Narguess Noohi v. Johnson & Johnson Consumer INC.Narguess Noohi v. Johnson & Johnson Consumer INC.
*3 BERZON, Circuit Judge:
Johnson & Johnson Consumer Inc. (“JJCI”) markets and sells a cosmetic product named “Neutrogena Oil-Free Face Moisturizer for Sensitive Skin” (“the Product”). [1] In search of an oil-free skin moisturizer, Narguess Noohi purchased the Product. Noohi alleges that, despite the name, Neutrogena Oil-Free Face Moisturizer for Sensitive Skin contains oils and oil-based ingredients. After discovering that alleged deception, Noohi brought this putative consumer class action against JJCI, alleging violations of California deceptive marketing and consumer protection laws. The district court certified a class of California purchasers of the Product. JJCI now appeals that grant of class certification on two grounds.
First, JJCI challenges the district court’s reliance on the proposed damages model of Noohi’s economic expert. JJCI maintains that the district court held Noohi to only a “prima facie” standard with regard to the damages model and unduly rejected its evidentiary challenges to the expert’s testimony. The result, JJCI contends, was that the approved model was too underdeveloped and preliminary to support the district court’s finding that common questions *4 largest, most prominently placed text on the front of the box and bottle reads simply “oil-free moisture.” “Sensitive skin” appears in smaller text below, and “ultra-gentle facial moisturizer” appears in even smaller text below that.
predominated as to injury. JJCI further contends that the model does not match Noohi’s theory of harm. We reject JJCI’s challenges to the damages model. In doing so, we rely on this Court’s recent holding that “class action plaintiffs may rely on a reliable though not-yet-executed damages model to demonstrate that damages are susceptible to common proof so long as the district court finds that the model is reliable and, if applied to the proposed class, will be able to calculate damages in a manner common to the class at trial.” Lytle v. Nutramax Lab’ys, Inc. , 114 F.4th 1011, 1019 (9th Cir. 2024). We also conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in finding the proposed damages model fit Noohi’s theory of harm and was sufficient for purposes of class certification.
Second, JJCI argues that the district court incorrectly determined that the elements of materiality and reliance were susceptible to common proof. We disagree. Materiality, and therefore an inference of reliance, can be established by reference to an objective, reasonable consumer standard, and so in this case may be proven in a way common to the class. Although the inference of reliance is rebuttable, the district court did not abuse its discretion in determining that JJCI failed to rebut that inference.
For these reasons, discussed more fully below, we affirm the district court’s grant of class certification.
I. BACKGROUND
JJCI develops, markets, and sells Neutrogena Oil-Free Face Moisturizer for Sensitive Skin. Plaintiff-Appellee Narguess Noohi purchased this Product because she wanted an oil-free moisturizer for her skin. Noohi alleges that, despite the title “oil-free,” the Product contains two ingredients—ethylhexyl palmitate and soybean sterols—that *5 6 N OOHI V . J OHNSON & J OHNSON C ONSUMER , I NC . are oils or oil-based compounds. Noohi further alleges that she would not have purchased the Product had she known it contained oils.
In her operative complaint, Noohi asserted four claims against JJCI: (1) violation of California’s False Advertising Law (“FAL”), Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code §§ 17500 et seq. ; (2) violation of California’s Unfair Competition Law (“UCL”), id. §§ 17200 et seq. ; (3) violation of California’s Consumers Legal Remedies Act (“CLRA”), Cal. Civ. Code §§ 1750 et seq .; and (4) common law fraud. Noohi moved to certify a class under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(b)(2) and 23(b)(3) as to her three statutory claims.
In support of her motion for class certification, Noohi submitted declarations and reports from two experts—Dr. Michael Hickner, a professor of materials science and engineering, and Dr. Wade Roberts, an econometrics expert. In a declaration, Dr. Hickner explained the meaning and properties of “oil.” Dr. Hickner opined that, although “oil” lacks a standard scientific definition, the term generally refers to a “naturally-derived, chemically synthesized, or petrochemically-refined slippery . . . substance” that is hydrophobic—meaning that it does not mix with water—and more viscous than water, but less dense. Dr. Hickner stated that, based on their chemical structures and physical properties, ethylhexyl palmitate and soybean sterols are oils with oil-like physical properties.
