198 P. 556 | Or. | 1921
Lead Opinion
We are not concerned in the consideration of this application with the merits of the case. It is' contended upon the part of plaintiff that his arrest is covered by none of the provisions of Section 259, Or. L., and that the Constitution of Oregon, Section 19, provides that there should be no impris
“Bail. Offenses, except murder and treason, shall be bailable by sufficient sureties. Murder or treason shall not be bailable when the proof is evident or the presumption strong.”
It is said in 3 R. C. L., page 5, Section 2;
“In many particulars the rules relating- to criminal and civil bail are the same. In either case the principal is considered as being released from the custody of the law and placed in the custody of keepers of his own selection. But a distinction exists in a number of instances due to the different purpose inherent in the two modes of procedure. The object of bail in civil cases is either directly or indirectly to secure the payment of a debt or other civil duty; while the object of bail in criminal cases is to secure the appearance of the principal before the court, for the purposes of public justice. Payment by the bail in a civil case discharges the obligation of the principal to his creditor, and is only required to the extent of that obligation, whatever may be the penalty of the bond or recognizance; while payment by the bail in criminal cases, though it discharges the bail, does not discharge the obligation of the principal to appear in court; that obligation still remains. While the subjects of civil and criminal bail are not here treated separately, the distinction between the rules governing the two species of bail, where material, is pointed out.”
The matter óf hail on appeal in habeas corpus proceedings is not specifically provided for in our statute. To include in our Code all such particulars would make the volumes too cumbersome. Our Constitution and statute are plain in regard to bail in criminal cases, and it would seem that the lawmakers deemed such provisions a sufficient declaration of • the principle, that one should not he deprived of freedom, except in the case of the grave crimes mentioned, until final adjudication authorizing and compelling such penalty. It would seem that the -greater would include the less in this particular. It is an inherent right in every person that they shall not be restrained of their liberty except by due course of law. To deny bail to the plaintiff might in the end practically deprive him of the privilege of an appeal in the habeas corpus proceeding. This right of appeal is not questioned.
The matter of bail on appeal in habeas corpus proceedings, arising out of imprisonment on civil process was in question in the case of Syverson v. Foster,
“One appealing from an order refusing to vacate a body execution upon the ground that it violates the constitutional provision against imprisonment for debt is entitled to be admitted to bail pending the appeal (on habeas corpus).”
In Wright v. Hinkle, 190 U. S. 40 (47 L. Ed. 948, at page 956, 23 Sup. Ct. Rep. 787), the Supreme Court of the United States recognized the existence of the inherent power in courts to admit to bail in civil cases, pending upon appeal. It is there said at page 63:
“We are unwilling to hold that the Circuit Courts possess no power in respect to admitting to bail other than as specifically vested by statute, or that, while bail should not ordinarily be granted in cases of foreign extradition, those courts may not in any case, and whatever the special circumstances, extend that relief.”
In view of the condition of the docket in this court, we consider it essential to a fair administration of justice, and in conformity to the spirit if not the letter of our Constitution and laws, that the plaintiff should be admitted to bail until the question of whether or not he can be legally incarcerated for the debt upon which the judgment was obtained by Swire is finally determined.
The cases cited and those which we have been able to find, although they are not numerous, indicate that in a civil proceeding an appellate court is not narrowly restricted by forms or procedure. In Ledford v. Emerson, 143 N. C. 527 (55 S. E. 969, 10 L. R. A. (N. S.) 362), the syllabus reads:
“An appellate court may treat a habeas corpus proceeding to secure the release of one in custody under a body execution as a motion to recall the execution and discharge the defendant, a decision upon which would be appealable.”
See also United States v. Griswold, 11 Fed. 307, 310, and Taylor v. Fleckenstein, 30 Fed. 99. We notice the mode of procedure in criminal cases prescribed in Section 1640, Or. L., as something of a guide. This section reads thus:
“After an indictment found, and upon an appeal, a defendant cannot be admitted to bail except by the court or judge thereof where the action is pending, or in which the judgment appealed from is given.”
