82 F. 508 | 6th Cir. | 1897
after making the foregoing statement of facts, delivered the opinion of the court.
The first error assigned by the Mutual Reserve Fund Life Association is as to the action of the court in overruling a plea in abatement to the jurisdiction of the state court. The policy issued to John EE. Parker contained a stipulation that no suit in law or equity should be brought upon it except in the circuit court of the United States. This provision intended to oust the jurisdiction of all state courts is clearly invalid. Any stipulation between contracting- parties distinguishing between the different courts of the country is contrary to public policy, and should not be enforced. Nute v. Insurance Co., 6 Gray, 174; Amesbury v. Insurance Co., Id. 596; Reichard v. Insurance Co., 31 Mo. 518; Beach, Ins. § 1272; Bac. Ben. Soc. § 443; Insurance Co. v. Routledge, 7 Ind. 25; Steam-Shipping Co. v. Lehman, 39 Fed. 704; Slocum v. Assurance Co., 42 Fed. 235; Scott v. Avery, 5 H. L. Cas. 811, 839-844. The process by which the appellant association was brought into court was served upon the local agent representing the association at Cleveland, Tenn. The association also pleaded in abatement that it was a corporation of another state, doing business in Tennessee in accordance with chapter 66 of the Tennessee Acts of 1875, and that by section 12 of that act all such companies were required to file with the insurance commissioner of the state a power of attorney, authorizing the secretary of state to ac
The second, third, fourth, and fifth assignments of error may be grouped and considered together. They present the question as to whether the policy on the life of John H. Parker had lapsed or terminated by failure to pay mortuary call No. 66 witliin 30 days from February 1, 1893. Waiving any question as to the sufficiency of the notice of that call under the legislation of the stale of New York, it is sufficiently established that a notice was received of that: assessment, and that, under the stqralations of the policy, call No. 66 was due and payable1 March 3, 1893. This call was not paid or offered to be paid until March 18, 1893. The policy provided that the failure to pay any mortuary call within 30 days after notice should terminate the policy, and ail former payment.» be forfeited to the association. Nonpayment operated as a forfeiture without any formal affirmative action by the association after the expiration of the credit stipulated by iho contract and formal notice of the assessment. This seems to be well settled by the law of the state of New York, by which law this contract’ must be construed. Roehner v. Insurance Co. 63 N. Y. 160; Robertson v. Insurance Co., 88 N. Y. 541; Fowler v. Insurance Co., 116 N. Y. 389, 22 N. E. 576. To meet tins claim of forfeiture, the assignee of the policy, the Cleveland Woolen Mills, relies upon an agreement, winch, it alleges, ivas made with it by the association, whereby the latter company agreed to give notice of any default by Parker in the payment of future assessments to the as-signee, and allow payments by the assignee after such notice. In
“(4) No agent of the association lias authority to make, alter, or discharge contracts, waive forfeitures, extend credit, or grant permits; and no alteration of the terms of this contract símil he valid, and no forfeiture thereunder shall be waived, unless such alteration or waiver shall be in writing, and signed by the president and one other officer of the association.”