In an expert report, Dr. Roberts described his proposed process for measuring class members’ damages by calculating the economic value to consumers of the “oil- free” statement. Dr. Roberts described a two-step process. First, Dr. Roberts would conduct qualitative market research designed to uncover consumers’ understanding of and response to the “oil-free” label. Second, Dr. Roberts would conduct quantitative surveying and market analysis to measure the economic value to consumers of the “oil-free” statement. At the time of class certification, discovery was still ongoing, and Dr. Roberts had not yet fully developed or executed his proposed damages model.
In opposition to class certification, JJCI submitted declarations from its own experts contesting Dr. Hickner’s *6 classification of the ingredients as oils and raised evidentiary objections based on Dr. Hickner’s qualifications and methodology. JJCI also submitted declarations from its own economic experts contesting the design of Dr. Roberts’ damages model and raised evidentiary objections based on Dr. Roberts’ qualifications and proposed methodology.
After considering JJCI’s experts’ opinions and its
evidentiary objections, the district court found both Dr.
Hickner and Dr. Roberts qualified and their opinions
sufficiently reliable to be considered for class certification
purposes.
[2]
The district court rejected JJCI’s evidentiary
objections to Noohi’s experts’ qualifications and their
opinions. The district court further found that Noohi
satisfied the threshold class certification requirements of
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(a) and the specific
requirements of both Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
*7
The crux of the dispute here is whether Federal Rule of
Civil Procedure 23(b)(3)’s requirement that “questions of
law or fact common to class members predominate over any
questions affecting only individual members” has been
adequately met. Rule 23(b)(3)’s predominance requirement
“presupposes satisfaction of the commonality requirement
of [Rule] 23(a)(2), which itself tests ‘the capacity of a
classwide proceeding to generate common
answers
apt to
drive the resolution of the litigation.’”
[3]
Lytle
, 114 F.4th at
1023 (quoting
Alcantar v. Hobart Serv.
,
Importantly, the inquiry at the class certification stage
differs from that at summary judgment. “A court, when
asked to certify a class, is merely to decide a suitable method
of adjudicating the case and should not ‘turn class
certification into a mini-trial’ on the merits.”
Edwards v.
First Am. Corp.
, 798 F.3d 1172, 1178 (9th Cir. 2015)
(quoting
Ellis v. Costco Wholesale Corp.
,
“We review the decision to certify a class and ‘any
particular underlying Rule 23 determination involving a
discretionary determination’ for an abuse of discretion.”
Olean
,
A.
JJCI’s first argument on appeal is that Dr. Roberts’ proposed damages model was too underdeveloped at the time of class certification to be admissible or reliable under Daubert and Federal Rule of Evidence 702. JJCI further maintains that the district court, in rejecting its evidentiary challenges to the damages model and finding that the model demonstrated that damages were capable of measurement on a classwide basis, failed to engage in the “rigorous analysis” required under Rule 23. We disagree.
This Court’s recent decision in
Lytle
, in which the
defendants raised objections similar to those put forward by
JJCI, describes the appropriate inquiry into a damages model
*9
at class certification. As an initial matter,
Lytle
holds that
“there is no categorical prohibition on a district court relying
on an unexecuted damages model to certify a class.” 114
F.4th at 1029.
Lytle
further makes clear “there is no
requirement that the evidence relied upon by Plaintiffs to
support class certification be presented in an admissible form
at the class certification stage.”
Id.
at 1024–25. Instead, “an
inquiry into the evidence’s ultimate admissibility should go
to the weight that evidence is given at the class certification
stage.”
