96 Kan. 321 | Kan. | 1915
This is an action for damages for personal injury. The plaintiff recovered judgment for $12,000. The defendant appeals.
The defendant was engaged in drilling for gas in Montgomery county, Kansas, and had laid an inch gas pipe line from a gas well on near-by premises' to its drilling machinery. This pipe was laid on the surface of a public highway, about seven feet from a hedge fence on the west side of the highway. On the east side was a wire fence. The road was about forty feet wide, about twenty feet of which, in the center, had been graded, leaving shoulders on the sides of the graded work eight or ten inches high. The accident occurred on the 23d day of July, 1914. Growing weeds and grass to the height of about six or eight inches concealed the gas pipe. The plaintiff, a boy fifteen and a half years old, was working for his father, assisting in drawing a threshing machine outfit out of an adjoining field onto the highway at the place of the accident. The plaintiff was seated on the engine, .guiding it by the steering gear, under the direction of his father, who was also on the engine controlling the power. The length of the outfit was 30 to 35 feet. The engine was a coal-burning steam engine equipped with a damper to shut off air from the firebox. Two workmen were sent ahead to prepare a way to the road. This they did by pulling staples out of posts that held the wires and standing on the wires so that the engine and separator could pass over them. Neither the plaintiff nor his father, nor any of the workmen, inspected the road for any purpose. The road was approached from a northeasterly direction. To get the threshing outfit into the highway it was necessary to cross the graded portion of the road with the traction engine and get it onto the ungraded portion on the west side. There the engine ran onto the gas pipe. A hind wheel broke the pipe, releasing the gas. The engine’s damper was open, and through it some of the escaping gas got into the firebox, when it exploded. The explosion threw the plaintiff from his seat on the engine to the ground in the flame, where he was momentarily unconscious. Upon recovering consciousness he rolled out of the flame, attempted to extinguish the fire in his clothing,
“To entitle plaintiff to a recovery in this action, he must show by the evidence that the injury complained of was occasioned by the carelessness and negligence of the defendant alleged and set up in the petition.”
This is about half of the sentence from which it is taken. It is but a small part of the instructions on the defendant’s negligence. Neither the sentence from which this quotation is taken nor the whole of the instruction concerning negligence is objectionable. This court has said many times that instructions are to be construed as a whole, and if not erroneous when so construed, no one of them will be held erroneous. (The State v. Dickson, 6 Kan. 209; The State v. Miller, 35 Kan. 328, 10 Pac. 865; Lawder v. Henderson, 36 Kan. 754, 14 Pac. 164; The State v. Yarborough, 39 Kan. 581, 588, 18 Pac. 474; C. B. U. P. Rld. Co. v. Andrews, 41 Kan. 370, 21 Pac. 276; Cain v. Wallace, 46 Kan. 138, 26 Pac. 445; Hays v. Farwell, 53 Kan. 78, 35 Pac. 794; The State v. Atterberry, 59 Kan. 237, 52 Pac. 451; Railway Co. v. Brandon, 77 Kan. 612, 95 Pac. 573; Meyer v. Rosedale, 84 Kan. 302, 113 Pac. 1043.) Other cases to the same effect might be cited. The instructions, as a whole, on this subject are not complained of. They appear to state the law correctly.
“A judgment will not be reversed because of complaint that the court did not properly, correctly and fully instruct the jury, where the instructions given correctly stated the law and no request was made for other or additional instructions.” (Syl. ¶ 4.)
See cases there cited.
In Hoyt v. Dengler, 54 Kan. 309, 38 Pac. 260, this language is found:
“Where no instructions are asked, a failure to make them as full as the plaintiff would like is not ground of error.” (Syl. ¶ 1.)
It does not appear that the substantial rights of the defendant have been prejudiced by the failure of the court to instruct the jury concerning this matter. Section 581 of the code of civil procedure requires that all mere technical errors and irregularities which do not affirmatively appear to have prejudicially affected the substantial rights of the party complaining shall be disregarded, where it appears upon the whole record that substantial justice has been done by the judgment or order of the court. (Saunders v. Railway Co., 86 Kan. 56, 119 Pac. 552; Nordman v. Johnson, 94 Kan. 409, 146 Pac. 1125; Berhenke v. Penfield, 94 Kan. 532, 146 Pac. 1187.)
