54 A. 289 | N.H. | 1903
It is claimed that Baker's statement made directly after the infliction of his injury was not admissible. If the declaration was merely a narrative of a past event, the evidence of it would be inadmissible, upon the ground that ordinarily hearsay evidence is not received in proof of the truth of an assertion. The uniform practice of the courts in common-law jurisdictions has resulted in the establishment of this principle, as a necessary and useful rule in the investigation of questions of fact. But when the declaration of one not a sworn witness upon the trial is something more than mere narrative, — when its probative force is derived in part, at least, from sources other than the credibility of the declarant, *34 — an opportunity is afforded for the argument that it does not fall within the strict rule against hearsay evidence, or that it constitutes an exception to the rule. It is then possible to say that the declaration, while verbally a mere narrative, is something more, and may be, for that reason, of such probative force as to be admissible as evidence upon a material issue. It may be so connected with other controverted facts as to be itself a fact or circumstance naturally growing out of and in some sense attested by them. The verbal statement of a person made under some circumstances may be a part of the actual occurrence, and be entitled to as much weight as evidence as any other part of the transaction. This is the principle, it is believed, that is involved in the somewhat obscure doctrine of res gestae, which is often resorted to, apparently, more on account of its convenient indefiniteness than for its scientific precision. But the principle, whether expressed in an abbreviated Latin phrase or otherwise, is an important one in any system of evidence whose object is the ascertainment of facts. Its development has been promoted, in modern times, by an effort to afford the triers of fact all reasonable means of ascertaining the truth, instead of withholding from them all information possible by the rigid application of certain rules of exclusion. The question is not now, how little, but how much, logically competent proof is admissible.
In cases of this character, it is important to ascertain what, if any, relevancy the declaration has; in other words, what it tends to prove; for unless its natural effect is to prove or explain a point in issue or a controverted fact, it is not admissible. In this case the burden was upon the plaintiff to establish by a balance of the probabilities that his intestate received his injury in consequence of the negligence of the defendant. This, in a broad general sense, was the issue tried; but it involved a material inquiry as to the manner in which the accident happened. If it is assumed that suffering the planks to be where it is admitted they were was a negligent act of the defendant, it was important for the plaintiff to show that they were the proximate or effective cause of the accident. If in the exercise of due care the deceased would not have received the injury complained of but for the existence of the planks at that particular place and time, the plaintiff would have sustained the burden assumed by him. On the other hand, if the cause of the accident was something other than the planks, as manifestly might have been the case, his failure in this respect might have been fatal. Nashua Iron and Steel Co. v. Railroad,
When, instead of attendant physical facts and circumstances, the evidence consists of a declaration, made by a person at the time of the event or transaction which is under investigation, its admission depends upon a similar principle. If its materiality or relevancy is conceded, the question whether it is a part of the res gestae arises; that is, whether it occurred in such intimate connection with the event in issue as to constitute it in a reasonable and proper sense a part thereof. If it does, it is in its probative bearing superior to mere hearsay remarks, and may for that reason be admissible. "Its connection with the act gives the declaration greater importance than what is due to the mere assertion of a fact by a stranger, or a declaration by the party himself at another time. It is part of the transaction, and may be given in evidence in the same manner as any other fact." Hadley v. Carter,
After approving the statement quoted above from Hadley v. Carter, the court in Wiggin v. Plumer,
But while admitting that the foregoing statements of the law are substantially correct, the defendant insists that a declaration of the character received in this case, in order to be admissible, must have been strictly and literally contemporaneous with the fact it was intended to elucidate or explain. In other words, it is in effect conceded that if, while the car wheels were passing over Baker's legs, he had exclaimed "I fell over these old planks," that statement would have been admissible as a part of the res gestae; but it is claimed that, although made within two minutes after the actual infliction of the injury, while he was lying between the planks groaning on account of the pain, and while no substantial change had occurred in the attendant circumstances, it is not admissible, because the accident. was then a past event and the statement a mere narrative. But this technical refinement is not based upon a reasonable view of the principle involved. No satisfactory reason is assigned for the distinction suggested. If the statement of a party made while a serious injury is being inflicted upon him is regarded as an evidentiary fact throwing light upon the manner of the occurrence, why does not the same statement made immediately after the principal event, as an intimately connected and natural result or detail thereof, in the presence of all the physical facts of the accident, constitute an equally admissible part of the proof? Why may it not be as much a part of the res gestae as the fact that the declarant is found at the same time lying in a place and position indicating the manner of the accident? His position as well as his declaration may be to some extent subject to his volition. If the very short period of two minutes after a man's legs have been severed from his body in a railroad accident prevents his declaration then made from being deemed a part of the transaction, it is difficult to understand why his position, which may be as much subject to his intelligent control during that brief and trying interval of time as his power of verbal communication, should be regarded as a competent evidentiary fact explaining the manner of the accident. The fact is, that both his declaration and his position may be under the circumstances credible and admissible evidence, for very similar reasons; and that to exclude the evidence in the one case, because it may be fabricated, *37
would furnish a reason for its exclusion in the other. The possibility of its being unreliable would seem to relate to the weight, rather than to the admissibility, of the evidence. That the doctrine of exact coincidence in such cases is not followed in this state, is plainly indicated in Caverno v. Jones,
Cases in other states and in England, it must be admitted, are not in accord. Some adopt an unreasonably strict construction of the rule (Regina v. Bedingfield, 14 Cox C.C. 341; State v. Davidson,
The seriousness of the injury, the character of the accident, and the surrounding physical circumstances and results of the occurrence, attending the declaration as well as the principal fact, are necessary matters for consideration in the determination of the question of the admissibility of the declaration. When a person receives a sudden injury, it is natural for him, if in the possession his faculties, to state at once how it happened. Metaphorically *38 it may be said, the act speaks through him and discloses its character. It is as if it were a part of the act itself. This view of the common experience of mankind shows that, if the declaration has that character, it possesses an important element of reliability and significance which is foreign to narrative remarks made so long after the event as to derive directly no probative force from it, and that it should be admitted like any other material fact or evidentiary detail. If this principle of evidence may be difficult of application in practice, its soundness is not thereby weakened. A discriminating observance of it will promote the successful discovery of truth, which, without its aid, is often involved in great obscurity.
