Criminal No. 419 | Ariz. | May 19, 1917
The appellants were tried and convicted on the charge of introducing whiskey into Cochise county, Arizona, from the state of New Mexico, in violation of the prohibition amendment. Prom the judgment of conviction, they appealed.
Appellants complain of certain stagings or settings of the courtroom, which they claim were calculated to prejudice their rights in the eyes of the jury. It was the custom of the trial court to cause to be placed upon a blackboard in the trial courtroom in the morning before opening court the title of each ease to be tried during the day. On the day this case was called for trial, there appeared on the blackboard in plain view of the jury the following calendar for the day:
“No. 712: State v. Andy B. Johnson.
“No. 835: State v. Andy B. Johnson and James Murray.
“No. 844: State v. Andy B. Johnson and James Kileoyne.”
The prosecution had also brought into the courtroom and placed in view of the jury panel as they assembled in the courtroom the following: Twenty cases of whiskey admittedly the whiskey the defendants were charged with introducing
Upon the opening of court, and before the jury was drawn and impaneled, appellants moved the court to strike from the blackboard the number and title of all cases against appellant Johnson, excepting the one then to be tried, and also to order removed from the courtroom the 20 cases of whiskey identified with causes Nos. 712 and 844. The court’s denial of this motion is assigned as error.
It must be admitted that the case was well and attractively staged and the settings admirably placed for the performance about to take place. Indeed, it was staged with as little regard to the forms of law as the average scenario trial in a moving picture show. The appellant Johnson was placarded upon the blackboard not once, but thrice; he had fractured the majesty of the law as many times as the cock had crowed before Peter forsook his Master. The jury was warned that he was at least adept, if not an expert, in the art of bootlegging; they were thus notified that he was a habitual lawbreaker and a bad man generally.
The more to impress them of his criminal tendencies and the certainty of his guilt, booties galore of his prowess in his particular field of operation were displayed in the courtroom. In addition to the 20 eases of wet goods involved in the case on trial, 20 more eases, presumably the fruits of his exploits at other times and occasions, were present in the courtroom for the purpose of letting the jury have an insight into all other charges then pending against appellant Johnson. While professedly trying one case against appellant Johnson, adroitly and cunningly, with the sanction of the court, the stage of action was so arranged and set as to throw upon the canvas in plain view of the jury a multiplicity of crimes in which he was accused of participating.
Everyone charged with crime is entitled to a fair and impartial trial, and this is true whatever the character or grade of the offense. The scales of justice should always be adjusted for all alike. Neither many nor flagrant violations of the law, nor public clamor for convictions, should have any place or influence in a court of justice. The same rules of evidence and the same orderly and dignified conduct should be observed in the trial of all eases.
The fruits of crime and the means and instruments with which crimes are committed are frequently introduced in evidence, and may generally be said to be competent when there is any controversy as to the manner in which the crime was committed or the means used in its commission. In the present case, the crime charged was the introduction of whiskey into the state from without the state. The corpus delicti, therefore, was the introduction of the liquor. There was no question as to the character of the liquor or as to its quality or as to the ownership or its possession — all of these were conceded. That being true, we are unable to see why any of the whiskey should have been paraded before the jury, unless it was to arouse prejudice and bias in the minds of the jury against the appellants. But, had the issue been so framed as to admit in evidence the 20 cases charged to have been introduced in this ease, surely that was all and enough. Indeed, the other 20 eases were not offered in evidence, but they stood as mute witnesses of other devious and oblique conduct of at least one of the appellants.
As above indicated, the only issue between the state and appellants was as to whether the appellants had introduced the 20 cases of liquor from New Mexico into Arizona; as to whether the appellants had themselves brought the liquor into the state, or had caused it to be brought into the state. The fact in dispute, then, was the manual transference of the liquor across the state line. On this issue it was not necessary to have the liquor on exhibition. An inspection of it would have no tendency to prove it of New Mexico origin, or that it had crossed the line from New Mexico into Arizona. If they brought it or caused it to be brought from New Mexico into Arizona, it was a fact to be proved, as any other fact, by direct and by circumstantial testimony and by admissions and confessions of appellants.
“I asked where he got the whiskey, and he told me he had gotten it this side of the line; and then I tried to find out where and how he had gotten it, but he did not tell me that. ’ ’
Murray said to the sheriff:
“Well, we did not go across the line to get it. It cost us $10 (more) to have it brought on this side of the line than it would have cost us if we had. gone over and got it ourselves.”