Plaintiff should be allowed to give bail in the sum of $2,000, and to go at large upon executing a writ
It is so ordered. Petition Allowed.
Opinion on the Merits
On the Merits.
This application involves the denial of the petition of one Jos. Mozorosky for a writ of habeas corpus. From a copy of the complaint attached to and made a part of the petition herein, it appears that the petitioner was a defendant in an action prosecuted by one Sol Swire as plaintiff, for the purpose of recovering the sum of $1,600, double the amount of Swire’s losses at a gambling table conducted by Jos. Mozorosky. The complaint shows that Jos. Mozorosky, petitioner herein and the defendant in the above mentioned action, “operated and conducted, as proprietor, a gambling place at First & Sheridan Streets, in the City of Portland, Oregon, where games of cards were played for money, on all of which said games defendant collected a percentage from the winner.” Between July 15 and August 15, 1919, Swire lost $150 at poker, at Mozorosky’s gambling table, and between December 1, 1919, and March 31, 1920, he lost, at poker, the sum of $650 at the same table, making a total of $800 of Swire’s money that was passed over; the gambling tables
The petitioner was arrested on April 16, 1921, by virtue of the provisions of Sections 218 and 259, Or. L. This proceeding was instituted in the Circuit Court to obtain his release. From an order sustaining a demurrer to plaintiff’s petition, an appeal was taken to this court. Bail having been denied by the Circuit Court pending the appeal, the matter came here for decision and this court held, in Mozorosky v. Hurlburt, decided June 3, 1921, 198 Pac. 556, that the petitioner was entitled to be admitted to bail pending his appeal; and his bail was fixed at $2,000, “conditioned that if his imprisonment on execution be adjudged to be lawful upon the appeal, he will surrender himself to the custody of the sheriff of Multnomah County for continuance of such imprisonment or pay the judgment upon which the execution was issued * *
The assignment of error relates to the validity of the arrest. Affirmed.
“There shall be no imprisonment for debt except in case of fraud or absconding debtors.”
As noted above, the judgment was recovered under our statute defining and prohibiting unlawful gaming. The provisions of the Code asserted to justify the arrest of the petitioner read, in part, as follows:
“No person shall be arrested in an action at law, except as provided in this section. The defendant may be arrested in the following cases:
“1. In an action * * for * * wrongfully taking, detaining or converting property;
“2. In an action for a fine or penalty * * ;
“4. When the defendant has been guilty of a fraud in contracting the debt or incurring the obligation for which the action is brought * * .” Sec. 259, Or. L.
Is the petitioner within the protection of the constitutional prohibition invoked in his behalf?
The term “debtor” has various shades of meaning.
“It is well settled that prohibitions of imprisonment for debt apply only to actions arising out of contracts, express or implied, and do not extend to actions ex delicto23 C. J., Executions, § 1109.
“Fines, forfeitures, or penalties imposed by law are not debts, and hence actions for the recovery or collection thereof are not within the purview of constitutional or statutory prohibitions against imprisonment for debt * * .” 23 C. J. Executions, § 1108.
It is said by the editors of R. C. L., under the title “Executions”:
“As most of the constitutional provisions against imprisonment for debt relate only to debts arising out of contracts, in many states the right to imprison*284 in actions for tort, particularly when fraud is involved, as well as in proceedings of a criminal or g«asi-criminal character, still exists. The authorities almost unanimously hold that the debt intended to be covered by the constitutional provisions must be a debt arising exclusively from actions ex contractu, and was never meant to include damages arising in actions ex delicto, or fines, penalties, and other impositions imposed by the courts in criminal proceedings as punishments for crimes committed against the common or statute law.” 10 R. C. L. 175. See note, 34 L. R. A. 634 et seq.