It is not contended that Baker's statement was not relevant, or that it did not tend to show how the accident happened; that is, the proximate cause of it. It was not mere hearsay, depending alone for its truthfulness upon the credibility of an unsworn witness. It was directly connected in point of time with the main fact, and was made while Baker was in the place where the force of the collision presumably threw him, and in view of all the surrounding physical facts connected with his misfortune. It cannot be said, therefore, as a matter of law, that his remark did not derive credit from the occurrence with which it was so intimately connected, or that it was not in a reasonable sense a part thereof and admissible in evidence. Although in form it was a narrative, it could not be excluded for that reason alone, if in other respects it was competent. Nor does the fact that it was made in answer to the witness' question deprive it of its character as a part of the res gestae. Fish v. Railway,
The defendant insists that the motion for a nonsuit should have been granted, because Baker must be held to have assumed the risk in consequence of which he was injured. This contention in effect concedes that the defendant was negligent in permitting a *39
jigger-stand to be where this one was, and that it was an operating cause of the accident; but it is claimed the plaintiff cannot recover, for the reason that the danger incurred was one of the incidents of his intestate's employment. If the latter did not know of the existence of the jigger-stand near the switch which he was about to operate, or if, in the exercise of ordinary care in the performance of his duties, he was not chargeable with such knowledge, he cannot be held responsible for consequences resulting from his failure to take such precautions for his safety as a knowledge of the danger would have suggested to a man of ordinary prudence; otherwise he is precluded by the doctrine of the assumption of risk. "The plaintiff was bound to prove that the special danger causing the injury was not known to" Baker, "and in the exercise of ordinary care by him would not have come to his knowledge." Burnham v. Railroad,
If the fact that the accident happened is not alone sufficient evidence of the injured party's want of knowledge of the existence of the defective appliance causing it, or of his exercise of due care (Huntress v. Railroad,
But it is urged that he ought to have known it. His experience for many years as a freight brakeman must have afforded him the information that such stands are of frequent occurrence on the line of a railroad, and that they are necessary appliances at certain points for the use of the section men. But while it appeared from the cross-examination of the plaintiff's witnesses that these appliances are numerous on lines of road on which Baker had worked, it also appeared that they are seldom placed near a switch and usually lead into car-houses, which would afford some notice of their existence. Upon the evidence, it might be found that a brakeman ought to know that in the vicinity of a car-house there would in all probability be a jigger-stand; and that its existence near a switch and away from a car-house was so unusual as to make it unreasonable to say that a breakman [brakeman] ought to anticipate such an arrangement at every switching point. It was not unreasonable for the jury to infer from the evidence that men of ordinary prudence in Baker's position, and possessing his knowledge of the means employed in the business of railroading, would not anticipate the existence of a jigger-stand at this particular point. If upon this subject fair-minded men might differ, the question should be submitted to the jury. It does not appear that Baker ought to have anticipated the peculiar obstruction which caused him to stumble.
The further contention is made that there is no evidence that Baker exercised reasonable care in the performance of his work at the time of the accident, — a fact the plaintiff was bound to prove by competent evidence. But it is not necessary that the evidence should be direct; the fact may be inferred from circumstances; and, in the absence of direct proof, the question is whether the circumstances legitimately warrant an inference of the fact. Hutchins v. Macomber,
As there is no contention that the evidence did not warrant a finding of the defendant's negligence in permitting the jigger-stand to be near the switch in question, no error is apparent in the trial, and the verdict must stand.
Exception overruled.
CHASE, J., was absent: the others concurred.