MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER ADOPTING THE REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION OF THE MAGISTRATE JUDGE
Plаintiff Bryan R. Mudrich worked in the Tire and Lube Express department of Defendant Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. (“WalMart”) for approximately one year before his termination in the spring of 2010. Mudrich alleges that he was wrongfully terminated because Wal-Mart engaged in gender discrimination in violation of Title VII, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e, et seq., and the Minnesota Human Rights Act (“MHRA”), Minn.Stat. § 363A.08. Mudrich also brings a claim for defamation and alleges that Wal-Mart violated the Whistleblower Act, Minn.Stat. § 181.932. On March 22, 2013, United States Magistrate Judge Jeffrey J. Keyes issued a Report and Recommendation (“R & R”) recommending that the Court grant Wal-Mart’s motion for summary judgment with respect to Mudrich’s whistleblower claim and deny the motion with respect to Mudrich’s wrongful termination/gender discrimination claims and his defamation claim. Wal-Mart made timely objections to the R & R. (Docket No. 111.) Mudrich did not object to the dismissal of his whistleblower claim. Having conducted a de novo review of those portions of the R & R to which Wal-Mart objects, see 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(C), D. Minn. L.R. 72.2(b), and having carefully reviewed the submitted materials, the Court overrules Wal-Mart’s objections and adopts the R & R in its entirety.
BACKGROUND
Mudrich began working in Wal-Mart’s Tire and Lube Express department in May 2009. (Aff. of Bryan R. Mudrich ¶ 2, Jan. 7, 2013, Docket No. 105.) Mudrich was a “Service Writer” and was responsible for writing orders and performing services such as oil changes, tire replacements, battery changes, and tire rotations. (Id. ¶ 3.) Mudrich contends that he was wrongly terminated because he was accused of providing a free tire rotation on April 3, 2010, that his co-worker, Catherine Kinnonen, had provided. (See id.)
Mudrich alleges that he was the victim of gender discrimination because WalMart did not discipline Kinnonen at all,
Wal-Mart has a “Coaching for Improvement Policy” that identifies types of discipline that may be administered depending on the nature and severity of the misconduct. (Gilmore Aff. ¶ 4.) The policy identifies verbal coaching, written coaching, and “Decision-Making Day Coaching” as possible types of discipline. (Id.; see also Mud-rich Aff. ¶ 20.) Decision-Making Day Coaching or “D-Day” coaching results in a one-day paid suspension and requires the employee to submit an “action plan for improved performance.” (Gilmore Aff. ¶ 4; see also Mudrich Dep. 182:1-2, Docket No. 110.)
During his year of employment with Wal-Mart, Mudrich received reprimands for violations of Wal-Mart policies. On February 7, 2010, he received a verbal coaching for inappropriately combining two customer discounts without manager approval. (Gilmore Aff. ¶ 5.) Mudrich does not dispute that he met with assistant manager Regina Gilmore about combining the discounts (Mudrich Dep. 136:22-137:20), but Mudrich did not recognize that the meeting was a verbal coaching (id. 139:17-24). On February 28, 2010, Mudrich received a written coaching for attendance and punctuality concerns. (Gilmore Aff. ¶ 6.) Mudrich contends that although concerns about his attendance were addressed by his managers, he never received the documentation for the written coaching and he did not know either meeting was considered coaching under WalMart’s policies. (Mudrich Dep. 140:19-145:22.)
The Disputed Discounts and D-Day Discipline
In late March 2010, Gilmore received a report indicating that Mudrich may have provided services on March 20 without charging for them. (Gilmore Aff. ¶ 7.) To fully understand the factual dispute, it is necessary to understand Wal-Mart’s system of processing orders in its Tire and Lube Express department. First, a service writer like Mudrich is supposed to greet the customer and log into a handheld scanning device using a personal login and password. (Gilmore Aff. ¶ 9.) The service writer uses the scanning device to scan the Vehicle Identification Number and write the service order, creating a work order that is sent to the garage area. (Id.; Mudrich Aff. ¶ 5.) After the garage technicians service the vehicle, they enter a work order via a computer. (Gilmore Aff. ¶ 9.) This completed work order is sent to the cashier area where the service writer signs onto the register and rings up the customer. (Id.) Any discounts provided to the customer must be processed at the time of checkout. (Id.) In addition, the handheld scanning device is programmed to log out an employee if it remains idle for more than two minutes. (Mudrich Dep. 167:18-168:2,)
Mudrich alleges that on April 3, 2010, after Kinnonen had clocked out for the day she returned to the Tire and Lube Express department and used a scanner
Mudrich contends that he met with Gilmore and Kinnonen on April 4, 2010, and Gilmore asked him why he was “giving away” services. (See Mudrich Dep. 165:1-166:20.) Mudrich denied giving away services. (Id. 165:5.) Gilmore then showed him two tickets from the previоus day and told him the tickets indicated that he was the service writer. (Id. 165:5-11.) According to Mudrich, he then stated that Kinnonen had written up the tickets while he was at lunch. (Id. 166:9-11) Gilmore then stated she would meet with WalMart’s Asset Protection group. (Id. 166:21-167:3.) Mudrich testified that there were “a lot of people in the office,” including some he did not know, during this meeting. (Id. 247:1-248:23.)
On April 9, 2010, Gilmore met with Mud-rich and Mudrich’s support manager, Buck Wiley. (Gilmore Aff. ¶ 11; Mudrich Dep. 171:3-7.) At this meeting, Gilmore told Mudrich they had “confirmed via video that he had provided an unauthorized discount.” (Gilmore Aff. ¶ 11.) Mudrich alleges that Gilmore presented him with video stills and the “tickets” from April 3. (Mudrich Dep. 171:12-172:12.) Mudrich also contends that Gilmore did not allow him or Wiley to explain or discuss the tickets. (Id. 172:18-173:7.) Wal-Mart states that the evidence presented was for the March 20 violation, not the April 3 incidents. (See Def.’s Mem. in Opp. at 2-3, Docket No. 115.) During that meeting, Gilmore told Mudrich she was giving him a D-Day. (Mudrich Dep. 172:13-14.) Gilmore instructed Mudrich to bring in three letters when he returned and to meet with another assistant manager Ahmed Jama to “finish” his D-Day. (Id. 180:8-17, 181:17-21.) Mudrich finished working and took paid leave the next day, April 10, for his D-Day. (Id. 181:22-182:2.) Mudrich did not write an action plan for improved performance. (Id. 182:3-4; Gilmore Aff. ¶ 12.)
