243 Mass. 129 | Mass. | 1922
The complainant was the lessee of a business block in Worcester for a term of five years and nine months under an indenture which fixed the rent, required the lessee to pay taxes and other assessments together with other usual obligations and interest on a mortgage, permitted him to underlet and assign his lease, and gave him an option to purchase at a designated price upon specified terms. In 1919 the complainant assigned his “ lease, the premises thereby demised” and all his interest therein "including the option of purchase,” receiving therefor $50,000. The single question to be decided is whether he was subject to an income tax on the sum so received under St. 1916, c. 269, § 5 (c) (now G. L. c. 62, § 5 (c)), which provides that “Income of the following classes received by any inhabitant of the Commonwealth during the preceding calendar year shall be taxed as follows: ...(c) The excess of the gains over the losses received by the taxpayer from purchases or sales of intangible personal property, whether or not such taxpayer is engaged in the business of dealing in such property, shall be taxed at the rate of three per cent per annum; . . .” Succinctly stated the point for decision is whether a lease of real estate is “intangible personal property” within the meaning of these words in this part of the tax law.
The familiar principle is that tax laws are strictly construed. The power to tax is not to be extended by implication; it must be conferred by the statute in unequivocal terms. All doubts are resolved in favor of the taxpayer. Eaton, Crane & Pike Co. v. Commonwealth, 237 Mass. 523, 530, and cases there collected.
Without tracing the historical development of the meaning of these terms, property has now come to be divided into two general classes, real estate and personal estate. Bates v. Sparrell, 10 Mass. 323, 324. Apart from statute a lease of land is in that general sense personal estate. It has been referred to as such in our own decisions. In Gay, petitioner, 5 Mass. 419, it was held that a lease for nine hundred and ninety-nine years was a chattel and passed as such to the administrator of the lessee, who could
A lease of real estate is, however, a peculiar kind of personal property. It is indubitable that it constitutes an interest in land. Sanders v. Partridge, 108 Mass. 556, 558. It has long been called a chattel real. Hyatt v. Vincennes National Bank, 113 U. S. 408, 415. Haney Coal & Coke Co. v. Tax Commissioner, 59 W. Va. 605, 609. It was said in this connection in Freedman v. Bloomberg, 225 Mass. 491, at page 493: “The contention . . . that at common law a term for years is ‘personal property is not accurate. It is true that originally a term for years was regarded as a chattel interest in real estate, and that only freeholds were included in ‘realty as being the only things specifically recoverable in the King’s Court. But those interests in lands which were reckoned as chattels were distinguished by the name of chattels real because they concerned realty; while the name of chattels personal was given to movable goods.” Those words were used in holding that a conditional assignment of a lease to secure the payment of a debt was not a mortgage of personal property under R. L. c. 198, § 1 (see now G. L. c. 255, § 1), and need not be recorded as there required. Attention frequently has been called to distinguishing attributes of chattels real as compared with other varieties of personal property. See, in addition to cases already cited,
All these considerations lead us to the conclusion that income derived from the sale of a lease such as here is involved is not derived from “purchases or sales of intangible personal property” as those words are used in this tax statute.
Abatement of the tax is granted as prayed for and in accordance with G. L. c. 62, § 47, “the amount thereof shall be repaid to the complainant by the State treasurer, with interest at the rate of six per cent per annum from the time when the tax was paid, and costs.”
So ordered.