Moulton v. Reid

54 Ala. 320 | Ala. | 1875

BRICKELL, C. J.

The 13th section of the act “to reorganize the municipal government of the city of Mobile,” &c., provides, the sheriff of the county shall give notice of municipal elections, appoint inspectors and returning officers: The returning officers are required to make and certify the returns to the sheriff, who declares the election of, and gives certificates of election to the persons elected.—Pamph. Acts, 1869-70, p. 453. It is shown by the bill that at the proper time an election foy the office of mayor of the city of Mobile was held, under the supervision of inspectors and other officerspEhe regularity of whose appointment is not questioned. Beturns of the elebtion were made to the sheriff, and he declared the appellee, Eeid, was elected Mayor, and gave him the certificate of eléction. When there has been an authorized election to fill a public office, there must be not only a mode prescribed by law of ascertaining its result, but there must be of necessity some mode of furnishing to the person elected evidence of the fact on which he can enter into the office, and of certifying the fact to the people who have the right to demand the performance of official duty. The fact cannot be permitted to rest in doubt. or uncertainty, or subject to inquiry and litigation, whenever authority is exercised. A certificate issued by the sheriff, a public officer, charged with the duty of conducting the election, ascertaining and declaring its result, is the evidence of election the statute prescribesr When issued, it is conclusive evidence of the result of the election — of the right of the" person to the office to which it shows him to have been elected, except when statutes authorize a contest of the election, and the contest is commenced, or on an information in the nature of a quo loarranto, to determine the right to the office. In these proceedings it is prima facie evidence of the right, imposing the burden of proof on those who impeach its fairness.—Brightley’s Lead. Elec. Cases, 319, note ; Huselman v. Rems, 41 Penn. 314; Kerr v. Trego, 42 Penn. 296 ; State v. Churchill, 15 Minn. 459; Atherton v. Sherwood, ib. 221; People v. Miller, 16 Mich. 56 ; Commonwealth v. Baxter, 35 Penn. 263 ; People v. Jones, 17 Wend. 83 ; People v. Vail, 20 Wend. 12 ; State v. Governor, 1 Dutcher, 344; Hudley v. Mayor, 33 N. Y. 606; Morgan v. Quackenbush, 22 Barb. 79. Nor is the rule varied because a .prior incumbent, contesting the validity of the election, is in office,-and authorized to hold until his successor is elected and qualified.—People v. Head, 25 Ill. 325. "When an incumbent of a public office is authorized to continue in office, beyond the duration of the term fixed, until a successor is elected and qualified, the object is to prevent a vacancy in the office, and the suspension of official duty. The extension is for public benefit, and not to confer on the incumbent a right to continue, when another has the legal right to enter into the office. It was the duty of appellant to remain in the office of mayor until the election and qualification of his successor. It was not his-duty or right to remain after the election and qualification of the appellee, Reid. The certificate was evidence of Reid’s election, as conclusive on the appellant, as it was on any other citizen; and as conclusive on him, as it would have been if he had not been a rival candidate for the office, or if it had not been his duty to remain in office until the election and qualification of his successor. The claim preferred by the bill, is, that he is his own successor, and in that right entitled to hold the office. To support this claim he proposes to remain in the office, and asks that Reid be enjoined from the use of the certificate of election, which it is conceded by the bill, at law, entitles him to enter into the office, and consequently compels the appellant to vacate it. If such is the effect of the certificate at law, it is difficult to conceive how it can be of less force in equity. It is as evidence of the fact of election, which confers the right to the office, that the certificate operates. Equity follows the law, and “when a rule, either of common, or statute law, is direct, and governs the case with all its circumstances, or the particular point, a court of equity is as much bound by it as a court of law, and can as little justify a departure from it.”- — 1 Story’s Eq. § 64. Generally, the rules of evidence are the same in equity and at law. The policy and necessity which is the reason of the rule declaring the effect of the certificate of election, as evidence, is of the same weight in equity as at law, and neither the one court, or the other, can dispense with or depart from the rule.

It is urged the bill discloses the certificate is false, infected by fraud, and that the appellee Was, in truth, elected mayor, and is entitled to the office. Be this so, the law has appointed a remedy, by a contest of the election, when the fraud may be ferreted out, the truth of the election ascertained, and the right declared and enforced, more speedily than through any of the ordinary remedies of the common law, or by bill in equity. The charter of the city provides, “if any municipal election shall be contested in the city of Mobile, it shall be before the judge of the circuit court of the Mobile district, or judge of the city court of Mobile. Testimony may be taken by a justice of the peace,' or before a commissioner appointed by the judge trying the cause, for that purpose, or he may cause the witnesses to come before him, and depose in the case.” The ballots are required to be sealed up, and delivered to the city clerk, who, if there is a contest, is required to deliver them to the judge.trying the same. The contest is commenced by an application to the judge, and notice to the party whose election is disputed, within fifteen days after the election. After an examination of the ballots, poll lists, and a consideration of such other evidence as may be introduced, the judge is required to pronounce judgment on the case. — Pamph. Acts, 1865-6, p. 208.