On April 11, his first day back at work, Mudrich met with Wiley and Jama to finish his D-Day process. (Mudrich Dep. 182:4-183:1.) According to Mudrich, Jama did not ask for Mudrich’s action plan but told Wiley, ‘You can’t give that man no D-day. Gina [Gilmore] has lost her mind.” (Id. 182:4-23.) Mudrich assumed that the matter was resolved. (Id. 184:20-23.)
On April 24, 2010, Mudrich received his performance evaluation, signed by Jama, Kinnonen, and Wiley. (Id. 258:12-259:15 & Ex. 14.) Mudrich received “Development Needed” for all of the categories provided (out of five possible options from “Role Model” to “Below Expectations”). (Id. Ex. 14.) Mudrich testified that Wiley had told him his first evaluation was boilerplate or “prewritten.” (See id. 122:14-123:14.) Under Strengths, the evaluation stated:
Wears the right attire. He is dependable and is on time always. He has good customer service. Willing to do what ever ask [sic] of him. Very knowledgeable about the TLE service for the customers.
(Id., Ex. 14.) Under “Areas of Opportunity, the evaluation provided:
Needs to show proof of glasses are safety. Listen to his Supervisor. Let other Associates know if you need help. Slow down when you write up the orders. Make sure when writing order you have the right information and right oil, tires and filter ect. [sic] [M]ake sure the customer have the lifetime tire rotations with them or research. [W]hen slowmake sure you stay busy and find something to do.
(Id.) The evaluation contains no reference to disciplinary action. (See id.) Mudrich testified that both Wiley and Jama told him any disciplinary actions would have been listed in the Comments section. (Mudrich Dep. 260:5-261:2; see also id. 123:14-18.)
On April 30, 2010, Gilmore again met with Mudrich and another Wal-Mart employee. (See Mudrich Dep. 185:2-9.) Gilmore asked Mudrich if he had completed an action plan, “admission letter,” and “apology.” (Id. 185:12-21.) Mudrich said that he had not and Gilmore gave him another opportunity to write the letters. (Id. 185:19-186:7.) Mudrich refused, saying that he would not admit responsibility for something that he had not done or for being a “thief.” (Id. 185:19-186:9.) When Mudrich tried to explain what had happened, Gina asked for Mudrich’s badge and discount card. (Id. 186:9-18.)
Procedural History
On August 26, 2010, Mudrich filed a Charge of Discrimination with the Minnesota Department of Human Rights (“MDHR”). After the MDHR dismissed the action, Mudrich filed his Complaint in this Court. (May 11, 2011, Docket No. 1.) After several amendments and a motion to dismiss, on November 16, 2012, Wal-Mart filed its motion for summary judgment. (Docket No. 90.) After a hearing, the Magistrate Judge issued an R & R recommending that the Court grant Wal-Mart’s motion for summary judgment with respect to Mudrich’s whistleblower claim but deny the motion with respect to Mudrich’s wrongful termination/gender discrimination claims and his defamation claim. Wal-Mart objects that there is no evidence of gender discrimination and that it is entitled to a defense of truth on the defamation claim. The Court will address each objection in turn.
ANALYSIS
I. STANDARD OF REVIEW
Summary judgment is appropriate where there are no genuine issues of material fact and the moving party can demonstrate that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a). A fact is material if it might affect the outcome of the suit, and a dispute is genuine if the evidence is such that it could lead a reasonable jury to return a verdict for either party. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc.,
II. GENDER DISCRIMINATION CLAIMS
Mudrich’s gender discrimination claims under both the MHRA and Title VII must be analyzed under the three-step framework set forth in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green,
A. Prima facie case
To establish a prima facie case of discrimination, Mudrich must show “(1) he is a member of a protected class, (2) he met his employer’s legitimate expectations, (3) he suffered an adverse employment action, and (4) the circumstances give rise to an inference of discrimination.” Pye v. Nu Aire, Inc.,
1. Wal-Mart’s Legitimate Performance Expectations
Wal-Mart argues that Mudrich was not meeting its legitimate performance expectations, even prior to his failure to complete the D-Day forms. But, as the R & R outlines, it is undisputed that Wal-Mart did not terminate Mudrich upon his return from his D-Day and that Plaintiff continued to work for almost three weeks without any discussion of termination. (R & R at 1018-19.) In addition, Jama told Mud-rich that he should not have been given a D-Day. (Id.) Moreover, Mudrich received a mixed performance evaluation a week before his termination that did not mention any disciplinary actions against Mud-rich or imply that he needed to comply with the action plan request. (Id. at 1018-19.) These facts, viewed in the light most favorable to Mudrich create a genuine issue of fact regarding whether Mudrich was meeting Wal-Mart’s legitimate performance expectations.
Wal-Mart argues that Mudrich’s belief that his discipline was unwarranted is not relevant. It is true that a conclusory statement by an employee that he or she met the employer’s expectations alone would not defeat summary judgment. See Miller v. Citizens Sec. Grp., Inc.,
Wal-Mart also contends that Mudrich cannot rely on his performance evaluation as evidence because he was rated “Development Needed” in every category. Nevertheless, Mudrich was not rated the lowest category, “Below Expectations” (see Mudrich Dep., Ex. 14), and given his testimony that “Development Needed” was a boilerplate response, a factual issue exists regarding whether Mudrich was meeting expectations.
Finally, Wal-Mart states that because Jama was not the manager who disciplined Mudrich his statement that Mudrich should not have been given a D-Day is irrelevant. But Mudrich testified that Gilmore told him to “finish” his D-Day process with Jama and that Jama held an equivalent supervisory position to Gilmore. Therefore, a factual dispute exists regarding Jama’s authority to override Gilmore’s disciplinary decisions. In sum, the Court finds that viewing the facts in the light most favorable to Mudrich, Mudrich has presented evidence that he was meeting
2. Circumstances that Give Rise to an Inference of Discrimination
Wal-Mart also objects that Mud-rich has not demonstrated the fourth prong of his prima facie case, circumstances that give rise to an interference of discrimination. “[A] plaintiff can satisfy the fourth part of the prima facie case in a variety of ways, such as by showing more-favorable treatment of similarly-situated employees who are not in the protected class.... ” Pye v. Nu Aire, Inc.,
Here, Mudrich and Kinnonen were accused of the same or similar conduct— providing services to customers without a. charge. While Mudrich was disciplined, Kinnonen was not. Thus, applying the lower threshold standard, the Court finds that Mudrich has adequately established this element of his prima facie case.
