234 F. 481 | 6th Cir. | 1916
This is a suit brought by the Third National Bank of St. Louis against the maker and indorsers of a promissory note growing out of this situation:
Previous to February, 1909; the Second National Bank of Cincinnati was capitalized at $500,000; steps were taken to increase the capital stock to $1,000,000; $300,000 of the new stock was offered to existing stockholders at $150 per share, the remaining $200,000 to the public at $275 per share; all the stockholders took their respective allotments of new stock at 150. There remained unsubscribed of the stock offered the public $20,000 par value. Davis, the president of the Second National Bank, took this stock in his name. It was paid for in this way: Davis signed a demand note for $55,000 (the price of the stock), payable to himself, or order, with interest (rate not stated); the note was indorsed upon the back by Davis and by each of the directors. This note, accompanied by the stock as collateral, was negotiated at its face with the plaintiff bank by Galbreath, who was vice president and
The amended complaint set up substantially the facts already stated, with the further allegation that all the defendants had agreed among themselves to purchase the stock and take title to it in Davis’ name, with the intention of holding it until they could sell it at a profit, and that the note was to be paid out of the proceeds of the sale.
Davis and Galbreath made no defense. Brooks died after beginning of suit, which was dismissed as against, his administrators as improperly revived. John F. Robinson compromised his liability under sections 8079-8084 of the General Code of Ohio. The remaining defendants- other than Davis contended that they were mere indorsers for his accommodation and without consideration, that presentment for payment was not made within a reasonable time, and that they were thereby prejudiced in the fact that, had presentment been so made, the note would have been paid and the indorser saved harmless, either through Davis’ personal responsibility or the sale of the stock. Motion by defendants for directed verdict, made at the close of the testimony, was overruled. The jury was instructed that, if tire defendants other than Davis were indorsers for their own accommodation, no demand was necessary; otherwise, they would be liable or not according as demand of payment was or was not made within a reasonable time— both questions of fact being left to the jury. The verdict was for the amount of the note with accrued interest, less the amount realized on sale of the stock and less the amount paid by Robinson.
The concrete proposition in this regard, asserted by plaintiff, and submitted to the jury, is that the indorsing directors were interested in or benefited by Davis’ purchase of the stock, in that the capital increase was thereby carried through and the indorsing directors thus enabled to obtain a large profit by “getting new stock at 150 which was selling in the. market at about 275”; and plaintiff contends that the instrument was tints made for the accommodation of the indorsers within the meaning of the statute, and that the proceeds of the note thus really went to the indorsing directors as well as to Davis.
The generally accepted construction of provisions in negotiable instruments acts, similar to section 8185, is that they apply only to cases where the indorser is the primary debtor, the reason for the rule being that no one is hound to indemnify the primary debtor, and he is thus no more entitled to presentment, demand, or notice than if his true character had appeared on the paper. Bunker on Negotiable Instruments, p. 142. We think section 8185 must be construed as at least limited to cases where the indorser is a primary debtor; that is to say, one who intended to assume the capacity of either a sole or a joint maker.
Tested by that rule, we think there is a total absence of substantial testimony tending to show that the indorsing directors intended to assume the primary obligation of joint makers with Davis. As already said, there is no evidence that they were directly interested in the purchase of the stock in question. The proceeds of the note were not, in any proper sense, paid to them; and we find no substantial evidence that the maker and indorsers regarded themselves as ultimately jointly liable as between themselves. While the dividends did not quite take care of the interest, there is no evidence that the indorsers helped make it up. The only testimony having even a plausible tendency to show that the indorsers were primary makers is the statement in Gal-breath’s letter inclosing the note to the plaintiff bank, referring to the stock as “some stock we are holding and which we desire to place where it will bring business to us”; but this statement- (assuming its competency as evidence) falls short of an assertion that the directors had the interest mentioned. It is at least as consistent with the idea that Davis was holding the stock, or even that it was being held by the bank.
