Plaintiff filed a written request for a copy of the Detroit Police Department’s traffic accident computer tape under the authority of the Michigan Freedom of Information Act, MCL 15.231 et seq.; MSA 4.1801(1) et seq. (FOIA). Defendant denied plaintiff’s request based on MCL 15.243(1); MSA 4.1801(13)(1), which permits a public body to exempt from disclosure public records containing "(a) [information of a personal nature where the public disclosure of the information would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of an individual’s privacy”. Defendant also claimed the records were exempt because they were compiled for law enforcement purposes and the disclosure would have the adverse effects listed under § 13(l)(b), and because they were used for developing intra-departmental policy but were available to persons upon request, § 13(l)(g)(iii). Upon defendant’s denial, plaintiff brought this action in Wayne Circuit Court, which held in favor of defendant. On appeal, defendant apparently relies solely on the "invasion of privacy” exemption, § 13(l)(a).
The trial judge granted defendant’s motion for summary judgment, concluding that the case was governed by
Kestenbaum v Michigan State Uni
versity,
*49
In construing its FOIA, Michigan has followed the lead of the federal courts, although the federal statute, 5 USC 552(b)(6), exempts "files the disclosure of which would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy”, whereas the Michigan FOIA refers to "information of a personal nature” instead of to "files”. The United States Supreme Court made clear in
Dep’t of Air Force v Rose,
In the conflicting opinions offered by the Supreme Court in Kestenbaum, supra, each author identified a purpose of the FOIA in support of his position. Chief Justice Fitzgerald’s opinion denying disclosure relied on the preamble of the statute, which states:
"It is the public policy of this state that all persons are entitled to full and complete information regarding the affairs of government and the official acts of those who represent them as public officials and public employees, consistent with this act. The people shall be informed so that they may fully participate in the democratic process.” MCL 15.231(2); MSA 4.1801(1)(2).
Justice Ryan’s opinion favoring disclosure relied instead on the wording of the exemption provision, § 13, to hold that all public records must be released, save those falling within one of the enumerated exceptions — which necessarily will permit the release of many public records that do not
*50
particularly advance the interests of the general public. In
The Evening News Ass’n v City of Troy,
The Supreme Court in Evening News, supra, derived the following rules to be used in analyzing a claim of exemption from disclosure under the FOIA:
"1. The burden of proof is on the party claiming exemption from disclosure. MCL 15.240(1); MSA 4.1801(10X1).
"2. Exemptions must be interpreted narrowly. Vaughn v Rosen, 157 US App DC 340, 343; 484 F2d 820 (1973).
"3. '[T]he public body shall separate the exempt and nonexempt material and make the nonexempt material available for examination and copying.’ MCL 15.244(1); MSA 4.1801(14)(1); Vaughn v Rosen, 157 US App DC 345.
"4. '[Detailed affidavits describing the matters withheld’ must be supplied by the agency. Ray v Turner, 190 US App DC 290, 317; 587 F2d 1187 (1978).
"5. Justification of exemption must be more than 'conclusory’, i.e., simple repetition of statutory language. A bill of particulars is in order. Justification *51 must indicate factually how a particular document, or category of documents, interferes with law enforcement proceedings. Campbell v Dep’t of Health & Human Services, 221 US App DC 1, 4-6, 10-11; 682 F2d 256 (1982); Vaughn v Rosen, 157 US App DC 347.
"6. The mere showing of a direct relationship between records sought and an investigation is inadequate. Campbell v Dep’t of Health & Human Services, 221 US App DC 8-9.” Evening News, supra, p 503.
Since the Court in that case was concerned solely with the exemption in § 13(l)(b), not all of these quidelines are applicable to our case, which concerns only § 13(l)(a).
Before balancing our competing claims, we inspect each to ensure that the requested disclosure really would be an invasion of privacy, and, conversely, that the disclosure would be to the public’s benefit.
The information plaintiff seeks concerns approximately 140,000 people who were involved in 65,-000 to 70,000 accidents in Detroit in 1980. An affidavit from defendant’s attorney informs us that the computer tape contains the names, addresses, dates of birth, license plate numbers, drivers license numbers, and home and business telephone numbers of all those persons. The tape also contains the names and assignments of police officers, reports of any arrests made pursuant to the accident, allegations of criminal conduct, and investigative techniques and procedures of law enforcement personnel. We find this affidavit sufficiently detailed to satisfy the
Evening News
requirement. Because this information "intrudes into private affairs” and includes potentially "embarrassing private facts”, we are satisfied that divulging this information would be an invasion of those individuals’ privacy.