B. Wal-Mart’s Non-Discriminatory Reason and Pretext
Wal-Mart proffers a legitimate non-discriminatory reason for Mudrich’s termination: Mudrich failed to complete an action plan as part of his D-Day discipline. Because Wal-Mart presents a legitimate reason for the employment action, Mudrich can prove discrimination only by showing that Wal-Mart’s explanation is pretextual. McDonnell Douglas,
Wal-Mart again objects that Mudrich cannot show that Wal-Mart treated a similarly-situated employee in a disparate manner. “At the pretext stage of the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting framework, the test for determining whether employees are similarly situated to a plaintiff is a rigorous one.” Rodgers v. U.S. Bank, N.A.,
It is uncontested that Gilmore supervised both Mudrich and Kinnonen and that both were subject to the same disciplinary policies. Mudrich contends that Kinnonen engaged in the same conduct— providing unauthorized discounts — but
Wal-Mart argues that Mudrich must produce evidence that Wal-Mart believed Mudrich and Kinnonen engaged in the same behavior and yet treated the two employees differently. That is, Mudrich must show that Gilmore believed both employees guilty of misconduct or both employees innocent of. misconduct and yet treated the two employees differently. See, e.g., Bone v. G4S Youth Servs., LLC,
Wal-Mart also argues that Mudrich and Kinnonen were not similarly situated because there is no evidence they had similar discipline histories. See Forrest v. Kraft Foods, Inc.,
III. MUDRICH’S DEFAMATION CLAIM
Mudrich’s defamation claim is based on Gilmore’s accusation that he was giving away services and her questions regarding why his name was on the tickets. Mudrich contends that Gilmore implied that he was a thief. Under Minnesota law, to prove defamation Mudrich must prove “that a statement was false, that it was communicated to someone besides [him], and that it tended to harm [his] reputation and to lower him in the estimation of the community.” Richie v. Paramount Pictures Corp.,
Wal-Mart contends that the statements Mudrich identified are not susceptible to a defamatory meaning and that they cannot be defamatory because the statements were true.
This case will be placed on the Court’s next available trial calendar.
ORDER
Based on the foregoing, and all the files, records, and proceedings herein, the Court OVERRULES the defendant’s objections [Docket No. 115] and ADOPTS the Report and Recommendation of the Magistrate Judge dated March 22, 2013 [Docket No. 111]. Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.’s Motion for Summary Judgment [Doсket No. 90] is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part as follows:
1. The motion is GRANTED with respect to the plaintiffs whistleblower claim;
2. The motion is DENIED with respect to the plaintiffs wrongful termination/gender discrimination claims and his defamation claim.
REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION
In Plaintiffs Amended Complaint (Doc. No. 52), he alleges that Defendant wrongfully terminated his employment based on gender discrimination under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e, et seq., (“Title VII”), and the Minnesota Human Rights Act, MinmStat. § 363A.08 (“MHRA”). Plaintiff also alleges that Defendant violated the Whistleblower Act, MinmStat. § 181.932, and that Defendant defamed him during events leading up to his termination from employment. This matter is before the Court on Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. No. 90). The motion has been referred to this Court for a Report and Recommendation under 28 U.S.C. § 636 and D. Minn. LR 72.1. For the reasons stated below, this Court recommends that Defendant’s motion be granted in part and denied in part.
BACKGROUND
Defendant Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. (‘WalMart”), terminated Plaintiff Bryan Mud-
Plaintiff contends that he was the victim of sex discrimination because the woman who actually violated Wal-Mart’s policies by giving out the unauthorized free services on April 3, 2010, Ms. Kinnonen, was not terminated, and indeed was not disciplined at all. (See Doc. No. 52, Am. Compl. at 2.) Wal-Mart asserts that Plaintiff was terminated because he did not comply with a company policy that required him to write a corrective-action plan after he was disciplined on April 9 for providing free customer services. It claims that (1) it disciplined Plaintiff because he gave unauthorized customer discounts on March 20, 2010, not April 3, 2010; (2) there was no discrimination in favor of Kinnonen; and (3) Kinnonen is not similarly situated to Plaintiff under the law.
To fully comprehend the underlying factual dispute, it is necessary to understand Wal-Mart’s system for processing a customer’s order for tire-rotation service. To process an order in the TLE department at Wal-Mart, an employee is supposed to follow the following procedure: (1) greet the customer; (2) log into a handheld scanning device using a personal login and password; (3) use the scanning device to scan the Vehicle Identification Number on the vehicle (this process puts thе vehicle into the TLE system and creates a work order that is sent to the garage area); (4) await the garage technicians’ completion of the service and the entry into the work order of the services performed on the vehicle; and (5) once the completed work order is sent to the cashier area within the TLE department, which specifies the work performed and calculates the costs of services, sign onto the register in the TLE area to ring up the customer. (Doc. No. 77, Aff. of Regina Gilmore (“Gilmore Aff.”) ¶ 9.) If Wal-Mart provides any discounts, they can only be processed at the time of checkout. (Id.) Also, the handheld scanners are programmed to log the employee who last used the scanner out of the system if the scanner remains idle for more than two minutes. (Doe. No. 110, Dep. of Bryan Mudrich (“PI. Dep.”) at 167-68.)
Wal-Mart has a Coaching for Improvement Policy that is intended to encourage and assist Associates with improving their job performance and behavior to meet Wal-Mart’s expectations. (Gilmore Aff. ¶ 4, Ex. 1.) The Coaching for Improvement Policy identifies several types of discipline that may be administered depending on the nature and severity of any misconduct,
Prior to the events leading up to his termination, Plaintiff received disciplinary reprimands for violations of Wal-Mart policies. On February 6, 2010, he received a verbal coaching after his managers discovered that he violated the TLE policy against combining two discounts when he allowed a customer to use multiple discounts at the same time without obtaining prior manager approval. (Gilmore Aff. ¶ 5, Ex. 2.) And on February 28, 2010, Plaintiff received a written coaching from Regina Gilmore, an assistant manager, and Marcellous “Buck” Wiley, Plaintiffs support manager, for attendance and punctuality concerns regarding incidents on several occasions throughout the previous two months. (Id. ¶ 6, Ex. 3; PI. Dep. at 143.) Plaintiff does not dispute that he met with Gilmore and Wiley to discuss these issues, but he does claim that he was never notified that either of these meetings were considered coachings under Wal-Mart’s Coaching for Improvement Policy. (PI. Dep. at 139-45.)