“The term [debt] neither includes torts nor judgments for torts: Savage v. Shaw, 195 Mass. 571 (81 N. E. 303, 122 Am. St. Rep. 272, 12 Ann. Cas. 806); citing Child v. Boston & Fairhaven Iron Works, 137 Mass. 516 (50 Am. Rep. 328); Heacock v. Sherman, 14 Wend. (N. Y.) 58; Chase v. Curtis, 113 U. S. 452 (28 L. Ed. 1038, 5 Sup Ct. Rep. 554, see, also, Rose’s U. S. Notes); Leighton v. Campbell, 17 R. I. 51 (20 Atl. 14, 9 L. R. A. 187); Bohn v. Brown, 33 Mich. 257; Cable v. McCune, 26 Mo. 371 (72 Am. Dec. 214); Cable v. Gaty, 34 Mo. 573 (86 Am. Dec. 126); Doolittle v. Marsh, 11 Neb. 243, 9 N. W. 54).” 1 Words & Phrases (Second Series), 1231.
In a note to Ex parte Berry, 20 Ann. Cas. 1344, it is said by the annotator:
“The constitutions or statutes' of many states declare that no person shall be imprisoned for debt, exceptions to this broad prohibition appearing in some instances. The purpose of such a provision is to abolish imprisonment for debt as it was practiced at common law. Accordingly, where a debt is the basis of a civil action there can be lawfully no imprisonment of the debtor.
“But where a person incurs civil liability by a wrongful act, the constitutional or statutory provision has no application and he lawfully may be imprisoned because of such act.”
The case of United States v. Walsh is a leading one, and has often been cited by text-writers and courts. Judge Deady wrote:
“Counsel for the defendant maintains that this act of the legislative assembly is in this particular repugnant to the constitution of the state, and therefore void. * * The word ‘debt’ is of very general use, and has many shades of meaning. Looking to the origin and progress of the change in public opinion, which finally led to the abolition of imprisonment for debt, it is reasonable to presume that this provision in the state constitution was intended to prevent the useless and often cruel imprisonment of persons who, having honestly become indebted to another, are unable to pay as they undertook and promised. In this view of the matter the clause in question should be construed as if it read: ‘There shall be no imprisonment for debt arising upon contract express or implied, except,’ etc. Such is substantially the language employed in the legislative acts of most of the states, abolishing imprisonment for debt; and there can be but little doubt that this was the end which the framers of the constitution had in view, as well as the popular understanding of the clause, when the instrument was adopted at the polls.
“General or abstract declaration in bills of right are necessarily brief and comprehensive in their terms. When applied to the details of the varied affairs of life, they must be construed with reference to the cause, which produced them and the end sought to be obtained. A person who willfully in*286 jures another in person, property, or character, is liable therefor in damages. In some sense he may be the debtor of the party injured, and the sum due for the injury a debt. But he is, in fact, a wrongdoer, a trespasser, and does not come within the reason of the rule which exempts an honest man from imprisonment, because he is pecuniarily unable to pay what he promised to. For instance, a person who wrongfully beats his neighbor, kills his ox, or girdles his fruit trees ought not to be considered in the same category as an unfortunate debtor. He ought to be liable to arrest in action for damages by the party injured. Deny him this remedy, and in the majority of such cases it would amount to a denial of justice, and a deliberate repudiation and disregard of the injunction contained in Section 10 of the same article— ‘Every man shall have remedy by due course of law for injury done him in person, property or reputation.’ It may be admitted that a penalty given by statute is technically a debt. It does not, however, arise upon contract, but by operation of law. It is imposed as a quasi punishment for the violation of law or the neglect or refusal to perform some duty to the public or individuals enjoined- by law. Penalties are imposed in furtherance of some public policy, and as the means of securing obedience to law. Persons who incur them are either in morals or law wrongdoers, and not simply unfortunate debtors unable to perform their pecuniary obligations. I do not think the constitutional provision prohibiting imprisonment for debt was intended to apply to or include such cases.”
Jos. Mozorosky is not a debtor within the meaning of Article I, Section 19. He is both a tortfeasor and a criminal. The money he raked in from the poker-table never became his own. He acquired no title to Swire’s money, won at unlawful gaming.
The legislative assembly of 1876, recognizing that gambling is pernicious to the general welfare, in
Section 1 thereof denounces as a criminal “every person who shall deal, play, or carry on * * any game of * * poker, * * whether the same be played for money, checks, credits, or any other representative of value,” and provides a penalty: Sec. 2105, Or. L.
