage arising out of the discharge, dispersal, release or escape of . . . pollutants into or upon the land, the atmosphere or any water course or body of water; but this exclusion does not apply if such discharge, dispersal, release or escape is sudden and accidental.”
The endorsement provision states that “[i]t is agreed that the [pollution] exclusion ... is deleted. This endorsement applies only with respect to operations or occurrences in: Maryland, New Hampshire [and] Vermont.”
Some of the waste was produced at a site not located in New Hampshire. This fact is not critical to the view we take of the case.
The judge stated: “In the present case, the release took place at Union Chemical (Maine) and Silresim (Massachusetts). This court need not reach the question whether they amounted to ‘occurrences’ within the respective policies’ language. Whether ‘occurrences,’ or mere happenings, they did not take place in New Hampshire; nor were the related ‘operations’ located there. At issue are recycling activities in Maine and Massachusetts involving the routine discharge of hazardous waste into the surrounding environment during storage and processing. Notwithstanding that generation of the wastes occurred in New Hampshire, the release of the pollutants happened elsewhere. The New Hampshire endorsement thus does not apply” (emphasis in original).
The plaintiff also contends that the defendants’ conduct supports its interpretation of the term “operations.” More specifically, the plaintiff states that the defendants made payments on the relevant claims to the plaintiff up until the time that this litigation was filed. The plaintiff also asserts that the defendants’ employees admitted that the term “operations” could have varied interpretations. However, after hearing the evidence regarding the proper interpretation of the term, the judge held that the plaintiff was merely trying to assert some type of waiver claim (i.e., that the defendants’ conduct somehow amounted to a waiver of its right subsequently to deny coverage of the claim). The judge rejected this argument stating that the law of waiver cannot be used to broaden coverage or supply coverage that does not exist already under the existing contract. See Merrimack Mut. Fire Ins. Co. v. Nonaka, 414 Mass. 187, 189 (1993). We agree with the judge and also reject this argument advanced by the plaintiff.
The record contains no contemporaneous explanation of the purpose or intent of the commissioner’s action. The affidavit of an employee of the insurance department, prepared after the fact apparently for the purpose of litigation, expressing the employee’s view of the commissioner’s intent
The judge held that the “Plaintiff has failed to establish that the releases were sudden and accidental. Rather, the present record shows that the contamination at Union Chemical, continuous over a number of years, resulted from (a) leaching of hazardous chemicals into the soil and water during the reclamation process, and (b) leaking from drums holding chemical waste before processing. At Silresim, contamination followed the regular dumping of hazardous wastes into a pit not equipped with an impermeable lining. Because the releases of pollutants resulted from routine, continuous business practices, the pollution exclusion clause bars Plaintiff’s claim for indemnity.”
After this opinion was released London Market Insurers, one of the three defendants, argued that its policies were not in effect at the time that the tank burst. Our opinion does not address this issue, and it is open to the parties to address it in the subsequent proceedings in the Superior Court.
The term “occurrence” is defined in the policy as an accident resulting in property damage “neither expected nor intended from the standpoint of the insured.”