It is undisputed that in late March 2010, Gilmore received a report for that month that indicated services had possibly been provided by the TLE department without a corresponding charge. (Gilmore Aff. ¶ 7.) One instance involved Plaintiff charging a type of bulk oil to a customer that was out of stock, which was later zeroed out. And two other incidents involved Plaintiff zeroing out tire-rotation services charges on March 20, 2010, one of which involved a Buick Regal. Plaintiff acknowledges these incidents and testified that he met with management about thеm, but he says they sent him on his way with no discipline.
Plaintiff alleges that on April 3, 2010, after Catherine Kinnonen clocked out at 2:00 pm, she returned to the TLE department and picked up Plaintiffs handheld scanner (which was logged into Plaintiffs badge number because he had recently barcoded a customer’s vehicle), and went outside to scan another vehicle in, specifically a blue Jeep Cherokee. (PI. Dep. at 153-54.) The customer brought the Jeep Cherokee in for a tire rotation, but, says Plaintiff, the customer was not entitled to a free rotation service because the tires did not have a sufficient amount of road wear; they were purchased at Wal-Mart only a few weeks earlier.
Because Kinnonen was using Plaintiffs handheld scanner, Plaintiff was locked out from using another device; therefore, Wiley told Plaintiff to go ahead and take his lunch break. (Id. at 162-64.) During Plaintiffs lunch break, Plaintiff alleges that Kinnonen scanned in another car, a Chevy Malibu, for a free tire-rotation packet, while still logged into the scanner under Plaintiffs badge number. Plaintiff asserts that the Malibu did not have WalMart tires on it, and therefore the customer should have been charged a $30 fee for a tire-rotation service. (Id. at 164.) Plaintiff says that when he was returning from lunch, he saw Kinnonen working on the Malibu. (Id.) He also testified that when he returned from lunch, one of the other workers told him that he better watch it because Kinnonen had told him that she was out to get Plaintiff. (Id. at 228.) Plaintiff acknowledges that when he returned from lunch, he rang the Jeep Cher
Plaintiff alleges that the next day, April 4, 2010, Kinnonen came to the TLE department and took Plaintiff to Gilmore’s office. (Id. at 165.) There, Gilmore asked Plaintiff whether he was giving away rotation packets, and Plaintiff told her he was not.
According to Plaintiff, on April 9, 2010, Gilmore called Wiley and Plaintiff into her office. (Id. at 171.) Once there, Plaintiff asserts that Gilmore said that she was going to give Plaintiff a “D-day” and showed them pictures stapled to the April 3rd tickets' for the Jeep Cherokee and the Chevy Malibu. (Id.) The picture stapled to the Jeep Cherokee ticket was a picture of the Jeep Cherokee with a person cheсking the vehicle in; the person and the tags on the vehicle were blurred out. (Id. at 172.) Plaintiff asserts that Wiley tried to explain the Jeep Cherokee ticket to Gilmore, but before Wiley could finish, Gilmore turned the ticket over and turned their attention to the Malibu ticket. (Id. at 172-73.) Once Wiley saw the photo stapled to the Malibu ticket, he told Gilmore that it was the wrong car. (Id. at 180.) Gilmore said, “no, it’s not.” (Id.) Plaintiff then agreed with Wiley, explaining that the car in the picture is white, and on the ticket it is silver. (Id.) Gilmore then said, “no, it’s not” again, and then turned the ticket over so it could not be seen. (Id.) Plaintiff asserts that Gilmore then told him to finish the day, take April 10th off, and return on April 11th to finish his D-day with the assistant manager Ahmed Jama, and to bring three letters— an admission letter (admitting that he gave away Wal-Mart packets), an apology, and an action plan.
Plaintiff was not terminated on or shortly after April 11, 2010, for failure to submit an action plan. In fact, it is undisputed that Plaintiff continued to work from April 11, 2010, until April 30, 2010, without any discussion of possible termination based on the April 10, 2010 D-day.
Wears the right attire. He is dependable and is on time always. He has good customer service. Willing to do whatever ask [sic] of him. Very knowledgeable about the TLE service for the customers.
(Id.) Under “Areas of Opportunity” the evaluation provided:
Needs to show proof of glasses are safety. Listen to his Supervisor. Let other Associates know you need help. Slow down when you write up the orders. Make sure when writing order you have the right information and right oil, tires and filter etc. [M]ake sure the customer [sic] have the lifetime tire rotations with them or research. [W]hen slow make sure you stay busy and find something [to] do.
(Id.) Nowhere in the evaluation is there mention of any disciplinary actions taken against Plaintiff. (Id.) And Plaintiff testified that Wiley and Jama had told him that if there were disciplinary actions, they would have been listed under “Comments.” (PI. Dep. at 260-61.)
On April 30, 2010, Gilmore called Plaintiff to her office where she was accompa
Gilmore: “You remember the letters that I talked to you about about your D-day and all of that?” (Id.)
Plaintiff: “Yeah.” (Id.)
Gilmore: “Do you have them?” (Id.) Plaintiff: “No.” (Id.)
Gilmore (pulling up a blank page on a PC): “Okay, Bryan, go ahead and write your admission letter and your apology and your fix-it plan.” (Id.) Plaintiff: “That’s calling me a thief.... I’m not a thief, Gina. My mom and father didn’t raise a thief.” (Id.)
John: “Look, Bryan, this is your opportunity. We’re going to give you an opportunity to write these letters and then you’ll be able to work with WalMart under this D-day for the next year and everything will be fine.” (Id. at 186.)
Plaintiff: “Everything is not fine----I didn’t write those tickets.” (Id.)
