OPINION OF THE COURT BY
KEMP, J.
(Edings, J., dissenting.)
Eugene Murphy, the petitioner-appellee, brought proceedings in the nature of quo warranto against the respondent-appellant, W. A. McKay, to oust said McKay from the office of district magistrate of Wailuku, County of Maui, Territory of Haivaii. The proceeding was begun in the circuit court of the second circuit and there tried terminating in a judgment entered on the 31st day of December, 1920, ousting said McKay from said office.
In the petition for the writ it was alleged as ground therefor that the respondent “is not an elector of the Territory of Hawaii and is not a citizen of the United States of America but is an alien, to wit, a British subject.” The prayer was: (1) For process, (2) that after a full hearing the said W. A. McKay be ousted from said office of district magistrate of the district court of Wailuku, County of Maui, Territory of Hawaii, and (3) for general relief. The court in its decision found, and the judgment of ouster recites, that the said W. A. McKay “is not now and never has been and at the time of his alleged appointment was not a citizen of the United States but a subject of the British Empire” and proceeds to adjudge that he “is therefore without title to the office of district magistrate of Wailuku, County of Maui, Territory of Hawaii, and that he is hereby ousted and forever excluded from the actual exercise of the office of distinct magistrate of Wailuku, County of Maui, Territory of Hawaii, and that he hereby is precluded from exercising and drawing the emoluments of said office.”
From this judgment the respondent W. A. McKay appealed: The record on appeal reached this court on February 12, 1921. On May 10, 1921, the respondent-*173appellant resigned said office and thereafter on August 9, 1921, the petitioner-appellee moved this court to dismiss the appeal, the motion reciting: “1. That the respondent-appellant herein resigned his office of District Magistrate of Wailuku voluntarily on the 10th day of May, 1921. 2. That the respondent-appellant has accepted from the county auditor of the County of Maui a pension of one hundred dollars a month in view of his resignation of the aforesaid office for the months of June and July, A. D. 1921. 3. That no question is before this court now except a moot question, in that the said respondent-appellant cannot both accept a pension and be reinstated to an office from which he has resigned and to which another person, Henry C. Mossman, has been appointed.” The facts recited in the motion are partly supported by the affidavit of Charles Wilcox, auditor of the County of Maui, and none of the facts recited therein is controverted. In fact counsel for appellant stated in his argument that the facts recited could not be controverted but he argued that the question involved in the case had not thereby been rendered moot. The sole question therefore to be determined in passing upon the motion is, has the matter in issue in the case become a moot question? If it has the appeal will be dismissed. (In re Brandt, 25 Haw. 51" court="Haw." date_filed="1919-07-09" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/brandt-v-kaneakua-6485531?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="6485531">25 Haw. 51.)
The clearest and most applicable statement of what will render a question moot that has come to our attention is to be found in the opinion of Mr. Justice Gray in the case of Mills v. Green, 159 U.S. 651" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1895-11-25" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/mills-v-green-94291?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="94291">159 U. S. 651, 653, in the following language: “The duty of this court, as of every other judicial tribunal, is to decide actual controversies by a judgment which can be carried into effect, and not to give opinions npon moot questions or abstract propositions, or to declare principles or rules of law which cannot affect the matter in issue in the case before it. It necessarily follows that when, pending an appeal from *174the judgment of a lower court, and without any fault of the defendant, an event occurs which renders it impossible for this court, if it should decide the case in favor' of the plaintiff, to grant him any effectual relief whatever, the court will not proceed to a formal judgment, but will dismiss the appeal. And such a fact, when not appearing on the record, may be proved by extrinsic evidence.” The facts in the case of Tennessee v. Condon, 189 U.S. 64" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1903-04-06" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/tennessee-v-condon-95825?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="95825">189 U. S. 64, 70, were very similar to the facts with which we have to deal. In that case the pike commissioners of Knox County, Tennessee, brought suit to oust the public road commissioners from their office, contending that the act which authorized" the appointment of public road commissioners to supersede the pike commissioners was in violation of the constitution of Tennessee and of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States and alleging that the public road commissioners had ousted the pike commissioners from their said office to which they had been duly and legally elected. The case having gone through all of the state courts and judgment being against the pike commissioners they sued out a writ of error from the Supreme Court of the United States and the case reached that court and was docketed December 10, 1901, but was not reached and argued until March, 1903. The terms of office of both the pike commissioners and the road commissioners had expired in January, 1902. The Supreme Court in refusing to pass upon the merits of the petitioners’ contention and dismissing the appeal said: “There are cases in quo warranto in which judgment of ouster has been entered although the term of the person lawfully entitled had expired, and also where informations have been retained, when the statute provided for fine or damages, but here the proceeding cannot now be maintained as on behalf of the public, and considered, as counsel insists it should be, as merely a contest between *175two sets of officials and not between tbe State and its officials, tbe state courts would be at liberty to treat it as abated, and tbe mere matter of costs cannot be availed of to sustain jurisdiction. ⅞ * * If we were to bold that tbe act could be subjected to tbe test of tbe Fourteentb Amendment and that it could not stand that test, we should do nothing more than reverse tbe decree below and remand tbe cause, and as such a judgment would be ineffectual, we must decline to intimate any opinion on tbe subject. (Here follows a quotation of tbe paragraph from Mills v. Green quoted above.) We think this writ of error comes within tbe rule thus declared, and it is therefore dismissed without costs to either party.” (pp. 70, 71.)
We are unable to see any difference in principle between that case and this so all that was there said applies with equal force to this. If we were to bold that tbe circuit court was in error in any of its rulings or in deciding that respondent is not a citizen of tbe United States and that tbe judgment of ouster was therefore erroneous we could not adjudge that be be reinstated in the office from which be was ousted since be has already resigned therefrom. Any judgment that could be entered would be ineffectual to grant to him any relief whatever. No costs were adjudged against respondent and we have no statute authorizing a fine or damages for usurping an office so tbe case does not come within tbe class referred to in Tennessee v. Condon, supra, where judgments of ouster have been entered after the term of tbe one lawfully entitled bad expired.
Counsel for tbe appellant has put forth tbe argument that since tbe judgment of ouster was predicated upon tbe finding that appellant is not a citizen of tbe United States bis citizenship is involved and that bis resignation from tbe office from which be was ousted has not rendered that a moot question. We think that this argument is completely answered by a statement of tbe law as to tbe effect of such *176finding and tbe extent to which, it can be used in other proceedings. We think the authorities establish that the judgment in this case not only would not be conclusive on the question of his citizenship in any other proceeding in which it might be questioned but under the circumstances of this case would not even be admissible in evidence on the question of whether or not he is such citizen. (Wilson v. Mitchell, 48 Col. 454, 111 P. 21" court="Colo." date_filed="1910-07-06" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/wilson-v-mitchell-6565060?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="6565060">111 Pac. 21, 30 L. R. A. (N. S.) 507.) It seems clear to ns that if the respondent still claims that he is a citizen of the United States and seeks to exercise any of the functions of such citizenship (other than to hold the office from which he was by that judgment ousted) and his rights in that regard should be questioned, the question of his citizenship would still be open and not foreclosed by the judgment in this case. We cannot know that respondent Avill again seek to exercise the functions of a citizen and until he does and his rights in that respect are brought in question in such manner as will bring the matter before us no controversy is presented on which we can render a judgment which can be carried into effect.
E. Murphy for the motion.
Wendell F. Grochett contra.
We therefore decline to pass upon the question at all and order the appeal dismissed without costs to either party.