75 W. Va. 62 | W. Va. | 1914
By this action the plaintiff administratrix seeks damages for the death of her intestate, who, it is alleged, while a passenger on a train of the defendant railway company, was wrongfully killed by a servant of the company. Through the verdict of a jury, plaintiff has recovered a judgment against defendant for $5000.00, and the latter prosecutes error.
Plaintiff’s intestate was shot by a special police officer appointed at the instance of the defendant company pursuant to Code 1913, ch. 145, sec. 31. Defendant insists that it is not liable for the act. Prima facie such special officer is a public officer and the railway company is not responsible for his acts. But such officer, when specially employed by a common carrier to perform certain duties and services for it, is a servant of the carrier, while acting in the scope of his employment, for whose wrongful acts the carrier is liable. It is liable for such servant’s infliction 'of injury upon a passenger, on a train whereon it is his employment to afford protection to passengers, although the injurious act was wilful
It conclusively appears from the evidence that at the.time Nichols, the special officer, killed Moss, plaintiff’s intestate, the former was not acting as a public officer .for the vindication of the law." He was not engaged in making an arrest or in doing any other thing in the line of an officer of the law. It furthermore conclusively appear.» that he was acting as the servant of the defendant carrier. There is no other proof in this particular but that he was on the train as the servant of the railway company to enforce its rules and protect the passengers. This is his own testimony as to his duties on the train. Whether Moss was a passenger, and whether the killing was justified under the law of self defense, were issues in the case. The verdict involves the finding that he was a passenger, and that Nichols did not kill him in self defense. 'Then the railway company is liable for the action of Nichols in eaus-■in the death, though the killing grew out of a purely personal matter between the two men, as defendant insists it did. • Nichols being on the train in the line of his employment for the protection of the passengers, the carrier is liable for his act in breach of the protection he was employed to afford. His act was one within the scope of his employment in the broader sense in which the law recognizes scope of employment in such instances. 4 Elliott on Railroads, sec. 1638'; 2 Hutchinson on Carriers, sec. 1093.
The trial court instructed the jury in accordance with the principles we have iterated above. It did not err in refusing the instructions asked which were inconsistent therewith. One of the instructions given for plaintiff as to the liability of the carrier for the act of Nichols did not embrace the question whether Nichols was acting as a public officer or as a servant of the carrier, but the conclusive state of the evidence in this regard, as well as the fact that the question was embraced in another instruction, made it not essential to do so.
A review of the instructions as to the question whether Moss was a passenger at the time he was killed discloses no error of the court in its action on them. What Moss’ intention was as to payment of fare was' properly submitted.
At the time this action was instituted, as well as at the time the demurrer was entered, considered, and overruled, it was generally deemed unnecessary to aver that a plaintiff administrator had been duly appointed and qualified. Our decision in Austin v. Calloway came later and brought the neglected point to the attention of the profession. That point was never expressly raised herein until the case reached the appellate court — until the decision in Austin v. Calloway raised it. True, the demurrer to the declaration embraced the point and technically raised it, but in the proceedings below it was quite naturally never deemed of consequence and was not brought to the attention of the court. Just as full and fair a trial on the merits of the action was had on the declaration without the averment as would have been had with it. Defendant was entitled to the averment, because it is a traversable one; but if it had been in the declaration, in all probability it never would have been traversed. Moreover, were we wholly to reverse for want of the averment and to send the case back for the averment to be put in and a new trial to be had, in all probability the averment would not be traversed, or if it were, the due appointment and qualification of the ad-ministratrix would promptly be proved by production of the county records. If there had been any doubt as to the appointment and qualification of the plaintiff as administratrix, would not defendant have raised the issue, even on the declaration as it was? The omission in the declaration clearly had no bearing on the trial of the merits of the alleged wrong. By all the omitted matter was rather conceded to be unnecessary when the case was tried. If we wholly reverse, it will likely avail nothing but to put plaintiff to the costs, delay,, and inconvenience of another trial and give defendant another