Then, when Plaintiff tried to explain to John what had happened, Gilmore asked Plaintiff for his badge. (Id.) Plaintiff explained the conversation continued as follows:
John: “Well, what are we going to do now?” (Id.) Turning to Plaintiff, “[Do you] have [your] checks electro mailed into the bank right there at WalMart?” (Id.)
Plaintiff: “Yes.” (Id.)
(Gilmore then took Plaintiffs badge and discount card.)
John: “It’s after 5:00. We can’t send nothing to the corporate office until Monday. (Id.)
Gilmore: “Oh, it don’t matter. I’ll just tell them that he quit.” (Id.)
John: “Bryan, I’m going to clock you out at 5:00 and then I’ll call you because its going to take me some time to stop the transferring of your check to the bank and I’ll call you.” (Id. at 186-87.)
Plaintiff: “Okay.” (Id. at 187.)
Plaintiff was then dismissed from the office, and after a short conversation with Wiley, Plaintiff left. (Id.) On May 2, 2010, two days after Plaintiff left, Gilmore and Caulkins wrote the following on a WalMart form:
Bryan was observed on 3 24 work order # 80933 writing up a bulk oil that we do not carry. On 3 20 Bryan was observed on video writing up 2 separate service orders 80847, 80853 and giving them free rotates and balances when both customers never had tire warranty service.[5 ] Bryan denied doing this. Bryan’s D-day was covered on 4 9, he was paid for dday on 4 10 and was to bring his dday letter in on 4 11.
(Pl. Dep., Ex. 5.) The form also stated: “Associate failed to supply a decision making letter to a member of management. This forced the company to make the decision to terminate Bryan’s employment.” (Id.) Wal-Mart officially terminated Plaintiff on May 6, 2010. (Doc. No. 101, PL List of Exhibits, Ex. A.)
On May 11, 2011, Plaintiff, acting pro se, filed his Complaint with this Court. (Doc. No. 1, Compl.) On December 8, 2011, after the undersigned recommended Plaintiffs аge discrimination claims be dismissed, Plaintiff filed an Amended Complaint. (Doc. No. 52, Am. Compl.) Thereafter, the District Court ordered Plaintiffs age discrimination claims dismissed, and affirmed that Plaintiffs sex discrimination claims and wrongful termination claim to the extent that it is based on sex discrimination, remain. (Doc. No. 53, Order dated Dec. 9, 2011.) On November 16, 2012, Defendant filed the Motion for Summary Judgment that is now pending before the Court, which was referred to the undersigned for a Report and Recommendation on January 7, 2013. (Doc. Nos. 90, 98.) On February 13, 2013, the undersigned held a hearing on the motion, at which Plaintiff was present pro se and Defendant was represented by counsel.
DISCUSSION
I. Standard of Review
Summary judgment is proper if there are no genuine issues of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a). The Court must view the evidence, and the inferences that may be reasonably drawn from the evidence, in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp.,
The moving party bears the burden of showing that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322,
II. Analysis
A. Sex Discrimination/Wrongful Termination
Plaintiff asserts that he was discriminated against on the basis of sex in violation of Title VII and the MHRA. Title VII prohibits an employer from discharging an individual or discriminating against an individual with respect to his compensation on the basis of gender. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(l). The MHRA forbids employers from discharging an employee based on sex discrimination. Minn.Stat. § 363A.08, subd. 2(2). Discrimination claims under Title VII and MHRA are analyzed under the same framework. Torgerson,
(i) Prima facie case of discrimination
To establish a prima facie case of discrimination basеd on gender, Plaintiff must establish that: (1) he is a member of a protected group; (2) he was meeting the legitimate expectations of his employer; (3) he suffered an adverse employment action; and (4) that similarly situated employees outside the protected class were treated differently. Carter v. Dayton Rogers Mfg. Co.,
Wal-Mart does not dispute that Plaintiff falls within a protected group and was terminated, thereby suffering an adverse employment action. But Wal-Mart does argue that Plaintiff cannot establish the remaining two elements to make a prima
Wal-Mart argues that Plaintiff was not meeting its legitimate performance expectations citing the fact that Plaintiff was disciplined three times within a two-month time period. Wal-Mart says that Plaintiff was given a verbal coaching for providing unauthorized discounts and was given a written coaching for attendance issues in February 2010, and that Plaintiff rang up an inappropriate bulk oil charge, provided an unauthorized discount to a silver Buick Regal, and did not complete the requested action plan in March 2010. Plaintiff, however, contests the merits of these claims. He testifies that the attendance issue arose because he was actually working too much and not clocking out on his scheduled time, that the bulk oil issue came about because Wal-Mart was out of stock of the bulk oil and that he corrected the charge through management, and that the Buick Regal unauthorized discount problem resulted from a glitch in the system and that he also corrected the charge through management. Further, the undisputed facts are that: (1) Wal-Mart did not terminate Plаintiff upon return from the April 10 D-day; (2) assistant manager Ahmed Jama essentially told Plaintiff upon his return that he should not have been given a D-day, therefore implying that he need not comply with the action plan request; (3) Plaintiff continued to work from April 11 to April 30 without any discussion from management about possible termination; and (4) although his April 24, 2010 performance evaluation stated what Plaintiff described as a boilerplate response “Development Needed,” it also stated that Plaintiff was dependable, was always on time, had good customer service, was willing to do what was asked of him, and was very knowledgeable about TLE services, and did not mention any disciplinary actions taken against Plaintiff, again implying that he need not comply with the action plan request. These facts, when viewed, as they must be, most favorably to Plaintiff, support the conclusion that there is a genuine issue to be decided as to whether Plaintiff was meeting Wal-Mart’s legitimate performance expectations.
