George Nardi was convicted of first-degree murder in a Massachusetts state trial court for killing his mother, Dianne Barchard. Nardi later sought federal habeas relief and now, following its denial, presses a single claim on appeal: he argues that the state trial court violated his rights under the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment by admitting expert opinion testimony resting on what he contends was inadmissible testimonial hearsay.
The underlying facts are drawn from the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court’s (“SJC”) opinion affirming Nardi’s conviction,
Commonwealth v. Nardi,
Shortly thereafter, Barchard disappeared. This happened a few months after Nardi damaged beyond repair his car in a DUI crash, preventing him from driving to work and further straining his relationship with his mother, as he had less money and drank more than usual. After *109 his mother’s disappearance, Nardi told her Mends various lies about her whereabouts.
Eventually, alerted by one of Barchard’s Mends who was alarmed by her absence, authorities discovered Barchard’s decomposing body lying under a blanket in a bedroom of her apartment in which Nardi continued to live. Nardi had concealed Barchard’s disappearance from her friends and family for about two weeks; she had been dead most of that time. Forensic evidence suggested that he had mopped up a blood trail going from the kitchen to the bedroom where Barchard was found.
Dr. James Weiner performed an autopsy on Barchard’s body and recorded his findings in an autopsy report. The report noted bruising on her face consistent with suffocation by the pressing of a hand over the mouth and nose, as well as signs of limited heart disease. Dr. Weiner concluded that the cause of death was consistent with asphyxia by suffocation. The state charged Nardi with first-degree murder and his case was scheduled for trial.
Before that trial, Dr. Weiner retired to Florida and was unable to return to testify because of a medical condition. At trial, the prosecution called instead Dr. Edward McDonough who had extensive experience as a medical examiner but no involvement in Barchard’s autopsy. Before testifying, Dr. McDonough reviewed Dr. Weiner’s autopsy report, as well as autopsy photographs, tissue slides and a toxicology report, and formed what he described as his own opinion about the cause of Barchard’s death.
Dr. McDonough testified during Nardi’s trial that in his expert opinion, the cause of Barchard’s death was consistent with asphyxia by suffocation. He also testified to several facts derived from the autopsy report, and revealed that Dr. Weiner had also concluded Barchard was suffocated. The government additionally introduced evidence of the contentious relationship between Nardi and Barchard, her plans to move out, his efforts at concealment of the body, and evidence concerning the cleanup of the blood trail in the apartment.
Nardi’s defense at trial, supported by his own testimony, was that Barchard died of a heart attack and that he had concealed her death out of panic and bad judgment. Nardi offered his own medical expert to interpret the autopsy findings regarding Barchard’s heart disease. Nardi’s counsel focused his cross-examination of Dr. Mc-Donough on Barchard’s heart condition, the lack of certain injuries consistent with some forms of suffocation, and possible inconsistencies between findings in the report.
At the end of the six-day trial, the jury deliberated for several hours and then convicted Nardi of first-degree murder. He was thereafter sentenced to life in prison. On direct review, the SJC upheld the conviction, rejecting Nardi’s claims based on the Sixth Amendment’s Confrontation Clause,
see Crawford v. Washington,
The SJC first concluded that admission of Dr. McDonough’s opinion based on the autopsy report did not standing alone violate the Confrontation Clause; Dr. Mc-Donough, said the SJC, was providing his own opinion and it in turn rested on what were traditional and permissible sources of expert knowledge.
Nardi,
The SJC did view as a violation of the Confrontation Clause Dr. McDonough’s testimony revealing portions of the content
*110
of Dr. Weiner’s autopsy report. But it found under state procedural law that this claim — not preserved at trial — was subject to review only for error that created a “substantial likelihood of a miscarriage of justice.”
Nardi
Repairing to the federal habeas court, Nardi argued that both Dr. McDonough’s opinion and his testimony repeating in part contents of the autopsy report violated Nardi’s Sixth Amendment rights. The district court denied both claims, concluding that at the time of the SJC decision, neither claim was supported by “clearly established” law under then-existing Supreme Court precedent; as to the latter claim, the district court also ruled that it was procedurally defaulted and that any error would have been harmless given Dr. McDonough’s testimony as to his own opinion.