Id.
at 1025 (quoting
Sali
, 909 F.3d at 1006). But
“‘[n]either the possibility that a plaintiff will be unable to
prove his allegations, nor the possibility that the later course
of the suit might unforeseeably prove the original decision
to certify the class wrong, is a basis for declining to certify a
class which apparently satisfies’ Rule 23.”
Id.
(alteration in
original) (quoting
Sali
,
Additionally, evaluation of an unexecuted damages model at class certification “requires determining whether the expert’s methodology is reliable, so that a limited Daubert analysis may be necessary, but the more full-blown Daubert assessment of the results of the application of the model would be premature.” Id. at 1031. Instead, “the court considers only if expert evidence is useful in evaluating whether class certification requirements have been met.” Id . As Lytle emphasizes, in applying this standard to an unexecuted damages model, “the ultimate inquiry is whether a proposed model is likely to provide common answers at trial.” at 1032 n.8.
Here, as in Lytle , the district court’s application of Daubert at the class certification stage was not an abuse of discretion. [4] The district court correctly recognized that the Plaintiffs were required to “show that damages are capable of measurement on a class-wide basis.” The court then considered and explained how Dr. Roberts proposed to do so, while noting that Noohi “need not show the actual amount of damages incurred” at the time of class certification. In determining that Dr. Roberts’ model was reliable and capable of measuring damages on a classwide basis, the district court found Dr. Roberts qualified as an expert in econometrics and relied on the fact that other courts have approved similar damages models in other CLRA cases.
JJCI contends that Dr. Roberts’ survey question design and selection of the final survey population was incomplete and preliminary, and when further developed and executed, may bias the results of his model. The contention that Dr. Roberts’ model was not sufficiently developed to support the district court’s approval of class certification is unpersuasive. To be sure, “[m]erely gesturing at a model or *11 JJCI further argues that Dr. Roberts’ proposed damages model is not consistent with Noohi’s theory of harm, thus contravening Comcast Corp. v. Behrend , 569 U.S. 27 (2013). We are not persuaded.
Comcast
requires that plaintiffs “be able to show that
their damages stemmed from the defendant’s actions that
created the legal liability.”
Levya v. Medline Indus. Inc.
, 716
F.3d 510, 514 (9th Cir. 2013) (citing
Comcast
, 569 U.S. at
38). Noohi alleges that JJCI misled consumers, in violation
of the CLRA, UCL, and FAL, by labeling the Product “oil-
free.” Noohi’s theory of harm is that class members paid
more for the Product than they would have absent the
misleading title “oil-free.” Under that theory of harm, the
amount of overpayment attributable to the challenged
term—the “price premium”—is the standard measure of
damages under the CLRA and of restitution under the FAL
and UCL.
[5]
See, e.g.
,
Pulaski & Middleman, LLC v. Google,
Inc.
,
Dr. Roberts proposed to measure that overpayment. The quantitative portion of Dr. Roberts’ analysis would involve a “Van Westendorp price elasticity test.” As Dr. Roberts described in his expert report, survey participants—a representative sample of consumers whose selection will be informed in part by the qualitative survey and JJCI’s internal data—will be shown the Product and asked at what prices they would find the Product “too inexpensive to be considered, a good value, expensive but still worth considering, and finally, too expensive to be considered.” Next, Dr. Roberts will introduce information “challenging the ‘oil-free’ claim.” For example, Dr. Roberts proposed informing the survey participants that some of the Product’s ingredients contained extracts of soybean and palm oil. *12 N OOHI V . J OHNSON & J OHNSON C ONSUMER , I NC . 15 After sharing that information, Dr. Roberts will again ask the survey participants the same pricing questions.
Using the difference between participants’ two “good
value” prices—before and after
the “exposure”
to
information challenging the “oil-free” label—Dr. Roberts
will use regression analysis to determine the percent of the
product’s overall price associated with the phrase “oil-free.”