Johnson, testifying in his own behalf, said that he met a man by the name of Simpson about three and one-half miles west of the New Mexico line, with whom he bargained for 20 cases of whiskey; that Simpson left him for about an hour and returned with the whiskey when the trade was made, he paying Simpson $284 and receiving 20 cases of whiskey; that Simpson told him that $284 was $10 more than it would have cost on the other side. Murray’s testimony corroborated Johnson’s, except that he disclaimed any interest in the liquor and explained his presence with Johnson as the latter’s guest and traveling companion. They both said that Simpson, Avhen they first met him, was driving a light spring wagon drawn by a pair of mules; that at that time he had no liquor with him; that after Johnson had bargained for the liquor he went away, remaining about one hour, when he returned with the liquor drawn by the same team and in the same vehicle. The appellants were residents of Lowell, Cochise county, Arizona. They claimed that their intended destination was Globe, Arizona, via Lordsburg over the Borderland route; that they got within three and one-half miles of the New Mexico line, and, owing to the heavy rain that was falling at
There is no material conflict of evidence, no complexity of controverted facts to be reconciled. The only issue in dispute, the corpus delicti, if established at all, is made out from the mouths of the appellants and the circumstances hereinafter adverted to. The circumstance of finding the appellants on the public highway with 20 "eases of whiskey, 20, or three and one-half miles, or three-quarters of a mile from the New Mexico line headed in the direction of Douglas, Arizona, unaided by any explanation, would not establish the fact that they had brought the liquor or caused it to be brought from New Mexico. It would afford grounds of suspicion or conjecture, but nothing more.
Does the explanation of appellants as to where and how they obtained the liquor supply the lack of proof on the question of introduction? It is undisputed that they bargained for the whiskey in Arizona and that it was delivered to them in Arizona. The question is, then: Where did Simpson, the seller, obtain the whiskey? Did he, when he left the appellants, with their knowledge go into New Mexico and there obtain the whiskey and return with it into Arizona where appellants were and deliver it to them?
In view of the law in Arizona at the time, it is not likely that Simpson had a stock of liquors in this state; the saloon as an institution had been abolished, and the traffic in liquors prohibited. Just across the line in New Mexico there were licensed saloons and, in view of the admissions of appellants, wherein they say, “The whiskey was delivered on this side of the line,” “We did not go across the line to get it,” and, “it cost us $10 more to have it brought on this side of the line than it would have cost us if we had gone over and got it ourselves,” we think it reasonably inferable that at the time the bargain for the liquor was made in Arizona it was understood that Simpson would go across the line and return with it.
It is contended by the appellants that the state of facts above detailed did not authorize an instruction given to the jury as follows:
“That all persons who aid and abet or, not being present, advise and encourage the introduction of said liquor, . . . are guilty as principals in the act.”
The appellants complain of error in the admission of the label and internal revenue stamp taken from one of the bottles of liquor found in their possession. These were introduced over the objection of appellants for the purposes, as stated by the county attorney:
“First, that it shows upon the face of it that it is marked whiskey plainly. Second, it shows where it was made and the brand of the label and when it was bottled. It shows the place and when it was bottled. ’ ’
As above stated, the character of the liquor was not questioned; it was admitted to be whiskey. Therefore whatever it might have been labeled was immaterial. The legends on the stamp and label were that the whiskey was made in Athertonville, Kentucky, and also when the whiskey was bottled there. Of course, these things were immaterial under the issue; they did not show, or tend to show, an unlawful introduction of the liquor into Arizona. It was error to admit in evidence the stamp and label for the reasons above given, but we do not think that the error could have prejudiced the rights of the appellants. The purpose for which they were offered, as stated by the county attorney, showed that they did not prove, or tend to prove, any introduction of liquor into the state, or have any bearing upon that issue.
As heretofore indicated in this opinion, the appellant Murray was only a guest or traveling companion of Johnson. It is not shown that he was interested in any way in the automobile used to move the liquor, or in the liquor itself; it was all bought and paid for by appellant Johnson; he did all the negotiating with Simpson, the seller; and everywhere the evidence discloses that he only was interested in securing the liquor. For these reasons, we are of the opinion that the
Notwithstanding the many palpable errors that were committed in the course of the trial, we do not believe that the case should be reversed as to appellant Johnson. If the ease had been tried upon the admissions and the statements of the appellants and the circumstances connected therewith, and the errors to which we have alluded had not crept into the trial, still we are satisfied that the verdict of the jury should have been one of guilty as to Johnson. We do not see how a common-sense jury, if the ease were remanded for a new trial and the evidence in this record free from legal objection was submitted to it, could return a different verdict. If the facts bearing upon the issue of introduction were in dispute, or if it was made to appear that upon another trial free from error a different verdict might be had, because of the many flagrant and egregious errors in this record, we would be compelled to remand the case for a new trial.
Under the circumstances, we believe that the judgment of conviction should stand as to appellant Johnson, and it is so ordered.
FRANKLIN, O. J., and CUNNINGHAM, J., concur.