17 A.2d 449 | N.H. | 1941
The decedent was struck by the defendant's automobile while he was walking along the highway from Manchester to Bedford and the defendant was driving in the same direction. The accident happened at midnight of September 5, 1939, or shortly thereafter. The black, hard surface of the highway was twenty-one to twenty-four feet wide. After the accident the decedent's body was found lying on the pavement at least five or six feet in from the west side of the tarvia. Both parties had been proceeding southward.
The defendant urges that it cannot be found that he was guilty of causal negligence as a matter of law, and that it must be found that the decedent's negligence was the sole cause of the accident. The night was dark, it was raining hard, and the road was wet and slippery. The traffic was heavy. The defendant knew that the decedent would probably be walking along the road, knew that he had probably been drinking, and had consequently been watching for him. He was driving at the rate of twenty-five or thirty miles an hour. The road was straight and level.
The defendant saw a car approaching from the opposite direction *245 at a distance of 400 or 500 feet, and at about the same speed. Though the defendant had his lights on high beam, the lights of the approaching car blinded him so that he could not see the lane on which he was driving, but only the gravel shoulder. He did not reduce speed. Just after the other car passed him, he was for the first time able to see the decedent's form, only four or five feet ahead of him, too late to do anything to avoid the accident. The causal negligence of the defendant may be assumed.
The decedent had been drinking, but there is no evidence to establish the extent, if any, to which he was under the influence of liquor. The jury were not compelled to find that his intoxication contributed to cause the accident. There was testimony about a gravel shoulder sufficiently wide to accommodate a pedestrian. The jury took a view, and it cannot be known whether what they saw confirmed this testimony or negatived it. If it confirmed it, there was yet testimony that the shoulder that night was muddy and puddly. If believed, the jury were not bound to find that the decedent was negligent merely because he traveled on the only part of the highway fit for passage. Matulis v. Gans,
The pedestrian must exercise due care to protect himself and not to impede traffic unreasonably. The degree of such care varies of course with the circumstances of the particular case.
Courts generally agree that, other things being equal, it is safer for one who walks along a highway to keep to the left side, where he can see perfectly the approach of cars coming in the opposite direction and usually avoid them easily by taking a step to the left. When so walking, he may commonly assume with reason that cars going in his direction will keep to their own right-hand side of the pavement and not come over on his side without warning. Consequently he is not chargeable with negligence as a matter of law if he does not look back and is run down from the rear. The question of his care under such circumstances is typically for the jury. And it seems to make no difference whether the pedestrian thus walks on the pavement by night or by day. Burns v. Cote,
This "presumption of safety" holds for one walking on either *246 shoulder, or even upon the right hand side of the pavement when visibility is good and the motorist may be fairly thought to be able to see the pedestrian and the latter keeps a straight course, though the situation in the latter case calls for more care on the pedestrian's part. Berry, Automobiles, ss. 3.240, 3.243, 3.244; 5-6 Huddy, Automobiles, ss. 74, 79, 84; and cases cited in those works.
When the pedestrian occupies the right-hand traffic lane at night, the danger being enhanced to a high degree, he must take materially greater precautions. Yet if contrary traffic be lacking and a following motorist has good visibility and plenty of room to pass the pedestrian, the latter (if he walk straight) may be found to rely reasonably upon the care of the driver and his duty to look back will usually be for the jury.
"Custom and common sense have always dictated . . . that pedestrians should walk along the edge of a highway so that they might step aside for passing vehicles with least danger to themselves and least obstruction to vehicular traffic." Tedla v. Ellman,
The decedent in the case before us did not walk upon the edge of the pavement whence he could step aside quickly. Instead of that, it is clear that he was either in the middle of the road or in the middle of the right-hand lane. One walking at night in the middle of the road has been excused for not looking back when the driver had good vision because the pedestrian was nearly under an electric light, and the pedestrian had no warning of the defendant's approach because the latter's lights were poor. Stone v. Gill,
When the pedestrian is in the right lane and visibility is poor, though the risk is perhaps less than in the situation just mentioned, it is yet far greater than in the other cases mentioned. With the greater risk, proportionally greater care is demanded of the pedestrian. Schmeiske v. Laubin,
Every other case involving similar facts has reached a different conclusion. The pedestrian has been held to the duty of looking to the rear constantly. Kessel v. Hunt,
The decedent had a perfect right to be where he was. But since he chose to be there, he was bound as long as he remained to exercise the high degree of care his situation made necessary. He was not in a position where he could rely on the defendant's care to save him from disaster. If the decedent kept his position, the defendant would have great difficulty in seeing him if there were any contrary traffic, perhaps might not see him at all. The defendant, suddenly coming upon the decedent, would have only two ways to turn. If he turned right, he would get upon a sloppy shoulder and very likely into a ditch. If he turned left he might become involved in a collision with another car. That situation was made imminent by the decedent's own act in choosing to walk in the middle of the right lane (if he was in that position rather than in the more dangerous middle of the pavement).
For practical purposes the defendant was left much in the position of the locomotive engineer who overtakes a man walking between the rails; the engineer must keep to his path, and can only try to stop. The decedent, however, could not claim, as the track-walker sometimes does, that he was warranted in walking in the path of the machine by the fact that he could reasonably expect that no machine was due (Brown v. Railroad,
Every advantage for the saving of the situation lay with the decedent, who was st the focus of danger. He could see the whole situation better than the defendant, and he could more easily alter it than could the defendant. He could place doubtful reliance upon the defendant's reducing speed, when faced with oncoming lights, sufficiently to avoid trouble. It is in evidence that the decedent had both walked and ridden along this road on this and other Saturday nights. He could not have been ignorant of the common knowledge that cars pass each other at night at very considerable speeds. If the defendant was negligent in taking the chance that a pedestrian might be in a blind spot, the pedestrian was equally negligent in taking the chance that the defendant would not take a chance.
Under the circumstances presented, the decedent had the legal duty, when he observed a car coming from the south, to look back to see whether a following car was likely to overtake him at about the time the north-bound car passed, and to act according to what he should have seen. If he had looked back with the least degree of care he could have seen the defendant's high beam lights and moved to the side, for the road was straight, level, and without confusing street lights. If it be said that there is no direct evidence that he did not so look, it may be answered that there are only three possibilities. First, the decedent did not look. Second, he looked, but not carefully. Third, he looked carefully, and failed to act carefully after looking. In any case he was contributorily and causally negligent. Sarkise v. Railroad,
The defendant had no last clear chance.
Judgment for the defendant.
All concurred. *249