That coefficient will then be multiplied by the Product’s
actual market price from the class period to calculate the
class members’ “damages (financial losses) directly
measurable from changes in the perceived value of the
product.” As the district court found, courts have approved
of similar “benefit-of-the-bargain” damages models in
deceptive marketing cases under California law.
See Nguyen
,
Dr. Roberts also proposed to measure “softer” kinds of harms consumers might experience, such as changes to “overall consumer satisfaction, brand loyalty, willingness to recommend [the Product], and repurchase intent.” To measure these less “concrete” damages, Dr. Roberts proposed to ask the survey participants questions about their attitudes towards and impressions of the Product before and after the “exposure.” Dr. Roberts will then use “multivariate statistic[al]” analysis to quantify the changes in respondents’ perceptions of the Product.
Dr. Roberts’ proposal to quantify “soft” damages will include damages beyond those reflecting Noohi’s theory of overpayment. According to Dr. Roberts’ own description of his methodology, the damages associated with changes in a decline in consumers’ satisfaction, brand loyalty, willingness to recommend the product, and repurchase intent would be calculated in addition to the price premium measured via the Van Westendorp pricing exercise. Including an economic value associated with those attributes in the ultimate damages calculation would inflate damages beyond the price premium. But that fact alone does not mean *13 that Dr. Roberts’ model violates Comcast .
The concern in Comcast was not only that the damages model there proposed to measure damages not associated with the plaintiffs’ theory of harm, but also that the model was incapable of separating out those damages from damages tied to the plaintiff’s theory. 569 U.S. at 36–37. That problem—key to the Court’s holding in Comcast —is not present here. The price premium measurement will be informed by different survey questions than those associated with the “softer” damages and will be calculated separately from those harms. No extra work is needed to, in the words of Comcast , “bridge the difference[]” between the cognizable and non-cognizable damage measurements. Id. at 38. Dr. Roberts need only calculate the price premium without including his separate measurement of the “softer” damages to produce a measure of damages consistent with the theory of the class claims.
JJCI further takes issue with Dr. Roberts’ particular proposed methodology for measuring the price premium. Rather than comparing what consumers are willing to pay before and after they learn that the Product is not “oil-fee,” JJCI argues, Dr. Roberts should compare “what consumers paid for ‘Neutrogena’s Oil-Free Face Moisturizer for Sensitive Skin’ and what they would have been willing to pay for ‘Neutrogena’s Face Moisturizer for Sensitive Skin,’ holding everything else about the product’s performance and packaging (other than the ‘oil-free’ claim) constant.” Otherwise, JJCI maintains, Dr. Roberts’ model will improperly include the “emotional value” that consumers associate with learning that the “Product’s label contains a lie.”
JJCI’s contention relies on an improper understanding of
the measure of the price premium under California consumer
protection law. California law does not prescribe any
specific means of measuring a price premium for purposes
of actual damages or restitution. In fact, “[c]lass wide
damages calculations under the UCL, FAL, and CLRA are
particularly forgiving.”
Lambert v. Nutraceutical Corp.
, 870
F.3d 1170, 1183 (9th Cir. 2017),
rev’d on other grounds
, 586
U.S. 188 (2019). “California law ‘requires only that some
reasonable basis of computation of damages be used, and the
damages may be computed even if the result reached is an
approximation.’” (quoting
Pulaski
,
There is no talismanic means of measuring damages for
deceptive marketing claims under California consumer
*14
protection law. For example, courts have approved damages
models that use conjoint analysis, which asks survey
respondents to select from a range of similar products that
vary in characteristics like price, labeling, and design.
See
Lytle
,
To be sure, a poorly conducted survey might produce
responses that inflate damages. For instance, poorly worded
, survey questions might induce bias in respondents,
see Lytle
,
In sum, the district court did not abuse its discretion in finding that Dr. Roberts’ model could reliably measure damages on a classwide basis and adequately for present purposes matched Noohi’s theory of harm. That said, we reiterate Lytle ’s warning that a “plaintiff may not avoid ultimate scrutiny of the admissibility of their experts’ final *15 opinions simply by declining to develop those opinions in advance of class certification.” 114 F.4th at 1034. Accordingly, JJCI must be given the opportunity to test the admissibility and reliability of Dr. Roberts’ model once it has been fully executed.