In addition to this clause in the contract itself, appellant refers to and points out certain provisions of' the bylaws of the association providing for an executive committee of the directors, and prescribing in general terms the duties of the secretary. In respect to these by-laws, it is enough to say that no tiling in them operates-as an express limitation upon the authority of the secretary as a general officer to extend credii, as was done in (his instance. Nidi her is there anything in the charier of the association or the general laws of New York which peculiarly bears upon the authority of such a general officer of a corporation as its secreturv or assistant. Neither a contract of insurance nor any change or alteration thereof need be in writing. Trustees First Baptist Church v. Brooklyn Fire Ins. Co., 19 N. Y. 305; Insurance Co. v. Shaw, 94 U. S. 574; Insurance Co. v. Norton, 96 U. S. 234. Neither is it competent for the parties to disqualify themselves from ability to agree by parol to any contract which, under the law, need not be in writing, and an agreement in the terms of a policy tiiat no change or alteration thereof shall be valid unless in writing indorsed thereon may itself be charged by parol. “Parties to contracts cannot disable themselves from making any contract allowed by law in any mode in which the law allows a contract to be made. A written contract can be changed by parol, and a parol one changed by writing, despite any provision in the contract: to the contrary.” Insurance Co. v. Norwood, 32 U. S. App. 490-499, 16 C. C. A. 136, and 69 Fed. 71; Insurance Co. v. McCrea, 8 Lea, 513; Dale v. Insurance Co., 95 Tenn. 38-48, 31 S.W. 266; Pechner v. Insurance Co., 65 N. Y. 195. “A written bargain is of no higher legal degree than a parol one. Either may vary or discharge
There is nothing in the charter of this association, nor in the statute law of New York, disabling this association from making any alteration in the terms of this contract in respect to extension of credit or waiver of forfeiture which it might see fit to make.- It follows, therefore, that the association might agree to an extension of credit in respect to either annual dues or mortuary assessments if it saw fit. Parol agreements, very general in their terms, for an extension of credit in the payment of dues, premiums, and assessments to insurance companies, both life and fire, have been upheld by the courts of the state of New York. In Howell v. Insurance Co., 44 N. Y. 276, 285, there was evidence as to an agreement between the insurance company and the assured at the time of the payment of the first annual premium; that thereafter, “if anything should happen to the assured to prevent his paying such premium on the day whereon the same became payable, the said policy should not thereby become null and void, but should continue in full force for a reasonable time thereafter, so that the said premium could be paid.” The assured died while one annual premium was due and unpaid, and a tender was made of this premium within a reasonable time after the death of the assured. Concerning the legal effect of this evidence, the court of appeals of New York said:
“It was not an agreement that the policy might he revived after it had become forfeited and become null and void. It was an agreement to continue the policy in force after the loth of July in any year, for a reasonable time, to enable the premium to be paid. Instead of requiring prepayment of the premium, it gave a credit for a reasonable time. It was not an agreement which would allow an insurance upon the life of a dead man, but it continued the policy in force, so that there was no forfeiture of the policy or termination of the insurance, provided that payment was made within a reasonable time, no matter whether the person whose life was insured was dead or alive. Hence, if there was no other agreement than the one here alluded to, there could be no reason for saying that the policy was not in force at the time of the death of Mr. Howell.”
In Dilleber v. Insurance Co., 76 N. Y. 567, 572, 573, a forfeiture for nonpayment of a premium was insisted upon. Por tbe plaintiff there was evidence that in April, 1860, the assured went to the general office, and found there a general agent of the company and its president, and said to them “that he wanted to give up his policy, that he could not pay it”; that thereupon one or both of these officers said: “You cannot; yon must not give up this policy, Mr. Dilleber; you must keep it alive. If yon can’t pay it when it becomes due, we will give you what accommodation is necessary.” During the next 15 years the assured paid his annual premiums, sometimes by note and sometimes by cash, but with no uniform regard to the day of maturity. His premium for 1875 fell due December 22, 1875, and was tendered December 24th, and refused, and the assured died January 1, 1876. This evidence was held competent, notwithstanding the policy contained a provision that any consent or agree-
