120 Mich. 127 | Mich. | 1899
Lead Opinion
(after stating the facts). 1. Error is assigned upon the refusal of the court to direct a verdict for the defendant. We think the case was a proper one for the determination of a jury, both as to the negligence of defendant and contributory negligence on the part of the plaintiff. The rules of the corporation provide that ‘ ‘ hand-cars * * * must not be on the main line during a fog or snowstorm, or at night, except in -urgent cases, and then only when ordered by the road-master.” It was not customary for hand-cars to be run at night. It was not, therefore, the duty of the plaintiff to be on the lookout for them. When he had exercised that degree of care required of him in looking out for trains, he had complied with the law. If it be conceded that there was no negligence in running the hand-car in the night, common prudence required those in charge to run it over the street at a very moderate rate of speed, especially in view of the darkness, and the noise made by the electric lighting plant. We are not prepared to say that it would not be negligence to run it, even at the rate of speed testified to by the witnesses for the defendant, without any warning. The weight of the car, the tools, and the men upon it, was nearly 3,000 pounds. The momentum of such a weight at five miles an hour would demolish any ordinary vehicle. The instructions quoted above were sufficiently favorable to the defendant.
“I don’t think I was 10feet from the hand-car when I first saw it. It had not come through the fence. I did not hear it before I saw it. I turned to see whether they would run into these people. I saw it strike the buggy on defendant’s track. As I saw one I saw the other, right at the same instant, as they struck the buggy.”
He further testified that he had observed bodies move and in motion a good many times, and had seen horses trot and run. Under objection and exception, he testified that in his- judgment the car was going at léast 12 or 15 miles an hour. On cross-examination he testified:
“ I was not to exceed six feet south of the track when I heard a noise just behind me, a little to the left. I turned to the right, and saw the collision. That is all the opportunity I had to see the car. It ran from the east side of the street, where the cattle-guards are, over to the buggy, while I was turning to the right; and the first I saw of the horse and buggy was when it collided with the car. I could not tell how fast the horse was going. I knew it would be upon & trot, but at what rate of speed I couldn’t say. It happened so quick I could not designate the speed they were going.”
On redirect examination he testified:
“I should say the horse was going just a fair road gait, — perhaps three or four miles an hour; not running.”
He further testified on recross-examination:
“I had a better chance to tell the speed of the hand-car going by me, because I could hear that. My back was towards it. The first thing I saw was when they came together. I must have discovered the speed of the horse and the car at the same time.”
There was no other evidence on the speed of the car,
3. One Blanche Walton, a witness for the plaintiff, stood upon the sidewalk near the track at the time of the accident. On cross-examination she testified that Mr. Hughes, the section foreman in charge of the hand-car, came to see her the next morning, and that she had a conversation with him. She was then asked, “Didn’t you state to him that you heard him make the outcry, ‘ Look out, there! ’ 'just as he was coming through the cattle-guard?” This she denied. Several questions of this character were put to the witness, but she denied having made any such statement. On redirect examination the witness was permitted, under objection and exception, to state all the conversation she had with Mr. Hughes at that time, and testified to damaging admissions made by him, the general effect of which was that he was in fault. Counsel seek to defend the admission of this testimony upon the ground that defendant’s counsel had brought out a part of the conversation, and that the plaintiff was therefore entitled to the whole of it. The case is not within the rule claimed by the plaintiff. The question was asked if she did not make a specific statement, evidently for the purpose of laying the foundation for impeaching her. Mr. Hughes is not the defendant, and was in no position to make admissions binding upon the defendant, under the well-settled rule Andrews v. Mining
4. On the morning after the accident, plaintiff sent for one of the attorneys in this case and a physician; and suit was commenced on that day by the issuing of summons, and notice served by the attorneys upon the agent of the defendant of the assignment of the claim to them, to protect their fees. The testimony of several of plaintiff’s witnesses, who were his particular friends, to exclamations of pain, extending over a considerable period after suit was begun, was admitted, under objection. This question received a very careful consideration in Grand Rapids, etc., R. Co. v. Huntley, supra, where Chief Justice Campbell said:
“The general rule is that they [these statements] must have been made ante litem motam, which is interpreted to mean, not merely before suit brought, but before the controversy exists upon the facts.”