B.
JJCI’s second argument on appeal is that the district
court abused its discretion in finding that common issues
predominate with respect to the elements of materiality and
reliance. Because materiality and reliance are substantive
components of Noohi’s claims, answering whether they
present common issues necessarily requires some overlap
with the merits. We consider such merits questions “to the
extent—but only to the extent—that they are relevant to
determining whether the Rule 23 prerequisites for class
certification are satisfied.”
Amgen Inc. v. Conn. Ret. Plans
& Tr. Funds
,
The UCL prohibits any “unlawful, unfair or fraudulent
business act or practice and unfair, deceptive, untrue or
misleading advertising.” Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17200.
The FAL prohibits “untrue or misleading” statements in the
course of business.
Id.
§ 17500. The UCL and FAL are
“‘broad’ and ‘sweeping’ to ‘protect both consumers and
competitors by promoting fair competition in commercial
markets for goods and services.’”
Pulaski
,
The CLRA prohibits “unfair methods of competition and
unfair or deceptive acts or practices.” Cal. Civ. Code § 770.
To state a claim under the CLRA, “a plaintiff must show
(1) the defendant engaged in deceptive conduct and (2) the
deception caused [the] plaintiff harm.”
Lytle
, 114 F.4th at
1034. “[U]nder the CLRA, ‘[c]ausation, on a classwide
basis, may be established by
materiality
. If the trial court
finds that material misrepresentations have been made to the
entire class, an inference of reliance arises as to the class.’”
Id.
(second alteration in original) (quoting
Stearns v.
Ticketmaster Corp.
,
“Because materiality (and, hence, in this case reliance)
may be proved by reference to an objective, reasonable
consumer standard, reliance under the CLRA is generally
susceptible to common proof.”
Lytle
, 114 F.4th at 1034.
The same is true as to whether a statement is likely to deceive
“members of
the public
” under the FAL and UCL.
Pulaski
,
There is an important caveat to this reasoning: “while
materiality can support an inference of reliance, that does not
necessarily mean that the inference will hold as to the entire
class, such that common questions predominate.”
Lytle
, 114
F.4th at 1034–35. “If the misrepresentation or omission is
not material as to all class members, the issue of reliance
‘would vary from consumer to consumer’ and the class
should not be certified.”
Stearns
, 655 F.3d at 1022–23
(quoting
In re Vioxx Class Cases
,
JJCI contends that the district court ignored the caveat to the inference of reliance and found materiality and reliance *17 to be “automatically common questions in false-advertising cases under California law.” The district court here did not explicitly mention and apply the caveat to the inference of reliance. Nevertheless, our review of the district court’s decision and the record at class certification confirms that the district court did not abuse its discretion in finding that the materiality and reliance elements of Noohi’s claims could be resolved on a classwide basis and that common issues therefore predominate.
In granting class certification, the district court relied on the fact that materiality, and therefore reliance, can be shown by reference to a reasonable consumer standard, avoiding the need for individualized inquiries. The district court also relied on the undisputed evidence of classwide exposure to the “oil-free” language, specifically the fact that the “oil- free” term appears in the Product’s name prominently displayed on the front of the packaging. In determining whether a statement is materially misleading under California law, “the primary evidence . . . is the advertising itself.” Colgan v. Leatherman Tool Grp., Inc. , 135 Cal. App. 4th 663, 679 (2006) (citation omitted). It is hard to imagine that consumers would purchase a product labeled “Oil-Free Moisture” without regard to whether the product was free from oil. If, somehow, the evidence later shows that a reasonable consumer would not have found the product’s name to be material to their purchase decision, “the failure of proof on the element of materiality would end the case for one and for all; no claim would remain in which individual reliance issues could potentially predominate.” Amgen , 568 U.S. at 468.