_ “The evidence vas competent for the consideration of the jury, and not insufficient to sustain the verdict. In the first place, the parties representing the defendant upon that occasion were the president and general agent of the company, and must he held to have had ample authority to -make such an agreement as the plaintiff relies on. In Bliss on Life Insurance (section 275) it is said: ‘The company will he hound hy the acts of the president and secretary performed in its office, whether such acts are in writing or verbal, whether they make a' contract, waive a forfeiture, or give a consent;’ and so are the adjudged eases. Trustees First Baptist Church v. Brooklyn Fire Ins. Co., 19 N. Y. 305; Id., 28 N. Y. 153; Howell v. Insurance Co., 44 N. Y. 276; Marcus v. Insurance Co., 68 N. Y. 625; Leslie v. Insurance Co., 63 N. Y. 27. In the next place, it was proper to show this arrangement hy parol, notwithstanding the language of the policy in regard to a writing. Carroll v. Insurance Co., 10 Abb. Prac. (N. S.) 166; Kolgers v. Insurance Co., Id. 176; Howell v. Insurance Co., 44 N. Y. 285. In consequence of it, the insured yielded to the request of the officers of the defendant, consented to retain 1he policy; ami hy virtue of it the company then received his promissory note, which they afiervards collected, and for each one of fourteen years received with more or less regularity the stipulated premium upon the policy. Therefore the agreement was supported hy a sufficient consideration. Bodine v. Insurance Co., 51 N. Y. 117; Dean v. Insurance Co., 62 N. Y. 642; Howell v. Insurance Co., 44 N. Y. 276. Standing hy itself, it fairly permitted a conclusion that the arrangement then made related to the entire life of the policy, or until such earlier time as the defendant should notify che insured that the parol agreement must end. and in the future the condition as written in the policy he strictly complied with. Trustees First Baptist Church v. Brooklyn Fire Ins. Co., 28 N. Y. 153. Indeed, it is not, easy to see wliat other inference could he drawn from it. The words of the officers of the company can hardly he limited to the payment of a premium then four months past due, or to the note given on that occasion, for that was put in suit in September next after it was given, or to the next succeeding premium, but they apply rather to the policy as an instrument to be 'kept alive’ or in force from year to year, notwithstanding delay in payment of premiums. This conclusion is very much strengthened hy inferences fairly to he drawn from the conduct; of the parties. It may well he inferred that the company liad waived a strict compliance with their written contract, and they also aid in the proper construction of the agreement» of the parties made in April, I860. Indeed, the conduct of both parties from the time of that transaction seems to indicate that they regarded it as part of the arrangement of insurance, and the insured was not in fault in trusting to its continuance. The company was bound hy it, and could not, in good faith, insist upon a strict compliance with the condition of payment until, before a premium became due, they gave the insured notice that they should exact it. Common fairness required so much. They cannot, when their own interest seems to demand it, waive a condition, and, after reliance upon it by the insured, withdraw the waiver without notice. The arrangement proven is not unlike that conceded to have been made in the case of Howell against this defendant (44 N. Y. 283), and which was found sufficient to uphold a verdict.
There remains only the question as to whether the agreement made by Mr. Stevenson is to be regarded as an agreement made by the corporation. As to the effect of the clause restricting the authority of agents of the association, it is clear that that does not embrace general agents or general officers. Bac. Ben. Soc. § 426; Association v. Stapp, 77 Tex. 517-523, 14 S. W. 168; Marcus v. Insurance Co., 68 N. Y. 626; Hastings v. Insurance Co., 138 N. Y. 473-479, 34 N. E. 289. In the case last cited, the defense was that the policy was not
“We cannot concur in this view. The secretary is one of the general managing agents of a corporation, and, when in the discharge of the duties of his office, he represents the corporation itself. To waive prompt payment of a premium about to fall due is an act within the general powers of the secretary óf a life insurance company.' The president or other general officer of a corporation has power, prima facie, to do any act which the directors could authorize or ratify. Conover v. Insurance Co., 1 N. Y. 290; Booth v. Bank, 50 N. Y. 396; Leslie v. Lorillard, 110 N. Y. 519, 18 N. E. 363; Holmes v. Willard, 125 N. Y. 75, 25 N. E. 1083; Patterson v. Robinson, 116 N. Y. 193, 22 N. E. 372; Rathbun v. Snow, 123 N. Y. 343, 25 N. E. 379; Railroad Co. v. Dixon, 114 N. Y. 80, 21 N. E. 110; Mor. Priv. Corp. §§ 251-253. There was no reason, and we are not referred to any controlling authority, for holding that the valid exercise of his powers depends upon die particular place where he may be at the time. The true test of his authority to bind the corporation is not whether he acts in the general office or in a distant state, but whether, at the time, he is engaged in the discharge of the general duties of his office, and in the business of the corporation.”
See, also, Steen v. Insurance Co., 89 N. Y. 315.
The New York eases are not peculiar in respect of tbe validity to be attacked to agreements by a. general agent changing the express terms of a policy of insurance by parol. Of the many cases dealing with this question, and in line with those cited from Hew York, we need cite but the following: Insurance Co. v. Norton, 96 U. S. 234; Insurance Co. v. Unsell, 144 U. S. 439-449, 12 Sup. Ct. 671; Insurance Co. v. Norwood, 32 U. S. App. 490, 16 C. C. A. 136, and 69 Fed. 71; Insurance Co. v. Earle, 33 Mich. 153; Insurance Co. v. McCrea, 8 Lea, 513; Dale v. Insurance Co., 95 Tenn. 38, 31 S. W. 266. See, also, Bac. Ben. Soc. § 426.