Wal-Mart also argues that Plaintiff cannot establish that he was treated differently than other similarly situated female associates. The test to determine if one is “similarly situated” is different at each stage of the McDonnell Douglas analysis. Wheeler v. Aventis Phams.,
(ii) Legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason
In response to Plaintiffs prima facie case of discrimination, Wal-Mart proffers a legitimate, nondiscriminatory explanation for Plaintiffs termination — that WalMart’s Coaching for Improvement policy requires that an associate who received a D-day coaching complete an action plan to
(iii) Pretext
While a district court may not second-guess an employer’s valid, nondiscriminatory employment decisions, the court still must analyze whether the proffered reasons are a pretext for intentional discrimination. See Moschetti v. Chicago, Cent. & Pac. R.R. Co.,
Plaintiffs contends that Gilmore chose not to investigate further or discipline Kinnonen, who had allegedly used Plaintiffs scanner to provide unauthorized discounts (the same conduct that Wal-Mart alleges Plaintiff did), because Kinnonen is a female. (See Pl. Dep. at 190 (explaining why Plaintiff believes Kinnonen was not disciplined).) Instances of such disparate treatment can support a claim of pretext. But Plaintiff must prove that he and Kinnonen were “similarly situated in аll relevant respects.” Riser v. Target Corp.,
Wal-Mart argues that no such genuine dispute exists because Plaintiff admits that he is unaware of any female associate not terminated despite failing to complete a D-day action plan. Wal-Mart thus apparently contends that for a female employee to be considered similarly situated to Plaintiff, the female employee must have been disciplined by being required to take a D-day, then failed to complete an action plan upon return to work, and then fired as a result. Wal-Mart misses the mark. The focus in this case should not be on finding someone who was disciplined precisely the same way as Plaintiff, but instead on finding someone similarly situated to Plaintiff who was not disciplined the same way as Plaintiff; that is, someone who was not disciplined by being required to take a D-day or complete an action рlan or who was not disciplined at all. If Wal-Mart’s argument were correct, an employer could sex discriminate by not disciplining similarly situated female employees for the same conduct that leads it to discipline male employees with impunity.
Wal-Mart also argues that Kinnonen cannot be considered similarly situated to Plaintiff because there is no evidence that Kinnonen had a similar disciplinary history
as Plaintiff. However, as explained above, when viewing Plaintiffs explanations for his “disciplinary history” in the light most favorable to him, he either should not have been, or he actually was not, “disciplined” for the alleged prior infractions. Either way, this Court concludes that Plaintiffs and Kinnonen’s comparative disciplinary history before the incidents in issue have no bearing on the analysis here. The issue is not whether one or the other of them had enough disciplinary history to justify termination, but rather, whether Kinnonen or Plaintiff should have been disciplined at all. Wal-Mart further argues that Kinnonen cannot be considered similarly situated to Plaintiff because Kinnonen and Plaintiff had different job titles and responsibilities. However, “[t]he general rules as to the shifting burdens of production and persuasion in discrimination cases ... are not to be applied woodenly, as if they were themselves statutory law. They are simply aids designed to make it easier to decide questions of fact about intent and motive.” Lowe,
The relevant factors in this case include whether there was a common supervisor, whether the policy at issue applies to both employees, and whether the misconduct the employees were accused of engaging in were similar. Here, it appears from Plaintiffs testimony that Kinnonen had recently been promoted to service manager in March, and that during the time period relevant to this case, she was still being trained. (See PI. Dep. at 115, 150.) However, even though they had different titles and responsibilities at the time, both Plaintiff and Kinnonen reported to Gilmore. Cf. Gilmore v. AT & T,
Also, the record indicates that WalMart had a rule prohibiting all TLE employees from providing free rotation services, and part of Kinnonen’s duties as service manager was to make sure that the tickets were written correctly. (See Doc. No. 110, PI. Dep., Ex. 4; Doc. No. 77, Gilmore Aff. ¶ 8; PI. Dep. at 148.) Specifically, the TLE policy states: (1) “DO NOT use unauthorized coupons, discounting or combining services at reduced prices”; (2) “The TLE Service Income Guide ... specifies allowable services and charges for service rendered .... If the TLE Service Guide is violated without conducting competitive shopping, then disciplinary action will result up to and including termination”; and (3) “It is the responsibility of all TLE Associates and Hardlines Assistant Managers] to be familiar with and enforce the Service Income Guide.” (Doc. No. 110, PI. Dep., Ex. 4.) Both Plaintiff and Kinnonen were accused of breaking the same rule — providing services for free. In other words, during the events that occurred on April 3, 2010, Kinnonen was performing the exact same associate-level duties as Plaintiff when she allegedly used Plaintiffs scanner to check in vehicles. See Fernandez v. Budget Exteriors, Inc., No. 10-4690(JJK),
Further, even if this Court were to conclude that Plaintiff has not identified a proper comparator to support his pretext argument, evidence of disparate treatment is not the only way in which a plaintiff may establish an inference of discrimination. Plaintiff may rely on any credible evidence tending to establish that Wal-Mart acted adversely to him “on account of’ his gender. See Allen v. Interior Constr. Servs., Ltd.,
In addition, determining whether there is enough evidence to raise genuine doubt as to the legitimacy of Gilmore’s motive is an exercise riddled with genuine issues of material fact. Depending on whose story it believes, a jury could decide either way. Wal-Mart asserts that any events that might have occurred on April 3, 2010, were not the reason for Plaintiffs termination. Instead, Wal-Mart asserts that Gilmore gave Plaintiff a mandatory day off on April 10, 2010, solely because he provided unauthorized discounts on March 20, 2010, and that the sole reason Plaintiff was terminated was because he failed to complete an action plan as part of his D-day coaching, as policy required and as he was instructed to do. What Wal-Mart continues to ignore, however, is that Plaintiff contends that any disciplinary action that was responsive to the March 20, 2010 incidents was already taken care of well before April 3, 2010. Plaintiff contends that the April 10, 2010 D-day was given because of the incidents • that occurred on April 3, 2010, and that he was wrongly accused of providing discounts on that day. Given these differing stories, a jury should decide whether the reason given by Wal-Mart for the termination- (i.e., the failure to complete an action -plan), - is pretextual. In other words, a jury should determine whether the real reason for Plaintiffs termination is that Gilmore wanted Plaintiff gone because he was male, and whether she wanted to cover up the inappropriate discounts given by Kinnonen — and protect Kinnonen from discipline — because she was female.