It is evident, upon this record, that plaintiff immediately contemplated a lawsuit. He sent for a physician and a lawyer at the same time, and the suit was commenced. It was tried first in the January following, the jury disagreeing, while the second trial was in March. Under these circumstances, I think his exclamations should have been excluded. All the physicians (both his own and the defendant’s) testify that, applying all the customary tests, they found no evidence of any spinal trouble or permanent injury. Moreover, his own physician testified that he remained in bed when he saw no reason why he should not get up. It is certainly a wholesome rule which excludes such statements when a suit is pending, and the temptation to make testimony is strong. It is suggested that this testimony was admissible under Strudgeon v. Village of Sand Beach, 107 Mich. 496.
“ The exclamations were made by a child of tender-years, in his own home, and not'in the presence of any medical attendant, and under circumstances which indicated that they were natural and ordinary exclamations of pain, called out by the suffering of the plaintiff, and not by any motive of making testimony for himself.”
This case is rather within the decision of Laughlin v. Railway Co., 80 Mich. 154. In that case the expressions were excluded because made “ after suit was commenced, and about the time it was expected to come on for trial.” So in this case the suit was pending, was being pushed as rapidly as possible, and was tried shortly after the expressions were made. Plaintiff was a man of .mature years, and, aside from his expressions, there was no evidence of any serious injury.
5. Counsel for the plaintiff, in his argument to the jury, called the two physicians who testified in behalf of the defendant “hirelings;” denouncing one of them, by the name of Arnold, as “Benedict” Arnold. One of these had been a practicing physician for 37 years, and was a graduate of the University of Michigan and of the College of Physicians & Surgeons in New York city. Among other things, counsel said:
“In the first place, we start out with these doctors,— hired servants of masters. They are engaged by this defendant, and to do this kind of work for them. They are paid from their treasury, and they go with a pass in their pockets.”
We think the counsel went too far in denouncing these witnesses, within the following decisions: Rutter v. Collins, 96 Mich. 510; Anderson v. Railroad Co., 107 Mich. 591; Britton v. Railroad Co., 118 Mich. 491; Geist v. Detroit City Railway, 91 Mich. 446.
6. The defendant requested the court to instruct the jury as follows:
“If the jury find that the plaintiff saw the hand-car before he reached the track, and urged his horse across the*136 track in front of the hand-car, then he would De guilty of contributory negligence, and your verdict'will be for the defendant, — ‘no cause of action.’”
The court gave this instruction, except that he inserted the word “negligently” before “urged.” This left the question to the jury to determine whether such an act was negligent or not. There being no dispute about it, and no two inferences to be drawn from it, the question became one of law. The court should have instructed the jury that such an act would be negligence per se, and bar the right of recovery.
7. Plaintiff was allowed to introduce the mortality tables, which showed that plaintiff’s expectancy of life was about 40 years. These tables are only admissible in a case of permanent injury, or where the suit is brought by the representatives of a deceased person. Plaintiff offered no testimony to show any permanent injury. All the physicians found no evidence of any, and he himself, upon the trial, said that he was not as bad as he used to be. This testimony should have been excluded.
It is strenuously urged by counsel that the defendant was entitled to a new trial upon the ground that the verdict was excessive. Since we have reversed the judgment on other grounds, we do not deem it necessary to discuss this one.
Many other errors are assigned upon the admission and rejection of testimony. They have all received our consideration, and we do not find any error in them.
Judgment reversed, and new trial ordered.
Concurrence Opinion
We concur in the opinion of the Chief Justice, with the exception of what is said under the 4th heading. We think it settled by our decisions that exclamations of present suffering are admissible unless made to one in contemplation of his becoming a witness. Will v. Village of Mendon, 108 Mich. 251; Strudgeon v. Village of Sand Beach, 107 Mich. 496.