In Insurance Co. v. Unsell, cited above, an agreement for indulgence In prompt payment of premiums wras sought to be made out by the general conduct of the company in dealing with the assured. Justice Harlan adopts the language of Justice Bradley in Insurance Co. v. Eggleston, 96 U. S. 577, where it was said by Justice Bradley, in speaking for the court:
“We have recently, in the case of Insurance Co. v. Norton, 96 U. S. 234, shown that forfeitures are not favored (in the law, and that courts are always prompt to seize hold of any circumstances that indicate an election to waive a forfeiture, or any agreement to do so on which the party has relied and acted. Any agreement, declaration, or course of action on the part of an insurance company which leads a party insured honestly to believe that, by conforming thereto, a forfeiture of his policy will not be incurred, followed by due conformity on bis part, will and ought to estop the company from insisting upon the forfeiture, though it might be claimed under the express letter of the contract. The company is thereby estopped from enforcing the for-f eiture.”
“We will continue to send notices to Parker, and cannot undertake to send you notices also. But, if Parker fails to pay any assessment, wo will extend the lime within which such assessment can he paid long enough to give you notice and an opportunity to pay in a reasonable time, and thereafter we will send, notices of calls to yon.”
Aside from any weight to be attached to this as au agreement for an extension of credit under certain circumstances, it would .operate as a fraud to permit an assertion of a forfeiture under the facts of this case. The assignee could have guarded against: a lapse of the policy by making tenders from time to time through a New York bank, and Hardwick was instructed to make such an arrangement in default of some agreement for its protection with the insurance company. Relying upon the arrangement made with the secretary of the company at its general office, no other arrangement was made. To repudiate this agreement would now defeat the policy. The act of the association through Stevenson has induced the assignee to omit strict performance through tenders made by an agent. Under such circumstances it would be inequitable to permit the forfeiture to be exacted. Leslie v. Insurance Co., 63 N. Y. 27, 33; Pratt v. Insurance Co.. 55 N. Y. 505, 511; Pitney v. Insurance Co., 65 N. Y. 6, 22; Bridger v. Goldsmith, 143 N. Y. 424, 38 N. E. 458; Insurance Co. v. Norwood, 32 U. S. App. 490, 16 C. C. A. 136, and 69 Fed. 71; Insurance Co. v. Eggleston, 96 U. S. 577; Insurance Co. v. Norton, Id. 234; Insurance Co. v. Unsell, 144 U. S. 439, 12 Sup. Ct. 671.
The debt due from Parker to the woolen-mills company is now less than the amount of the policy held as collateral, and it is assigned as error that the assignee should be allowed a decree against the company for any greater sum than the debt remaining' unpaid. The policy itself provides that an assignee of a policy who holds as a creditor can recover only io the extent: of his bona fide indebtedness. It is a mistake to assume that the assignee has been allowed as a,creditor to recover any greater sum than the remainder of its indebtedness. The legal title of the policy is in the woolen-mills company, and the decree provides that the surplus shall be held in trust for Mrs. Mary K. Parker, the original beneficiary, who is also a party to the litigation. Unless the insurance company is injured, we cannot see how it can complain; and it is not injured if it is liable to Mrs. Parker for so much of the policy as is not consumed in the payment of Mr. Parker’s debt. The contention is, that as between the insurance company and Mrs. Parker, the policy has lapsed. There is nothing in this. The agreement with ihe assignee to continue the policy in force until it could pay any assessment which Parker failed to pay operated to keep the con (rad of insurance alive as to tins entire policy, and for the benefit of all who should be concerned. The money due on the call due March 3, 1893, and all subsequent calls, was tendered to the company, and is still in its hands, subject to its disposition, or was tendered by this bill. The policy was therefore in force when the assured died, and the decree has been so molded