The Court notes that in a reverse discrimination case such as this, the Eighth Circuit requires the plaintiff to show that “background circumstances support the suspicion that the defendant is that unusual employer who discriminates against the majority.” Hammer v. Ashcroft,
Finally, Wal-Mart argues that Plaintiffs sex discrimination claims must fail because it asserts that the record discounts Plaintiffs recollection of what occurred on April 3 and 4, 2010. Wal-Mart contends that there is no evidence to support Plaintiffs claim that Kinnonen took his scanner and used it to check in a Jeep Cherokee and a Chevy Malibu on April 3, 2010; indeed, Wal-Mart says that there is no evidence
Second, Wal-Mart contends that there is no record of any transactions on April 3, 2010, with respect to a Jeep Cherokee or Chevy Malibu. Wal-Mart cites to the Affidavit of Lindsey Moe, an Asset Protection Manager, who has access to the electronic journal for each cash register in the store at issue. (Doc. No. 89, Aff. of Lindsey Moe (“Moe Aff.”) ¶ 4.) Moe explains that any transaction that occurs on a cash register in the store will be recorded in the electronic journal, and that the electronic journal contains the employee identification number of the individual who checked out the customer. (Id. ¶ 4-5.) Moe avers that “[n]o one using Mr. Mudrich’s identification number provided any discounts to any customers on April 3, 2010.” (Id. ¶ 7.) But this is not inconsistent with Plaintiff’s account of what happened on April 3, 2010. Plaintiff asserts that even though he checked out the Jeep Cherokee as zero, it was not a discount, but instead was zeroed out because no services were performed. And as to the Malibu, Plaintiff testified that he did not check out the Malibu as zero, someone else did. Therefore, his identification number would not have been the one placed on the ticket at the time that the discount was provided.
Defеndant also cites to the Affidavit of John Henthorn, a Programmer who conducts searches of databases related to various departments within Wal-Mart stores. Henthorn states that he searched for any service orders written for Chevy Malibus or Jeep Cherokees at any time and by anyone on April 3, 2010, and that his search revealed no service orders. (Doc. No. 76, Aff. of John Henthorn (“Henthorn Aff.”) ¶¶ 6-7.) Henthorn states that if any employee used a scanner on April 3, 2010, to scan in a Chevy Malibu or Jeep Cherokee, a record would be created automatically in the related Auto database. (Id. ¶ 7.) He states that “[n]o such record exists.” (Id.) At most, Henthorn’s testimony creates a fact dispute. The suggestion that no Jeep Cherokee or Malibu were serviced at all on April 3 — in other words, that Plaintiff has made the whole thing up — is at odds with Plaintiffs very specific recollection about the events of April 3 and his very specific recollection of the discussion with Gilmore the next day on April 4, including his description of what Gilmore did with the Cherokee and Malibu tickets when she was showing them to Plaintiff and Wiley. In addition, Bryan Creel (the Asset Protection Coordinator), explains that any recordings on the DVRs for April 3, 2010, were deleted pursuant to company policy. (Doc. No. 75, Aff. of Bryan Creel (“Creel Aff.”) ¶ 15.) Therefore, there is no way for the Court to now confirm via video
And third, Wal-Mart asserts that “it is impossible for Kinnonen to use Mudrieh’s scanner with his log-in information 30 minutes between incidents.” (Def.’s Mem. 7.) At the February 13, 2013 hearing before the undersigned, Plaintiff explained that it was not impossible for Kinnonen to use his scanner with his log-in information between the incidents because if she tapped the screen on the scanner at any time before the two-minute time limit was up, then the scanner would remain live under his log-in information. In sum, contrary to Defendant’s assertion, the evidence that they have presented to the Court is not conclusive evidence that Kinnonen did not use Plaintiffs scanner to start the tickets for the Jeep Cherokee and Chevy Malibu on April 3, 2010, nor does it conclusively show that there was no meeting on April 4, 2010, about those very tickets.
Viewed cumulatively, and in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, the facts in the record are sufficient to generate a triable question regarding pretext and discriminatory animus. See Willnerd v. First Nat’l Neb., Inc.,
B. Whistleblower claim
The Minnesota Whistleblower Act prohibits an employer from firing an em
The MHRA exclusivity provision states “as to acts declared unfair by sections 363A.08 to 363A19, and 363A28, subdivision 10, the procedure herein provided shall, while pending, be exclusive.” Minn. Stat. § 363A.04. Thus, “an employee may not seek redress for the same allegedly discriminatory practices on the same facts under both the MHRA and the Whistle-blower Act[.]” Abraham v. Cnty. of Hennepin,
Here, because Plaintiff seeks relief under the Whistleblower Act pursuant to the same facts and alleged discriminatory practices as his MHRA claims, the MHRA’s exclusive remedy provision bars Plaintiffs whistleblower claim, and this Court recommends that Plaintiffs whistle-blower claim be dismissed.
C. Defamation claim
For a statement to be considered defamatory, “it must be communicated to someone other than the plaintiff, it must be false, and it must tend to harm the plaintiffs reputation and to lower him in the estimation of the community.” Stuempges v. Parke, Davis & Co.,
“In determining whether a particular statement is defamatory, a court must review the statement in the context in which it was presented, give the words their obvious and natural meaning, and consider the innuendos which follow from the statement.” Michaelis v. CBS, Inc.,
Taken in context, this Court concludes that one could find that the two questions asked by Gilmore, when asked one after the other, could imply defamatory meaning. In other words, the questions could have been interpreted by those that heard it as implying that Plaintiff was a thief, when actually he might not have been. However, because the truth or falsity of the implication is disputed, whether the statements were in fact defamatory is a question for the jury.
Assuming that the language that forms the basis for Plaintiffs defamation claim is defamatory, Wal-Mart argues that summary judgment should still be granted based on a qualified privilege. To be privileged, “a statement must be made upon a proper occasion, from a proper motive, and based upon reasonable or probable cause.” Hunt v. Univ. of Minnesota,
This, however, is not the end of the inquiry. A plaintiff can overcome a conditional privilege by proving common law malice. Hunt,
This Court concludes that there is evidence in the record that raises a genuine issue as to whether Gilmore acted out of malice when she asked Plaintiff the questions at issue on April 4, 2010. If Plaintiffs version of the facts is accepted as true, then Kinnonen presumably went to Gilmore sometime after the transactions occurred on April 3, 2010, and before the meeting with Plaintiff on April 4, 2010, to blame the transactions on Plaintiff, as Plaintiff testified that it was Kinnonen who brought him back to Gilmore’s office on April 4, 2010. (PI. Dep. at 165.) And there is evidence that Kinnonen may have brought the tickets to Gilmore’s attention on April 4, 2010, out of ill will towards Plaintiff (based on her comments that she was out to get him). The inference that can be drawn is that Gilmore chose to protect Kinnonen, and to focus the investigation on Plaintiff because of some ill will that she had toward him. Further, Gilmore’s actions after the April 4, 2010 meeting with Plaintiff are not only “fishy,” as stated above, but raise serious questions as to her motives and would be consistent with a finding of malice. In addition, although Plaintiff testified that during the meetings that took place on April 4, and April 9, 2010, he did not feel that Gilmore was discriminating agаinst him because of his sex and he did not feel any “mean spirit” from Gilmore (PI. Dep. at 169, 183), what Plaintiff felt at the time is irrelevant to the question whether Gilmore was actually acting out of malice. Because of these disputed facts, this Court concludes that the question whether Gilmore acted with malice when she asked Plaintiff the two questions on April 4, 2010, should be sent to the jury. Accordingly, this Court concludes that Wal-Mart is not entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiffs defamation claim.