“They did not limit the recovery for inability, if any, to work and earn money after the accident to the period commencing with plaintiff’s 21st birthday, March 5, 1920, plaintiff’s father having brought separate suit in the same court against the defendant and having been compensated in full for loss of services of the plaintiff in the case at bar up to that date.”
On the .amount of recovery the court instructed the jury as follows:
“If you find that the plaintiff is entitled to recover in this case, the next question for your consideration is the measure of his recovery. He may recover for pain and suffering and for permanent injury.
“There is no actual rule for the computation of damages upon claims for permanent disability or for pain and suffering in a case of this kind; the nature and elements of recovery are for physical pain, if any, which*327 has resulted up to the time of the commencement of the action, and if you find that plaintiff is still disabled from such alleged injuries and still suffers pain, such further damages as may appear to you from the evi.dence to be the natural or probable result of such injuries.
“You should in arriving at your verdict, consider the physical pain, if any, suffered by the plaintiff, the age, physical condition and work of the plaintiff at the time of the alleged injury and his ability at that time to work and earn money, his age, health and physical condition at the time subsequent to the alleged injury and his ability then to work and earn money, as affected, if at all, thereby. In fact you should consider all the circumstances in the light of all the evidence and the instructions of the court.”
It is contended that the plaintiff’s father is entitled to the plaintiff’s services until he is twenty-one years old, and that these instructions permit the plaintiff to recover for his incapacity to work from the time of his injury until he reaches that age. Although the father is entitled to the plaintiff’s services until he is twenty-one years old, that does not preclude the plaintiff from recovering damages for the permanent injuries he has sustained. There is no claim in the petition for loss of time or of wages. These instructions permit the plaintiff to recover for pain and suffering and for permanent injury. Nothing else is included. The court instructed the jury to take into consideration the age, health, physical condition, and ability of the plaintiff to work and earn money, both at the time of the injury and afterward. The verdict could not have been properly arrived at without so doing. It is a strained interpretation of these instructions to hold that they include compensation for loss of time and of wages of the plaintiff during his minority. The last part of subdivision 5 of section 285 of the code of civil procedure reads:
“Before reading the instructions to the jury, the court shall, when requested, submit the same to counsel on either side and give counsel a reasonable time to suggest modifications thereof.”
The abstract does not disclose that the defendant requested that the instructions be submitted to it before being read to the jury, nor that the defendant suggested any modification thereof or requested an instruction excluding the plaintiff’s right to recover for inability to work or earn wages before he was twenty-one years old. No such instruction having been requested, the defendant can not now complain of the failure
“As a general rule custom and usage -of well-appointed and well-managed concerns in the business under investigation is competent evidence on the question of the care and diligence required in the proper conduct of the business.”
But this rule, as there stated, is modified by the sentence immediately following, which reads:
“This rule is, however, subject to exceptions, among which is the exception that it can not be allowed to contradict matters of common knowledge, or to prove a custom which is so obviously unreasonable or dangerous as to be at once recognized as such by all intelligent persons.”
We do not think the rejection of this evidence constituted material error, for reasons which are hereinafter stated.
The defendant contends that it had the right to lay its gas pipes along the highway. This is correct, under a former decision of this court; but with that right went the obligation to lay the pipes in such a way that no person would be injured by gas escaping therefrom. This court, in The State v. Natural-gas Co., 71 Kan. 508, 80 Pac. 962, said:
“As against the state, a natural-gas company incorporated under the laws of Kansas for the purpose of transporting and distributing natural gas for fuel, light, and power, may bury its pipe-line in the public highway, where such use does not inconvenience, endanger or obstruct public travel.” (Syl.)
To come within this rule, the defendant should have buried its pipe line in the public highway. To show what the legislative idea is concerning transporting natural gas along public highways we cite section 3904 of the General Statutes of 1909, which reads:
“Whenever any tract of land not in an incorporated city shall be laid out in lots or other subdivisions as now required by law, the owner of such lands or his assigns is authorized to lay, maintain and operate natural-gas pipes along and across the streets and other grounds dedicated by such owner to public use for the purpose of furnishing natural gas for light and fuel to the residents of said land, and for such purpose is authorized to lay, maintain and operate natural-gas pipes across any*330 public highway: Provided, That the said pipes shall be laid under the surface of said streets, public grounds, and highways, and that said streets, grounds and highways shall be restored so as not to impair their usefulness: And provided further, That nothing herein shall be construed as granting to such owner or his assigns the exclusive right to furnish said residents with natural gas for light and fuel.”