We come now to the cross appeal of Mrs. Mary K. Parker, and the assignment of errors in her behalf. Mrs. Parker’s cross bill was filed for the purpose of setting up her title, upon the ground that her signature and consent to the assignment thereof had been procured by undue influence and coercion. Her insistence is that the woolen-mills company, for the purpose of obtaining payment of the debt due by her husband, claimed that the debt was criminally incurred by a misappropriation of the assets of the company under his control as the treasurer of the corporation; that her husband, under fear of prosecution, made the assignment, and, by representations to her that they would be ruined if she refused to join him in the assignment, obtained her signature thereto. She further charges that she was to acknowledge the assignment privily before a notary public, and understood that until she did so the assignment was incomplete and invalid. It is further charged and shown that, after Mr. Parker and his wife had signed the assignment of the policy indorsed therein, it was delivered to the assignee, who subsequently sent a notary to tala; her acknowledgment. The cross bill then alleges that, having recovered from her fright, she refused to acknowledge her signature, and demanded that the policy should be returned to her, which demand was refused. Her prayer is that the said woolen mills be decreed to hold any recovery against the insurance association in trust for her benefit. The assignment of an insurance iwlicy, in which a married woman is the beneficiary, may be made without privy examination, such as is necessary under the law of Tennessee to convey title to the land of a married woman. Scobey v. Waters, 10 Lea, 551, 563; Webster v. Helm, 93 Tenn. 322, 24 S. W. 488. Her refusal to acknowledge her assignment before a notary public does not in itself invalidate it. We are not prepared to admit that the allegations of the cross bill nor the evidence bearing upon her assignment are sufficient to make out a case of either undue influence or coercion. The claim against John H. Parker was for a shortage in his accounts as treasurer of the corporation, of which he was an officer. That her husband feared prosecution is likely, but that the officers of the corporation threatened him with prosecution or contemplated criminal proceedings is not satisfactorily established. That his wife, under the circumstances, should be moved to aid him in settling such a debt, and that he alarmed her By expressing his fears of prosecution, hardly makes a case of coercion or undue influence. That she was actuated by compassion for her husband, and moved by her love for him and anxiety on his account, is probable. But we are not prepared to say that she has made out a case of legal coercion or duress, or one which would justify a court in holding that she did not act freely and understandingly. But, aside from this, we are of opinion that her consent was not essential to the assignment of this policy. The association issuing this policy was. organized under chapter 175 of the New York Acts of 1883, and was engaged in conducting an insurance business on the co-operative or assessment plan. Rev. St. N. Y. (8th Ed.)
“Membership in any such corporation, association or society shall give to any member thereof the right, at any time, with the consent of such corporation, association or society, to make a change in his payee or payees, or beneficiary or beneficiaries, without requiring the consent of such payees or beneficiaries.” Rev. St. N. Y. (8th Ed.) p. 1709.
Mrs. Parker had no vested interest in this policy, and the assured, under this provision of the law governing this contract, had the right to change the beneficiary. There was no contract between the member and payee by which any interest was vested in Mrs. Parker. The original designation of Mrs. Parker as the beneficiary was in the nature of an inchoate or unexecuted gift, and left the member free, under the provision of the law above quoted, to change the payee at his pleasure, with the consent of the company. That Mrs. Parker paid some of the assessments is not material, as it is not shown that she did so with her separate estate, or under any contract by which she was to acquire a vested right. The case of Smith v. Society, 123 N. Y. 85, 25 N. E. 197, has no application to the facts of this case.
But it is said that the woolen-mills company took issue upon the question of undue influence and coercion, and should not be allowed to shift-ground, and now say that that issue was immaterial. In general terms, the answer denied that Mrs. Parker was entitled “to any of the relief sought in her cross bill,” and also insisted that it could not be affected by any of (he facts upon which the cross bill relied. 'But, aside from tins, we think that taking issue upon an immaterial question of fact does not operate as an estoppel, and that it is not too late to insist that Mrs. Parker’s joining in the assignment was not necessary to the title of the assignee under the member’s assignment. u
The matters we have considered are conclusive of the case, and render unnecessary a consideration of other questions. The decree of the circuit court must be affirmed, each appellant paying one-half the costs.