Moreover assuming, as we should, that the capital increase was regarded as for the bank’s benefit and that of stockholders, the record fails to show that the directors were interested therein except to the extent and in the same way as were all the stockholders and the bank itself. The new stock allotted to the old stockholders was all taken at the same price of 150 and in proportionate allotments, and new stock could not intrinsically, or by the bank’s books be worth more than was paid for it, unless the old stock was worth more than that amount, and except as the value of the old stock was decreased by tire apportionment of the original assets among the larger number of shares. To be specific, measuring by intrinsic or by book values of assets, and taking into account the amount paid in under the increase, the new stock could not be worth 275 unless the old stock was worth 350; and in the larger capitalization, whether affecting - bank profits or stock market values, all interested in the bank profited in proportion to their stock holdings; and had the increase fallen through, whatever disadvantage resulted would have been ratably suffered by all. The situation bears thus a strong analogy to cases of indorsement of corporate paper by directors, who are usually held not to be primary makers or disentitled to presentment and demand by the mere fact of their interest in the corporation. McDonald v. Luckenbach, supra, at page 437 et seq.; Phipps v. Harding (C. C. A. 7) 70 Fed. 468, 478, 17.C. C. A. 203, 30 L. R. A. 513; Houser v. Fayssoux, 168 N. C. 1, 83 S. F. 804.
Defendants contend that what is a reasonable time is a question of law for the court, that a delay such as was had here is plainly unreasonable as matter of law, and that it was thus error to submit to the jury the question of reasonable time.
In International Corporation v. Stadler, 212 Fed. 378, 381, 129 C. C. A. 54, 58, we held it to be properly deducible from the authorities that what is reasonable time is a question of law only when the ultimate facts are undisputed, and that if the evidence or probative facts are such that reasonable men might draw different inferences therefrom the question must be submitted to the jury; that between certain maximum and minimum limits “there is a field where the unreasonableness of the delay is either a question of fact or a mixed question of law and fact, so that its determination falls within the province of the jury.” In Marmet Coal Co. v. People’s Coal Co., 226 Fed, 646, 631, 141 C. C. A. 402, we expressly reaffirmed the rule as stated in the Stadler Case. While neither of these cases was under a Negotiable Instruments Act, yet we think the proposition there declared peculiarly applicable to section 8297, which makes the question of reasonable time depend upon the facts of the particular case. Bacon’s Adm’r v. Bacon’s Trustees, 94 Va. 686, 27 S. E. 576. The question has in several cases, under similar provisions of Negotiable Instruments Acts, been held to be one of fact. See German-Amer. Bank v. Mills, 99 App. Div. 312, 91 N. Y. Supp. 142; Becker v. Horowitz, 114 N. Y. Supp. 161; Hampton v. Miller, 78 Conn. 267, 61 Atl. 952; in which latter case demand was made more than six years after the date of the note.
We think there was testimony tending to show, either directly or inferentially, that the parties intended the loan to continue more or less indefinitely upon periodical payment of interest. It was undisputed that the object of Davis’ purchase and the directors’ indorsement was to enable the carrying through of the stock increase; that the indorsers understood that the $55,000 was to be borrowed on the indorsed note, and with the stock collateral; that the loan was to draw interest, and that no time was fixed for its payment. While the mere fact that the note drew interest did not make it the less a demand note (Commercial Nat. Bank v. Zimmerman, 185 N. Y. 210, 77 N. E. 1020), yet, notwithstanding the holder had the right to demand immediate payment, the fact that the note was given for a loan rather than for a
Again, continuing bank loans are often made on demand paper, with or without indorsement, and upon periodical payments of interest. This practice was recognized in Byles on Bills (Sharswood’s -Ed.) p. 338, the" paragraph below being quoted with approval in 1 Daniel on Negotiable Instruments, § 610.
It may be assumed that were there no facts and circumstances beyond the bare fact of delay in presenting an ordinary demand note, such delay as was had here would be unreasonable as matter of law; yet in view of the facts shown, and as the propriety of the inferences mentioned, and thus the ultimate facts, were not conceded, the question of reasonable demand was for the jury, even in the absence of proof of the custom referred to.