Given the objective standard for materiality and the undisputed evidence of classwide exposure, Noohi is entitled to the inference that reliance can be shown via common proof. See In re Vioxx Class Cases , 180 Cal. App. 4th at 129.
JJCI’s arguments for why it has rebutted that inference are not persuasive. JJCI first maintains that materiality is not subject to common proof here because the understanding of the phrase “oil-free” may differ across the class. In JJCI’s telling, consumers might interpret “oil-free” as meaning that the Product does not contain oils, does not contain ingredients derived from oils, or does not perform in a way consumers consider “oily.” Because the materiality of the phrase “oil-free” depends on what meaning consumers attach to it, JJCI argues materiality cannot be determined on *18 a classwide basis. This argument fails for two reasons.
First, JJCI did not offer persuasive evidence to the district court that the meaning of “oil-free” in fact varies across the class. Instead, relying on Noohi’s testimony as to her motivations for purchasing the Product and the expert report of a dermatologist as to the dermatologic uses of oil- free products, JJCI contends—without any empirical evidence—that “‘oil-free’ can be interpreted in multiple ways by consumers” and that consumers generally “understand and seek out ‘oil-free’ products for a multitude of reasons.” Beyond that ipse dixit argument, JJCI presents no evidence that materiality or reliance actually varies across the class.
Second, even if JJCI had presented evidence that the
understanding of the phrase “oil-free” varies across the class,
JJCI has not demonstrated why that fact would undermine
the commonality of materiality based on a reasonable
consumer standard, or rebut the inference of reliance. In
Lytle
, this Court discussed
Stearns
, 655 F.3d 1017,
In re
Vioxx Class Cases
,
For example, in Fairbanks , the plaintiffs alleged that the defendant’s marketing of life insurance policies was misleading because the defendant marketed the policies as “permanent” when in fact the policies were not permanent and were “systematically underfunded.” 197 Cal. App. 4th at 553. The court found that the materiality of the “permanent” policy claim was not subject to common proof because “many, if not most” policy purchasers did not intend for the policy to be permanent or had no expectation one way or the other. Id. at 907. For those purchasers, the fact that the policy was marketed as permanent was immaterial to their decision to buy it.
In
In re Vioxx Class Cases
, the plaintiffs alleged Merck
“hid ‘an increased risk of death,’ associated with [the anti-
*19
24
N OOHI V . J OHNSON & J OHNSON C ONSUMER , I NC .
inflammatory drug] Vioxx.”
JJCI’s contention, in contrast, is not that the “oil-free” title did not affect the purchase decision of—and so was immaterial to—a portion of the class, but that it affected the purchase decision of class members—and so was material— for different reasons. That is, JJCI does not suggest, let alone point to evidence demonstrating that, a consumer who thought “oil-free” meant “without oils” was any more or less likely to be affected in their purchase decision than someone who thought it meant “without oil derivatives” or not tactilely “oily.”
So understood, JJCI’s argument, even if true, does not raise the same concerns regarding the susceptibility of materiality to common proof as does a showing that a contested statement was not material at all to some class members. The baseline inquiry is whether the statement was material to a reasonable person. An affirmative answer to that question gives rise to an inference of reliance. A showing that for some portion of a class that statement was not in fact material upsets that inference. But a showing that a statement was material to different class members in different ways does not.
*20
Courts addressing CLRA, UCL, and FAL claims have
consistently held that a plaintiff need not establish at the
class certification stage that class members share a uniform
understanding of the contested term.
See, e.g.
,
Lytle v.
Nutramax Lab’ys, Inc.
, No. ED CV 19-0835, 2022 WL
1600047, at *15 (C.D. Cal. May 6, 2022);
Bailey v. Rite Aid
Corp.
, 338 F.R.D. 390, 402 n.12 (N.D. Cal. 2021);
Fitzhenry-Russell v. Dr. Pepper Snapple Grp., Inc.