Section 2 declares that notes, bills, bonds, mortgages or other securities and other conveyances shall be void when won by playing at the games denounced by Section 1 thereof: Sec. 8263, Or. L.
Section 3 enacts that
“All persons losing money or anything of value at or on any of said games shall have a cause of action to recover from the dealer or player winning the same, or proprietor for whose benefit such game was played or dealt,, or such money or thing of value won, twice the amount of the money or double the value of the thing so lost.” Sec. 8264, Or. L.
Section 4 provides for the forfeiture of rental by a landlord for a period of six months: Sec. 8265, Or. L.
Section 5 prescribes that the lessee may forfeit his lease by permitting gambling: Sec. 8266, Or. L.
Section 6 enacts a penalty for permitting gambling by the owner of the place: Sec. 2106, Or. L.
Section 7 makes it the special duty of each district attorney, sheriff, constable, city or town marshal or police officer to prosecute gambling diligently: Sec. 2107, Or. L.
Section 9 relates to competency of witnesses: Sec. 2109, Or. L.
Section 10 fixes a penalty for a witness wbo neglects to appear: Sec. 2110, Or. L.
The case of Stoddard v. Burt, 75 Wis. 107 (43 N. W. 737), is directly in point. Under a gambling statute permitting the losing gambler to recover from the winner, the court said:
“The only question presented upon this appeal is whether the defendants were liable to arrest for taking, detaining, and converting to their own use money and property won by them, and lost by the plaintiff while gambling with each other. * *
“The manifest purpose of these statutory provisions is to make any and all gambling unlawful and punishable; to nullify and avoid any and all contracts, transfers, and transactions based thereon, or growing out of the same; and 'to prevent ‘any person from acquiring any legal right or title to any property of another by gambling. * * Such right of the loser to recover such specific property is based on the theory that such property has been unlawfully taken, and is unlawfully detained by such stakeholder or winner, and hence the action to recover the same is necessarily in tort. The mere fact that the winner has succeeded in converting to his own use the property thus unlawfully taken does not prevent the action by the loser to recover the value thereof from the winner being in tort. * * We must hold that the cause of action stated in the affidavit for arrest is in tort. The question remains whether our statute authorizes the arrest for such cause of action. The statute expressly prohibits an arrest ‘in a civil action, except as prescribed by’ Chapter 122, Section 2688, Revised Statutes, but that statute expressly provides, in effect, that ‘the defendant may*289 be arrested * * in an action * * for wrongfully taking, detaining, or converting property.’ Subd. 1, Sec. 2689, Id. The law as stated above and as applied to the cause of action alleged in this case makes it very apparent that the defendants unlawfully took and received the property of the plaintiff described, and thereupon unlawfully converted the same to their own use.”
This case is cited with approval in Olson v. Sawyer-Goodman Co., 110 Wis. 149 (85 N. W. 640, 53 L. R. A. 648).
The case of M. O’Keefe v. Emil Weber et al., 14 Or. 55 (12 Pac. 74), was an action involving the question as to whether or not the act is broad enough to comprehend the provisions of the Section of the statute under which this action has been prosecuted, as well as the. question whether or not a statute can contain both criminal and civil provisions.
In the later case of Meyers v. Dillon, 39 Or. 581 (65 Pac. 867, 66 Pac. 814), Mr. Chief Justice Bean, in referring to' the Section of the Code under which this action was instituted, said:
“It particularly refers to the unlawful gaming defined and punished by other sections 'and is, in effect, one of the penalties for the violation of the act.”
The statute, in so far as it permits the gambler to recover what he has lost, is purely remedial. But when it makes the gambler who won repay to the losing gambler in twofold for every dollar lost, such a statute, as stated by Mr. Chief Justice Bean, is penal in character: Jacob Zeller v. White, 106 Ill. App. 183; Pearce v. Foote, 113 Ill. 228 (55 Am. Rep. 414).
The petitioner complains that the record fails to show conversion, etc. The pleading alleges facts from which the legal conclusion follows that Mozorosky was guilty of unlawfully taking, detaining and converting the property of Swire.
This case is affirmed. Affirmed.