Lead Opinion
[¶ 1.] Dаniel Nace appeals a circuit court’s acceptance of a referee’s child support recommendation.
FACTS
[¶ 2.] April and Daniel Nace divorced in January 2006. Daniel, the noncustodial parеnt of the parties’ two minor children, was ordered to pay April $574 per month in child support. April later petitioned to modify child support alleging a change in her employment and an increase in daycare costs. April also requested deviations, pursuant to SDCL 25-7-10(2) and (6), for the “financial condition of either party” and the “voluntary act reducing either parent’s income.”
[¶ 3.] Daniel and four other family members own Murray " Construction, L.L.C. (the comрany). Daniel personally owns 18.16 percent of the company. The managing members of the company are Daniel’s mother, Teresa Nace, and his aunt, Bonnie Murray. Initially, 11 percent of the company was gifted tо Daniel. In 2006, Daniel purchased approximately 7 percent more of the company from his uncle for $432,700. The company loaned him the funds for the purchase and added the same amount to an account rеceivable in his name. Daniel provided no out-of-pocket money for the purchase. The account receivable also contained other loans for Daniel’s personal expenses and for his federal tax liability that had been paid by the company on his behalf. The loans were interest free with no promissory notes or payment schedules. All other members of the company, even the managing members, had similar debt to the com
[¶ 4.] Although a substantial portion of the company’s income was retained, the company paid Daniel $23,400 in compensation plus a bonus of $25,000 and paid his federal income taxes of $18,521. The referеe recognized that the bonus was not directly paid to Daniel but concluded that Daniel “received” the payment-because it reduced his debt to the company. The referee made the determination without a finding that Daniel had control over the distribution of the bonus. Relying on Roberts v. Roberts, the referee also concluded that Daniel’s federal income tax liability paid by the company was part of Daniel’s “gross income because thе amount of the tax will eventually be deducted from [Daniel’s] capital account as a distribution and applied to the balance due on his loan.” Citing,
[¶ 5.] Daniel objected to several of the referee’s findings. The circuit court accepted the referee’s findings, conclusions and recommendation. Daniel now apрeals from the circuit court’s order. He contends that the referee erroneously included in his gross income, his bonus and his company-paid federal taxes. He claims that he did not receive the money, thereforе the amounts should not have been included in his gross income.
ISSUES
1. Whether Daniel’s bonus income was properly included in his gross income for child support purposes.
2. Whether money paid on Daniel’s behalf for tax liability should be usеd to calculate his gross income for child support purposes.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
[¶ 6.] We review findings of fact under the clearly erroneous standard. Roberts,
1. Whеther Daniel’s bonus income was properly included in his gross income for child support purposes.
[¶ 7.] Child support obligations are based on the parents’ “means” or ability to pay. Id. ¶ 11,
[¶ 8.] Dаniel presented evidence that he did not have access to the bonus to support himself because it was applied directly to offset his loan from the company. Normally, before including such a bonus as income, the referee/court would need to determine if the shareholder had the ability to control its distribution. See id. ¶ 21,
[¶ 9.] In determining whether a parent/obligor has control over a company’s distributions, other courts have considered a variety of factors. The factors include the following: 1) сomparison of the amount of retained income versus the parent/obligor’s gross income and percent of ownership; 2) a history or pattern of past retained income; 3) the company’s need to retain income to “maintain or increase past or current levels of income production as opposed to unnecessary, premature, unrelated or overly aggressive expansion of business,” Reed v. Reed,
[¶ 10.] If the parent is avoiding obligations by cloaking a distribution in debtor/creditor language, the referee may consider it as a distribution of income notwithstanding the language of SDCL 25-7-6.5, which requires a finding of insufficient support before considering a parent’s ability to borrow. See Ochs v. Nelson,
[¶ 11.] In this сase, the referee failed to make any specific finding regarding Daniel’s control over the bonus’ distribution. Thus, we remand to the circuit court for the determination of whether Daniel had control over the distribution of the $25,000 bоnus amount.
2. Whether money paid on Daniel’s behalf for tax liability should be used to calculate his gross income for child support purposes.
[¶ 12.] Daniel next claims that his tax liability paid by the company should not have been сonsidered in calculating his child support obligation. He contends that he never received this money because the company added the amount of tax liability paid on his behalf to his account receivablе total. He also argues that if it is included in his gross income, the referee must consider possible deductions or deviations available under SDCL 25-7-6.7 and SDCL 25-7-6.10. Based on our holding in Roberts, the referee and circuit court did not err by including the tax amоunt in Daniel’s gross income. Nevertheless, as in Roberts, on remand the referee should consider whether the gross income may be reduced by a deduction under SDCL 25-7-6.7 or whether the set schedule amount may be deviated from under SDCL 25-7-6.10.
[¶ 13.] We reverse and remand.
Notes
. SDCL 25-7-6.3 provides as follows:
The monthly net income of each parent shall be determined by the parent’s gross income less allowable deductions, as set forth herein. The monthly gross income of each parent includes amounts received from the following sources:
(1) Compensation paid to an employee for personal services, whether salary, wages, commissions, bonus, or otherwise designated;
(2) Self-employment income including gain, profit, or loss from a business, farm, or profession;
*823 (3) Periodic payments from pensions or retirement programs, including social security or veteran's benefits, disability payments, or insurance contracts;
(4) Interest, dividends, rentals, royalties, or other gain derived from investment of capital assets;
(5) Gain or loss from the sale, trade, or conversion of capital assets;
(6) Unemployment insurance benefits;
(7) Worker's compensation benefits; and
(8) Benefits in lieu of compensation including military pay allowances.
If the income of the parents is derived from seasonal employment, or received in payments other than regular, recurring payments, such income shall be annualized to determine a monthly average income.
. Daniel alternatively argued that if the $25,000 bonus is included in his gross income, it should be offset by the increase in his accounts receivable for the company’s payment of his tax obligation. Daniel did not make this argument to the referee or circuit court, and we will not consider it on appeal. See SDCL 25-7A-6 (noting that the circuit court's “hearing [is] to be solely on the record established before the referee").
Concurrence Opinion
(concurring specially).
[¶ 16.] I write specially to point out that upon proper application, the referee can consider alternatively the value of the obligor’s interest in this family owned business for the purpose of support payments. See SDCL 25-7-6.5 (providing that “[i]f a child’s needs are not being met through the income of the parents, assets shall be considered. If the parents have savings, life insurance, or other assets in amounts unrelated to income, these holdings shall be considered. The parents’ ability to borrow may be used to determine financial ability.”).