Tobin v Civil Service Comm,
416
*52
Mich 661;
Plaintiff seeks the tape in order to conduct a statistical study of accidents which occurred in the City of Detroit in 1980. The study would define drivers, intersections, , and highways with high occurrences of accidents, determining low and high risk accident factors. Plaintiff also proposes to study improvement of any accident factors. Plaintiff suggests these studies would be valuable in driver education schools and in highway design; he also argues that the public has a great interest in highway safety, and that accidents could be reduced or prevented as a result of his study, so presumably he plans to make the results public, which would result in some monetary benefit to him. He argues that an "indirect commercial gain” to him is not fatal to his request, and we agree, since that fact does not necessarily prevent the public from benefiting from disclosure of the desired information.
In so saying, we differ from this Court’s reasoning in
Kestenbaum
and approve Chief Justice Fitzgerald’s opinion in
Kestenbaum
that the particular use to which plaintiff puts the information is not the proper focus of analysis in scrutinizing the public benefits of disclosure. The Chief Justice rejected such a focus in part because "there is no mechanism in the FOIA by which use can be restricted once a public body has permitted release”.
Kestenbaum,
Some federal courts have considered, in addition to the invasion of privacy and the public benefit of disclosure, whether the information is available from other sources. Campbell v United States Civil Service Comm, 539 F2d 58 (CA 10, 1976); Simpson v Vance, 208 US App DC 270; 648 F2d 10 (1980). In Simpson the Court decided that the fact that the personal information about Department of State employees was available elsewhere "reinforces the nonintimate nature of this material”. Simpson, supra, p 275.
Michigan courts, however, have used the "available elsewhere” factor to buttress a decision to deny access to a particular source of information. This Court was persuaded in
Kestenbaum
that the computer tape was exempt from release because the public benefit — dissemination of political views —"could have been accomplished by other means without invading the privacy of the individual students”.
"It is not seriously debated that the pervasiveness of computer technology has resulted in an ever-increasing erosion of personal privacy. There is available a larger *54 storehouse of information about each of us than ever before. Computer information is readily accessible and easily manipulated. Data available on a single tape can be combined with data on other tapes in such a way as to create new, more comprehensive banks of information. * * * The very existence of information in computer-ready form may serve to motivate an invasion of privacy.” Kestenbaum,414 Mich 531 -532.
The other half of the Court, however, attacked this view, since the FOIA requires disclosure of public records, specifically defined to include computer tapes. MCL 15.232(e), 15.233(1); MSA 4.1801(2)(e), 4.1801(3)(1). The Ryan opinion also pointed out that the FOIA requires the public body to utilize the most economical means available for providing copies of public records, and the plaintiff in that case argued that copying the computer tape would be much faster and cheaper than creating a printed list of 44,000 names and addresses.
In the instant case, defendant asserts that the information plaintiff seeks is made available to persons upon request in the form of individual ofiicial police accident reports. Defendant also publishes the information each year, deleting the names and addresses, in its annual reports which are available at the public library. Plaintiff finds both of these alternatives unsatisfactory. He argues that the cost of purchasing 70,000 accidents reports at $2 apiece is unreasonable in light of the statute’s directive to provide the copies most economically. And he complains that the annual reports contain errors.
Since the "available elsewhere” inquiry can be used both to support and to deny disclosure, we do not rest our decision on it. We do find, however, that defendant has met the requirement that it make the nonexempt material available, MCL *55 15.244(1); MSA 4.1801(14)0); Evening News, supra. We also point out that denial of plaintiffs request does not preclude his access to the information he desires, since it is our understanding that he does not need all the information stored on defendant’s computer tape.
Proceeding then to balance the invasion of privacy against the public benefit in disclosure, we find that defendant has met its burden of proving that the information falls within the exemption as a clearly unwarranted invasion of privacy. We agree with the trial court that this case falls "squarely within Kestenbaum” and, indeed, presents a stronger case for denying disclosure than did Kestenbaum. Besides the "standard identifying information” at issue in that case, defendant’s tape also contains "additional embarrassing facts” —reports of arrest, criminal allegations, the very fact of having been involved in an automobile accident — which in our opinion pass even the dissent’s stricter definition of invasion of privacy in Kestenbaum. Balanced against the public benefits in releasing this information — benefits which seem to be neither great nor consistent with the public policy behind the FOIA — we conclude that the invasion of privacy would be clearly unwarranted under the FOIA. The trial court correctly denied plaintiffs request.
Affirmed.