, 326
F.R.D. 592, 613 (N.D. Cal. 2018);
Elkies v. Johnson &
Johnson Servs., Inc.
, No. CV 17-7320,
*21 existence of positive reviews or other product attributes that purchasers found desirable is similarly insufficient to defeat materiality or the inference of reliance. To establish reliance under the CLRA, UCL, and FAL, a misrepresentation need not be “the sole or even the decisive cause of the injury- producing conduct.” Moore v. Mars Petcare US, Inc. , 966 F.3d 1007, 1020 (9th Cir. 2020) (quoting Kwikset , 51 Cal. 4th at 327).
For all these reasons, the district court did not abuse its discretion in finding that common issues predominate with respect to materiality and reliance. [7]
Notes
[1] The parties refer to the Product as “Neutrogena Oil-Free Face Moisturizer for Sensitive Skin.” That wording does not appear on the front of the bottle or the box it comes in. The back of the box includes the label “Neutrogena® Oil-Free Moisture for Sensitive Skin.” The
[2] The district court found that Dr. Hickner’s declaration was inadmissible
in its current form under
Daubert v. Merrell Down Pharms., Inc.
, 509
U.S. 579 (1993), as Dr. Hickner had failed to demonstrate that his
conclusions were based on past research, peer reviewed, or otherwise
supported by established scientific methods. The district court
nevertheless found Dr. Hickner’s opinion sufficient for purposes of class
certification because it was likely that his opinion could be presented in
an admissible form at trial and would be useful to the trier of fact in
determining whether the Product was deceptive. 23(b)(2) and 23(b)(3). The district court therefore granted
Noohi’s motion for class certification, certifying a class
defined as “all consumers who purchased Neutrogena Oil-
Free Moisture Sensitive Skin in California between April 17,
2016 and November 30, 2022,” the date of class
certification.
JJCI timely sought and obtained permission to file this
interlocutory appeal of the district court’s class certification
order, pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(f).
II. DISCUSSION
Before it can certify a class, a district court must conduct
a “rigorous analysis” to ensure that the requirements of
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23 are satisfied.
Olean
Wholesale Grocery Coop., Inc. v. Bumble Bee Foods LLC
,
[3] Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(b)(3) provides: A class action may be maintained if Rule 23(a) is satisfied and if . . . the court finds that the questions of law or fact common to class members predominate over any questions affecting only individual members, and that a class action is superior to other available methods for fairly and efficiently adjudicating the controversy. Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3).
[4] Noohi argues that JJCI did not challenge Dr. Roberts’ expert testimony
under
Daubert
before the district court and so may not raise a
Daubert
challenge now. We do not agree. In the district court, JJCI filed
“Defendant [JJCI’s] Evidentiary Objections to Plaintiff’s Experts Dr.
Hickner and Dr. Roberts in Support of Opposition to Class
Certification,” in which it argued that Dr. Roberts’ analysis did not
“survive[] scrutiny under
Daubert
” and “should be excluded.” JJCI did
not request a
Daubert
hearing and none was held. But the district court
did consider JJCI’s evidentiary objections under the
Daubert
standard to
the extent appropriate at class certification, noting that JJCI’s critiques
did not establish that Dr. Roberts’ model was “inadequate.”
See Lytle
,
[5] Plaintiffs may seek damages under the CLRA. Under the FAL and UCL, plaintiffs are limited to equitable relief, including restitution. See Colgan v. Leatherman Tool Grp., Inc. , 135 Cal. App. 4th 663, 695 (2006).
[6] JJCI cites
In re 5-Hour Energy Mktg. & Sales Pracs. Litig.
, No. ML
13-2438,
[7] JJCI argues that should we find materiality susceptible to common
proof, we must decide whether
Stearns
’ holding that UCL plaintiffs need
not show reliance as to absent class members is good law in light of the
Supreme Court’s holding in
TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez
,