Roseann Mueller, a minor, was injured in an automobile collision involving three cars proceeding in the same direction. She commenced an action by A. J. Mueller, her father, and guardian, against defendants Marvin E'. Trudell and Robert Gednalski to recover $9,150 damages for personal injuries suffered by her. A. J. Mueller also commenced an action against the same defendants to recover $323.20 for medical care and expenses incurred in the treatment of his daughter. The actions were consolidated for trial and appeal. The jury returned a verdict for Roseann Mueller in the amount of $3,000 and a verdict for A. J. Mueller in the amount of $323.20 against the defendants. Motions for judgment notwithstanding the verdict or in the alternative for a new trial were made by both defendants. After hearing the trial court granted defendant Gednalski’s motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict and also granted defendant Trudell’s alternative motion for a new trial. Plaintiffs appeal.
Plaintiffs contend (1) that defendant Trudell’s motion for new trial, and the order granting the same, are insufficient; (2) if such motion and order are deemed sufficient, then the evidence of defendant Trudell’s negligence is so great the court abused its discretion in granting the motion for new trial; and (3) the trial court erred in granting judgment n. o. v. in favor of defendant Gednalski for the reason that his negligence and whether or not the same was a proximate cause of the accident were proper questions for the jury.
Omitting formal parts Trudell’s alternative motion is in the following language:
“Comes now the above named Defendant, Marvin E. Trudell, and moves the Court to vacate and set aside the verdicts in each of the above entitled actions of the jury (and any Judgments entered thereon) insofar as such verdicts seek to establish liability on the part of Defendant Trudell unto Plaintiffs, and to enter Judgment against Plaintiffs in each of the said actions and in favor of De *627 fendant Trudell upon all of the issues herein for all of - the grounds stated in Defendant Trudell’s motion for a directed verdict herein, which is a part of the files and records herein and which by this reference is made a part hereof.
“If the above and foregoing motion is denied, then as an alternative motion, Defendant Trudell moves the Court to grant a new trial for the reason that the verdicts of the jury are contrary to the evidence and against the law in that the same shows a clear disregard by the jury of the instructions of the Court or was rendered by said jury under a misapprehension of the instructions of the Court. This motion is based upon all the files and records herein.”
Although the two motions are combined in a single application the motions are separately stated and separately grounded. The motion for new trial is not clearly based upon any statutory ground. Its language appears to include grounds for granting a new trial by a court on its own motion. See SDC 33.1609. However, the motion admittedly was not brought under that section which has no application here. Assuming the motion was made under subsection (6) of SDC 33.1605, then it is deficient in not stating “the particulars wherein the evidence is claimed to be insufficient” as required by SDC 33.1606. Englebert v. Ryder,
The order granting a new trial is subject to the same defect. So far as pertinent the order provides that “the Defendant, Marvin E. Trudell is hereby granted a new trial on all *628 of the issues in this case on the ground that the substantial rights of said Defendant (have) been prejudiced and said new trial (is) granted upon the following grounds:—
“1. Insufficiency of the evidence to justify the verdict and that it is against the law.
“2. That the evidence so preponderates against the verdict of the jury that it shows there has been a plain disregard by the jury of the instructions of the Court and the evidence and that the ends of justice require that there be a new trial of said action.”
Statutory grounds for new trial are exclusive and when a trial court grants a new trial it is required to “specify each and every ground upon which it bases such order.” SDC 33.1611. In the case of Houck v. Hult,
The remaining question is whether or not the trial court erred in granting defendant Gednalski’s motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict. For this purpose we state the evidence, as we must review it, in the light most favorable to plaintiffs. “If it appears from the record when so reviewed that there is some substantial credible evidence in support of the verdict then the judgment entered thereon must be reinstated. If it is otherwise the action of the trial court was proper.” Hullander v. McIntyre, 78 S.D. —,
*629 The evidence shows that on the evening of November 10, 1957, Preston Olson was driving his dar in the town of Estelline, South Dakota. (At the time of trial Olson was apparently in the armed forces. He was not made a party to the action and did not testify as a witness). The plaintiff, Roseann Mueller, then fourteen years of age, was riding as a passenger in the front seat of the Olson car. Laddie Hanson and Sharon Fisher were riding in the rear seat. At the same time Robert Gednalski was driving his automobile. Riding with him as passengers were LeRoy Smith, Robert Kraape, Robert Barge, and Donnie Smith.