It can hardly be contended that gas operators laying pipe lines in.public highways for private purposes have greater rights than gas companies laying the same kind of pipe for public service. A case closely parallel with the one we are now considering is Indiania, etc., Gas Co. v. McMath, 26 Ind. App. 154, where the court said:
“One who maintains an exposed gas pipe through which natural gas is flowing on the surface of the ground within the limits of a public highway does an unlawful act and is liable in damages to one who, without his fault, breaks the pipe by driving a traction engine over it and is injured by an explosion of the escaping gas.” ' (Syl.-¶ 1.)
Another case, analogous in principle, is Omslaer v. Philadelphia Co., 31 Fed. 354. The first section of the syllabus to this case is .as follows:
“The defendant company, having authority under the laws of Pennsylvania to lay and maintain pipes for transportation of natural gas across the Allegheny river, laid an eight-inch main across and resting on the bed of the river, wholly exposed, so as to interfere with the free and safe passage of boats. Held, that the pipe should have been buried underneath the river bed, and as laid it was a wrongful obstruction to navigation.”
Natural gas is a dangerous agency, whether ignited or not, and it is known to be as liable to explosion as powder when it comes in contact with fire, and that its destructive effect is almost as great. In Hashman v. Gas Co., 83 Kan. 328, 111 Pac. 468, this court used this language:
“Natural gas, as all know, is inflammable and explosive in a high degree — a very dangerous agency — and those who transport it are held to the exercise of great care; they are required to lay and maintain pipes that are safe and secure for transporting gas, and carefully to overlook and inspect the pipes in order to keep them in safe condition, and to detect and repair any leaks or defects in them.” (p. 331.)
In Gas Co. v. Carter, 65 Kan. 565, 70 Pac. 635, this court said:
“Defendant was employing for its profit a subtle and highly explosive agency. The rule at common law is that, where an agent so introduced is*331 controllable by care, attention, or science, he who receives the benefit must assume the responsibility.” (p. 568.)
Again, in Luengene v. Power Co., 86 Kan. 866, 122 Pac. 1032, this court, in speaking of the care required of gas companies, said:
“Care was required commensurate with the dangerous character of the agency and the consequences that ought to have been apprehended from its escape.” (p. 872.)
The rules governing the handling of dangerous agencies should be applied in cases of this kind. In Clark v. Powder Co., 94 Kan. 268, 146 Pac. 320, this court said:
“The owner of so inherently dangerous a commodity as solidified glycerine is required to exert the highest degree of care to keep it in close custody to prevent its doing mischief, and that duty never ceases; and such owner is liable for all the natural and probable consequences which flow from any breach of that duty.” (Syl. ¶ 2.)
Again, in Wade v. Electric Co., 94 Kan. 462, 147 Pac. 63, this court said:
"Electric companies that suspend wires charged with a high voltage of electricity over or along the highway are required to exercise the highest care in constructing and maintaining their poles and wires so as to avoid injury to those using the highway for work, business and pleasure.” (Syl. ¶1.)
We do not see how the defendant can be excused from the consequence of its' act by showing that other persons engaged ih the same business in the same community were guilty of similar acts.
*332 “To be free from contributory negligence it is not necessary that one using a highway known by him to be defective exercise more than ordinary care, but he must adapt his conduct to that condition and employ such care as may justly be regarded as ordinary, in view of his knowledge of such defect.” (Cunningham v. Clay Township, 69 Kan. 373, syl. ¶ 6, 76 Pac. 907.)
If the plaintiff had known that the gas pipe was in the public highway and had used ordinary care in attempting to drive his traction engine over it he would not have been guilty of contributory negligence, under Cunningham v. Clay Township, supra; Telephone Co. v. Vanclervort, 71 Kan. 101, 79 Pac. 1068; and Erie Township v. Beamer, 71 Kan. 182, 79 Pac. 1070. Whether or not the plaintiff exercised ordinary care, after having knowledge, would have been a question for the jury. We do not think the evidence was competent for the purpose of showing contributory negligence on the part of the plaintiff.
We have examined every complaint made, and do not find anything warranting a reversal of the judgment in this case. Upon the whole, we are of the opinion that substantial justice has been done by the verdict of the jury, and that the defendant has no just ground for complaint on account of the verdict or the manner in which it was reached. The judgment is affirmed.