This remedy, it is insisted, is inadequate, because the mode and causes of contest are not specified. The mode of contest is distinctly declared to be by application to the judge of the city or circuit court, ’The causes of contest are not expressly defined, nor was it necessary they should be ; for the common law declares them, and affirming them by statute would not render them more certain or add to their force. Whatever of fraud, illegality, or irregularity occurred in the election which varies its result, is ground of contest. The statutory provisions are very general in their terms, yet very clearly confer on the circuit or city court judge, jurisdiction of the contests of' municipal elections. All reasonable and necessary incidents — all that is proper to render the exercise of the jurisdiction effectual, is impliedly granted. — Sedgwick on Stat. & Cons. Law, 228. The rule is very general that the common law supplies all that is neces"sary to give effect to general statutory provisions, and, “whenever a power is given by a statute, every thing necessary to the making of it effectual is given by implication; for the maxim is quando lex aliquid concedit, concederé videtur et id per quod devenitur ad Mud.”-9 Bac. Ab. 219-20; People v. Eddy, 57 Barb. 593.

It is insisted the statutory provisions are violative of the Constitution because a trial by jury is not authorized. Of this objection it may be said, as was said of a similar objection, in a similar case, by the'supreme court of Pennsylvania, if it is of any force, it has a fearful sioeep. All the general laws authorizing the contests .of elections for county officers, (except judges of probate,), of elections for justices of the peace and constables, commit the jurisdiction to the judge of probate, and unless the ehgibihty of the person elected, or mal-conduct, fraud, or corruption, on the part of a clerk, inspector, or returning officer, is the ground of contest, a trial by jury is not authorized. If these are alleged, the person whose election is contested may demand a trial by jury. Such mode of trial is not compulsory, but is his personal privilege. The chancellor, not the court of chancery, has jurisdiction of the contest of an election of circuit judge, and a trial by jury is required only when claimed by the person declared elected, and the election is contested on the like ground. If this objection is sound, these statutes are violative of the Constitution. A municipal corporation is of legislative creation, and its offices are mere agencies or instrumentalities through which corporate power is exercised, and corporate duty discharged. It is within legislative competency to provide for filling these offices either by election or appointment, or any other idode deemed expedient. If an election by the electors residing within the territorial limits of the corporation, is the mode prescribed, the legislature could declare the certificate of election final and conclusive evidence of the right to the office. It may or not authorize a contest of the election, and if authorized, the mode of contest, and of trial, rests absolutely in legislative discretion. The tribunal which shall hear and determine the contest, whether it shall be either of the ordinary judicial tribunals, or a judge thereof, or any known officer of the law, the legislature have full power to determine, and without violating constitutional limitations, a trial by jury may, or may not, be authorized.—Ewing v. Filley, 43 Penn. 384.

The case as presented is, then, in the most favorable aspect for the appellant, the claim of a pure legal, statutory right, for the enforcement of which the statute furnishes a particular remedy. The jurisdiction of a court of equity is as clearly defined as the jurisdiction of courts of law. It never intervenes for the the protection of rights, or the prevention of wrongs, when the ordinary legal tribunals are capable of affording sufficient redress. Mr. High, in his recent work on Injunctions, states very forcibly and clearly, the principle which is fatal to the bill, if there were not other grave and • unanswerable objections to it. The principle is, that, “when a positive statutory remedy exists for the redress of particular grievances, a court of equity will not interfere by injunction, and assume jurisdiction of the questions involved, nor will it enjoin proceedings under such statutory remedy, since such interference would place the judicial above the legislative power.”—High on Inj. § 31.