In the course of the evening Preston Olson and Gednalski arranged to have a drag race on Highway 28 east of Estelline. The race started at the eastern edge of town and continued for a distance of about one and a half miles. The race was then called off and the two cars stopped because the Gednalski dar outran the Olson car and because Roseann Mueller told Preston Olson he would either have to quit racing or she would get out and walk. Thereafter both cars proceeded east on Highway 28 which was tarvia surfaced. It was then dark and both cars had their 'lights on.
Although disputed by other witnesses plaintiff testified that after the drag race ended the Olson car proceeded east ahead of the Gednalski car. A short time later as Olson was going up a hill Gednalski passed them in a no^passing zone marked by yellow lines on the roadway. Olson was traveling 55 miles per hour and Gednalski was driving 65-70 miles per hour. After Gednalski passed near the crest of the hill he started to turn south in front of Olson. Before he could return to the south lane -of traffic, and without signal-ling an intent to do so, he suddenly swerved' left. Ac’cording to plaintiff a'll she remembered after that was a black stationary object in front of them.
The black stationary abject turned out to be defendant Trudell’s automobile which was either standing still near the crest of the hill or proceeding slowly eastward. Its left wheels were north of the highway center line. It was being operated without adequate taillights. Trudell was intoxica *630 ted. Gednalski avoided colliding with the Trudell vehicle by turning left and passing partially on the north shoulder of the road. Seconds later the Olson car struck the right rear of the Trudell car, resulting in plaintiff’s injuries and damages.
The driver of an automobile “should attempt to pass an overtaken car only when he can do so with safety to travelers whom 'he may meet, as well as to the vehicle he is passing. The nature of his duty necessarily depends on the condition of traffic and other circumstances.” Annotation
“The driver of a vehicle shall not overtake and pass another vehicle proceeding in the same direction upon the 'crest of a grade or upon a curve in the highway where the driver’s view along the highway is obstructed within a distance of five hundred feet
* :]! * * He H=
“The driver of any vehicle shall not overtake and pass any other vehicle proceeding in the same direction when traveling in a no passing zone on highways or bridges when either marked by signs or lines on the roadways.”
Gednalski recklessly overtook and passed the Olson car on a hi'll contrary to a clearly marked no passing zone. He could not do so in safety to the car passed, other vehicles which he might meet, and to himself. Fortunately he was able to avoid colliding with the Trudell car himself. This does not mean he was free from actionable fault. Under the ■circumstances, the jury could reasonably find his manner of driving blocked off, or disrupted, the vision of the driver of the Olson car and such unlawful conduct was a direct and substantial factor causing the collision between the Olson and Trudell vehicles.
*631
The primary purpose of “no passing zones” is to prevent head-on collisions between motor vehicles approaching from opposite directions. Another function, however, is to prevent one vehicle from passing another vehicle proceeding in the same direction toward a place of danger such such as the crest of a hill, 'blind curve, or busy intersection. Such, traffic control prevents distractions, interruption of vision, and interference with the overtaken vehicle’s right of way by an overtaking vehicle. Walker v. American Bakeries Co.,
Liability for the negligent operation of a motor vehicle is not dependent upon a collision or actual contact between vehicles. As stated in Section 2538, Yol. 4 Blashfield’s Cyclopedia of Automobile Law and Practice:
“The negligent driver of a vehicle may be held liable for an accident resulting from his negligence — unless for other reasons such negligence was not a proximate cause of the accident — even though there was no actual contact or collision between his vehicle and that of the injured person. In other words, the mere absence of contact does not prevent an act of negligence from being the proximate cause of an injury.”
Although defendant Trudell’s motion for a new trial is deemed insufficient to invoke the jurisdiction of the Court to determine the question of a new trial, nevertheless, we have reviewed the sufficiency of the evidence with refrence to both defendants. We conclude therefrom that the trial court erred in granting judgment notwithstanding the verdict to defendant Gednalski. There is ample evidence to support the verdict against him. We also conclude the trial court abused its discretion in granting a new trial to defendant Trudell. The great preponderance of credible evidence shows he was guilty of negligence in the following particulars: (1) he was either stopped on the highway or he failed to drive a slow moving vehicle as closely as possible to the *632 right-hand edge or curb of the highway; (2) his vehicle was equipped with inadequate tail-lights and (3) he was intoxicated. The question of proximate cause was properly submitted to and determined by the jury.
The orders and judgment appealed from are reversed and the causes remanded with directions to enter judgments in favor of plaintiffs on the verdicts rendered.