The refusal to direct verdict was thus not error, at least as against the indorsers other than Kennedy. While, as against him and his estate, the evidence of continued consent and acquiescence is not as forceful as against the other indorsers — by reason of his absence from home on account of illness for periods aggregating the greater portion of the time between the giving of the note and his death — yet in view of the evidence tending to show his original knowledge of the object of the stock purchase and the intended continuance of the loan, and his consent and acquiescence in its treatment and the delay up to the time of his death, together with an absence of proof that plaintiff knew of his death, we should be inclined to hold, if necessary to decide the question now, that the refusal to direct verdict in his favor was not error. But as the evidence on a new trial may differ materially from that presented by this record, we shall not now definitely decide that question. The criticism that the court left the question of reasonable demand to the jury without instructions as to the principles of law controlling does not impress us. True, the court might have gone into greater detail, but the issue and the substantial considerations affecting it were stated.
“In accordance with my talk with you, I inclose note of S. H. Davis for .¶>51>,000 and indorsed by the different directors of the bank. This, as I explained to you, is some stock we are holding and which we desire to place where it will bring business to us. I do not think it will be long before it is taken up.”
In view of the conclusion reached that the directors were merely indorsers, the question of the competency of this letter as showing a different situation is out of the case. Its application to the question of reasonable time alone is now important. We see no valid criticism of the charge respecting the inferences to be drawn from the letter, provided there was evidence tending to show that Galbreath was authorized to speak for the other indorsers. His statements in the letter are of course insufficient proof of such authority; and we assume that the mere fact that he was entrusted with the transmission of the note
Plaintiff relies upon section 11497 of the Ohio Code, which permits •the examination of an adverse party “as if under cross-examination,” and provides That “the party calling for such examination shall not thereby be concluded, but may rebut by counter testimony.”
The rule recognized by the Supreme Court of the United States (so far as seems applicable here) is that in the absence of statute, while a party calling a witness may be permitted, in case of surprise, to question the witness as to inconsistent statements previously made by him, for the purpose of refreshing his recollection and inducing him to correct his testimony, it was not permitted at common law to discredit the testimony of one’s own witness by showing his contradictory statements. Hickory v. United States, 151 U. S. 303, 308, 309, 14 Sup. Ct. 334, 38 L. Ed. 170; Putnam v. United States, 162 U. S. 687, 691, et seq., 16 Sup. Ct. 923, 40 L. Ed. 1118. Such is the rule asserted by the Supreme Court of Ohio. Hurley v. State, 46 Ohio St. 320, 21 N. E. 645, 4 L. R. A. 161. The Ohio statute does not in terms give the right to discredit by proof of contradictory statements, but only to “rebut by counter testimony.” This was permissible, even as to one’s own witness, without the statute. Hurley v. State, supra; Hickory v. United States, supra; Putnam v. United States, supra. We are cited to no decision of the Ohio courts construing the statutory expression “may rebut by counter testimony”; and in the absence of such construction we are disposed to think that it gives the right only to rebut the testimony of the witness by showing the facts to be otherwise than stated by him, but not to discredit him by proof of his own contradictory statements.
We thus find it unnecessary to determine whether Davis was an adverse party within the meaning of the statute, or whether the statute is binding upon the federal courts.
The judgment of the District: Court is reversed, with costs, and the record remanded to that court, with directions to award a new trial.
Robinson did not attend the trial, and bis testimony was not taken. Kennedy bad died. Plaintiffs in error are tbus all accounted for.
Defendants in their reply brief say (although in another connection): “Davis was willing to buy the 200 shares, so as to complete the stock increase and permit the bank to obtain its new capital. The indorsers, being the directors of the bank and having the interest of the bank at heart, were willing to assist Davis in this matter to the extent of enabling him, by their indorsement of his note, to borrow the necessary funds”; and elsewhere in the brief that “it is quite reasonable to assume that he [Davis] intended to sell it [the stock] when he had a good opportunity and where it would do the bank some good, in the way of bringing deposits or otherwise.”
“But a common promissory note payable on demand is very often originally intended as a continuing security, and afterward indorsed as such. Indeed, it is not uncommon for the payee, and afterward the indorsee, to receive from the maker interest periodically for many years on such a note. And sometimes the note is expressly made payable with interest, which clearly indicates the intention of the parties to be that, though the holder may demand payment immediately, yet he is not bound to do so. It is therefore conceived that a common promissory note payable on demand, especially if made payable with interest, is not necessarily to be presented the next day after it has been'received in order to charge the indorser; and when the indorser defends himself on the ground of delay in, presenting the note, it will be a question for the jury whether, under all the circumstances, the delay of presentment was or was not unreasonable.”