RECOMMENDATION
Based on the foregoing, and all the files, records, and proceedings herein, IT IS HEREBY RECOMMENDED that:
Date: March 22, 2013.
Notes
. For a complete recitation of the facts, see the R& Rat 1011-17.
. Wal-Mart contends that Mudrich did not charge two customers for tire rotations on March 20, and that it investigated these incidents and presented evidence to Mudrich of these violations, not the April 3 incidents. See Gilmore Aff. ¶¶ 7, 10.
. A plaintiff could also make a claim of discrimination by presenting direct evidence, Torgerson,
. The R & R also addressed whether Mudrich could rely on any credible evidence tending to establish that Wal-Mart acted adversely to him on account of his gender. Because the Court finds that Mudrich has established a prima facie case and created a factual dispute regarding whether Wal-Mart’s non-discriminatory reason was pretextual, it does not need to consider this alternative analysis.
. Wal-Mart also notes that there is no evidence of malice. While malice is relеvant to a defamation inquiry in the context of qualified or conditional privilege, see Stuempges v. Parke, Davis & Co.,
. Plaintiff testified that there were two or three other people in the office during this discussion. (Id. at 247-48.) Plaintiff claims that word then spread throughout Wal-Mart that he might be fired. (Id. at 249-51.)
. Defendant states that for the purposes of its motion, it accepts as true that there was a conversation between Gilmore and Plaintiff on April 4, although Wal-Mart does not accept Plaintiff's version of what transpired in the conversation. (See Doc. No. 91, Mem. of Law in Supp. of Summ. J. ("Def.’s Mem.”) 7 n. 3.) It appears that Wal-Mart’s reference to April 3 instead of April 4 as the date of the conversation was a typographical error.
. Gilmore’s account of the April 9, 2010 meeting with Plaintiff, submitted by Wal-Mart in affidavit form, is quite different from Plaintiff's, and is provided without nearly as much detail. She mentions nothing about the Jeep Cherokee or Chevy Malibu tickets. Instead, she states only that "[o]n April 9, 2010, I met
. The Court notes that Gilmore's affidavit is also very loose about when and what occurred after Plaintiff returned to work on April 11, 2010. She states: "Mudrich returned to work on April 11, 2010 but did not provide a written action plan as required. I told Mudrich that failure to complete an action plan would result in termination and gave him another opportunity to complete his action plan. He again refused to do so. As a result, Mudrich was terminated on May 2, 2010 for failing to complete the Decision Day coaching action plan.” (Gilmore Aff. ¶ 12.) Her testimony implies that her conversation with Plaintiff about termination occurred on or shortly after April 11; however, Plaintiff disputes that was when the conversation occurred, asserting that he worked for approximately twenty days without any discussion about termination. (See PI. Dep. at 184-85.)
. Plaintiff asserts that the two tire-rotation tickets that were brought to his attention in his meeting with Gilmore were those relating to the April 3, 2010 incidents regarding the Jeep Cherokee and the Chevy Malibu. He asserts that the tickets referenced in this Coaching for Improvement form and that Defendant now uses in this litigation to support inappropriate charges on March 20, 2010, are different from the tickets that Gilmore showed him in the April 4, 2010 meeting; Plaintiff also provides a lengthy and detailed explanation in his deposition as to why be believes the tickets appear to be altered. (Pl. Dep. at 202-18.)
. At that hearing, the undersigned asked counsel for Defendant to file Plaintiff’s deposition in its entirety, which counsel for Defendant did. (See Doc. No. 110.)
. Torgerson held that there is no discrimination case exception to the application of summary judgment, abrogating the standard of review applied in Wheeler v. Aventis Phams.,
. The task of discerning management status at Wal-Mart is complicated by the fact that Wal-Mart hаs so many “managers” and what appears to be an elaborate reporting structure. In the TLE department at the Shakopee store, for example, there were lower-level managers, who were actually paid on an hourly basis, including support managers, floor managers, and service managers. Plaintiff's support manager was Marcellous (Buck) Wiley, floor manager was a woman named Amy, and service manager (as of mid-March) was Catherine Kinnonen. Above the hourly managers in the manager hierarchy are the assistant managers. Here, Regina Gilmore was the assistant manager who typically over
. See supra note 5.
. Wal-Mart also argues that summary judgment should be granted on Plaintiff’s claims of Title VII and MHRA retaliation and reprisal. After reviewing Plaintiff's Amended Complaint, this Court does not construe Plaintiff to be alleging such claims. Because retaliation and reprisal claims are not a part of this action, there is no need for the Court to consider their dismissal. Therefore, this Court does not address Wal-Mart’s arguments here.
. In Plaintiffs deposition, he identified three reports that serve as the basis for his whistle-blower claim: (1) that he told Gilmore that Wal-Mart released a Chevy Malibu out of the shop illegally on April 3, 2010; (2) that he told Gilmore that it was illegal for Gilmore to take video and still shots of the cars out of the security office; and (3) that he told Gilmore that it was illegal for Kinnonen to use his handheld scanner to ring in the cars. (PI. Dep. at 235-36.) This Court notes that even if the MHRA's exclusive remedy provision did not bar Plaintiff’s whistleblower claim, the claim would likely still fail because this Court is unaware of a federal or state rule or law implicated by these reports. The lack of an actual law renders these alleged reports unprotected for purposes of the whistleblower statute. Kratzer v. Welsh Cos., LLC,
. This Court notes that it appears that Gilmore was also relying on the account given her by Kinnonen, who arguably had an interest in shifting any blame away from herself.