The district court granted a certifícate of appealability, 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c); Fed. R.App. P. 22, limited to the issue whether it was clearly established law at the time of Nardi’s trial that an autopsy report was inadmissible testimonial hearsay and, if so, whether “a testifying expert’s opinion may rely on inadmissible [testimonial] hearsay.” Our concern here is with Dr. McDonough’s opinion testimony rather than the references made by him to the original report and to Dr. Weiner’s views. 1
Where a state court decides on the merits a question of federal law — here, the admissibility of Dr. McDonough’s own opinion based in part on an autopsy report prepared by a non-testifying witness — a federal habeas court may grant the writ only if the state decision was “contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1). This narrowed habeas remedy was an effort by Congress to prevent federal courts in habeas proceedings from second-guessing state courts in doubtful cases.
Williams v. Taylor,
Nardi says that the state court here did not decide the Confrontation Clause question on the merits and relied only on state law,
see DiBenedetto v. Hall,
Under section 2254(d)(1), only Supreme Court precedent in effect at the time of the state court adjudication on the merits counts as “clearly established Federal law,”
Greene v. Fisher,
— U.S. -,
We start with Nardi’s predicate contention that the autopsy report Dr. McDonough partly relied on was testimonial hearsay forbidden by
Crawford. Crawford,
reversing longstanding precedent to the contrary,
e.g., White v. Illinois,
Although all nine Justices concurred in the result and the majority opinion commanded seven votes, the apparent consensus was misleading, partly because the Court declined to determine how far its new “testimonial statement” category extended. In fact, the majority opinion seemed to suggest a narrow reading of what counts as “testimonial.”
Crawford,
Thus, the Court was sharply divided when, five years later,
Crawford
was extended to affidavits prepared in a state medical laboratory as to the quantity and nature of a seized drug.
Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts,
Most recently, in
Bullcoming v. New Mexico,
— U.S. -,
Abstractly, an autopsy report can be distinguished from, or assimilated to, the sworn documents in
Melendez-Diaz
and
Bullcoming,
and it is uncertain how the Court would resolve the question. We treated such reports as not covered by the Confrontation Clause,
United States v. De La Cruz,
Melendez-Diaz
and
Bullcoming
were decided
after
the SJC acted in this case, and the
Crawford
decision predating SJC review did not “clearly establish” that forensic laboratory reports were barred as testimonial. We recently so held in
Likely v. Ruane,
It is also unclear whether, even if the Court were to so classify them, the admissibility of in-court expert testimony that relied in some measure on such a report would be affected. In such a case, a witness exists who can be cross-examined; and a long tradition exists of allowing experts to rely on hearsay where it is common practice in the profession to rely upon such evidence. E.g., Fed.R.Evid. 703; 2 Broun et al., McCormick on Evidence § 324.3, at 417-19 (6th ed. 2006). One of the common examples is a testifying doctor who relies in part on medical tests or specialist reports.
Many experts in trials, in one degree or another, rely on information supplied by others who are not present to testify. Several circuits, in addition to our own in
De La Cruz,
In all events, we stress the present uncertainty of the law only to emphasize that it was even more unsettled at the time of Crawford just how far that decision would be extended beyond statements taken by the police for specific use at trial. Certainly it was not clearly established law at the time of the SJC decision that any part of Dr. McDonough’s testimony violated clearly established Supreme Court precedent. That is enough to resolve this case.
Affirmed.
Notes
. The SJC held that any objection to the references was not preserved, so an independent and adequate state ground bars federal habeas review.
Coleman v. Thompson,
. The significance of this primary purpose test was underscored in
Michigan v. Bryant,
decided only last spring, where Justice Soto-mayor — writing for five Justices — explicitly employed the primary purpose test in deciding that the dying statement of a mortally wounded victim to the police was not testimonial and so not barred by the Confrontation Clause. - U.S. -,
.
E.g., United States v. Turner,