Suppose the statutory remedy is inadequate, and by it redrtess of the wrongs of which appellant complains, cannot be obtained, the courts of common law of general jurisdiction have an inherent power, now regulated by statute, to inquire into the regularity and validity of the title to municipal offices, whether acquired by election or otherwise, on quo warranto, or an information in the nature of a quo warranto.—Dillon on Munic. Cor. §§ 141, 210, 680, 714. Of this jurisdiction they • are not deprived because the legislature may prescribe special statutory remedies, from which the same redress may be obtained, unless it appears, with unequivocal certainty, the legislature intended to take it away. The general principle applies, that a special statutory remedy is cumulative, not excluding the ordinary common law remedies, unless such is the manifest legislative intent.—Dillon on Munic. Cor. §§ 141-2. If the special statutory remedy by contest is inadequate — -if it is so loosely prescribed as to be incapable of pursuit, or if it is in violation of the Constitution, as the appellant so strenuously insists, the unembarrassed remedy by an information in the nature of quo warranto remained to him, and remaining, excluded the jurisdiction of a court of equity. On this point the authorities are harmonious, and speak in unvarying language.—Cochran v. McLeary, 22 Iowa, 75; Detroit v. Board of Public Works, 23 Mich. 546; Tappan v. Gray, 9 Paige, 507; S. C. 7 Hill, 259; People v. Draper, 24 Barb. 265; Undergraft v. Craus, 47 Penn. 103; Mickles v. Rochester City Bank, 11 Paige, 118; State v. Jarrett, 17 Md. 310; Markle v. Wright, 13 Ind. 548 ; Commonwealth v. Leech, 44 Penn. 332; Hulseman v. Reeves, 41 Penn. 396. In the work on Injunctions, to which we have previously referred, it is said: “A court of equity is not the proper tribunal for determining disputed questions concerning the appointment of public officers, or their right to hold office, such questions being purely of a legal nature, and cognizable only by courts of law.” — High on Inj. § 798. And- again, it is said, when a specific remedy by quo warranto exists at law for the unlawful usurpation of an office, by one not entitled thereto, a court of equity will not entertain jurisdiction of the offense, and will not grant an injunction against the incumbent of the office. — Ib. § 799. Judge Dillon, in his treatise on Municipal Corporations, states that “the right to a municipal office is a franchise, and may be tested by an information in the nature of a quo warranto, but cannot be determined ordinarily unless by statute provision, on a bill in chancery to enjoin, or in any other indirect or collateral proceeding.” — Dillon on Munic. Cor. § 210.

In Ex parte John Reid, Jr., at the January term, 1874,1 expressed the opinion, the special remedy prescribed by the charter for a contest of municipal elections, excluded the common law remedy by information in the nature of quo warranto. In arriving at this conclusion, not only the words of the statute, the purpose of its enactment, but the general laws of the State on the subject of contested elections and quo warranto, were consulted. Tbe general legislative policy is, that when tbe validity of an election is the subject of a statutory contest, quo warranto shall not lie. — R. C. §’ 3092. I have nothing to add to, or to subtract from tbe views on tbis point then expressed. Tbe ¿statutory, or common law remedy, either could only have been pursued by tbe appellant after bis vacation of tbe office, and Reid’s entry into it. This at last is tbe “irreparable injury” tbe court of chancery was invoked to prevent. It was not injury — it was mere obedience to tbe law. “Where a positive statutory remedy exists and may be pursued, equity cannot interfere on tbe ground of irreparable mischief.” Tbe “law injures no one,” is a maxim which inculcates obedience to law. Where positive law in point of fact injures, it is tbe legislature which must furnish tbe corrective; courts cannot.” — Brown’s Appeal, 66 Penn. 157.

The last proposition pressed in support of tbe bill, is, that tbe interference of equity was necessary to prevent tbe destruction of tbe ballots and poll lists, which were indispensable evidence of tbe appellant’s election and title to tbe office, and it is said a court of equity has jurisdiction to preserve evidence when in danger of being lost, before tbe matter to which it relates can be made tbe subject of judicial investigation. It would seem a sufficient answer to say tbe bill is not framed on any such view. No relief as auxiliary to any proceeding at law, is prayed, nor is any such proceeding contemplated. On the contrary, tbe court is specially prayed to take jurisdiction of tbe whole case, and by decree finally to ascertain and declare tbe result of tbe election, thus seeking tbe entire and final remedy in equity. Nor is there any necessity for equitable interference to preserve tbe ballots and poll lists. If tbe appellant bad contested tbe election in tbe mode prescribed, they must, by tbe words of tbe charter, have been delivered to tbe judge before whom tbe contest was instituted, who was commanded to examine them before pronouncing judgment.

It is last urged tbe decree must be reversed, because tbe opinion rendered in tbis cause at tbe June term, 1874, of tbis court, was conclusive on tbe chancellor, as to the law of tbe case. Eor more than forty years, tbe conservative rule on which tbis court proceeded, was, that an opinion of tbis court, however erroneous, was tbe law of tbe case in which it was rendered, and could not be questioned in tbe primary court, or on a second appeal. Tbe rule was sometimes applied to tbe affirmance of judgments, working great individual hardship and injustice. The legislature not only abrogated the rule, but expressly commands this court, if the case returns here on a second appeal, to pronounce judgment, without regard to the former ruling, if that is deemed erroneous. — R. C. § 3510. We may regret, but we cannot avoid the unseemly attitude in which the statute may place the court, of reversing at a subsequent term, the judgment it may at a former term have rendered in the cause. The statute is addressed in terms only to this court, but its manifest purpose is the abrogation of the former rule. Whether it is to be observed by the primary courts, is not a question of much practical importance. The inquiry here on appeal, is not now whether the decree' or judgment of the primary court conforms to the former opinion, but its correctness in point of law. If correct, whether conforming to, or departing from the decision of this court, it must be affirmed.

We cannot doubt the bill is devoid of equity. The decision in Moulton v. Reid, 51 Ala. 255 must be overruled, and the decree of the chancellor affirmed.