Now, for such error alone, shall we order another trial as a whole? To do so, under the circumstances of this case, would seem manifest injustice. Many a similar action has gone through this court and the judgment has been sustained here with the same averment lacking. Simply because we have recently discovered its materialty, and in a sense have taken litigants by surprise, shall we begin to overthrow trials for the omission, of the averment, when there is a sensible way to supply it and to try separately any issue raised on it? Without a retrial of the merits already tried with no error, there is a way to determine safely whether the verdict that has been, found should fall and the suit abate. The one fact to be determined to support the verdict is separable from the merits already tried. If plaintiff duly alleges that she has been appointed and qualified and no issue is taken on that, or if taken is determined in her favor, why in reason and justice, under the peculiar circumstances in relation to the point and its omission, 'should there not be judgment on the verdict? If the averment had been duly made at the proper stage and the plea of ne unques filed thereto, the issue so made would have been tried by the record separately from the issues on the merits of the action, in advance of the same. Why not, since under the circumstances justice seems to require it, try last as well as first this separable issue as to whether plaintiff has been appointed and qualified? There is a demand for straight, speedy, and sensible justice. Here is an opportunity for it, and that without harmful violation of established legal order. Pity it is, that we have no statute which would enable us to disregard wholly such a matter as is relied on for reversal herein.
What the court said in Woodward v. Horst, 10 Iowa, 120, is pertinent here: “It may be admitted, that as a general rule a new trial when granted is awarded for the entire ease, and that ordinarily, courts will not dispose of a cause by piecemeal. And yet when not attended with too much confusion or inconvenience, or where it can be done without prejudice to the rights of the parties, there is no substantial or valid objection to departing from the general rule. In this case
This doctrine is by no means new. It is generally accepted where it safely and certainly meets the ends of justice. In the case before us the omitted point has no' bearing- on the ascertainment of that which has already been ascertained, whether a servant of defendant in the course of his employment wrongfully killed plaintiff’s intestate. How has defendant been prejudiced if it is a fact that plaintiff has 'been duly appointed and qualified? Why in meeting proper ends of justice should not the verdict on the merits stand if the fact is yet averred and not denied, or if denied is established in favor of plaintiff ? Say it is out of the usual course. Does it prejudice the interests of any' one ? Ought not the usual course to be departed from when to follow it will only give to the party demanding that it be followed the benefit of a mere unsubstantial technicality to the likely injury of the other party? If, as is most probable, plaintiff has been duly appointed and qualified, it would be inequitable to plaintiff for us to declare the trial abortive, under the peculiar circumstances which, at so late an hour, have caused advantage to be taken of the point. It is bad enough that in obedience to existing principles we must even reverse the judgment, without our going so far as to overthrow all that has been done.
In a recent work it is stated: “Probably from a desire to eliminate unnecessary litigation, and in the exercise of the discretion with which the appellate court is invested with respect to the granting of new trials, it is undoubtedly the present general rule, in remanding a cause fop a new trial, either by the court or a jury, when error exists only as to one or more issues and the judgment in other respects is free from error, to limit the new trial to the issues affected by the error.” 2 R. O. L. 287.
The same subject is adverted to in 14 Enc. PL & Pr. 937, in this language: “Where the material issues were correctly found upon the first trial, and the error does not touch the merits, a partial new trial to correct that error may be granted. ’ ’
A concrete application of the doctrine, as applied to omitted averment of similar substance as that omitted in the case before us, is found in Grand Trunk Ry. Co. v. Reddick, 160 Fed. 898, wherein it is held: “Where a cause has been properly tried on the merits in a Circuit Court and a judgment rendered for plaintiff, on a reversal because of the failure of the declaration to allege the requisite diversity of citizenship between the parties to give the court jurisdiction, it is competent for the appellate court to remand with leave to permit an amendment, and to try the question of jurisdiction alone, if issue is taken thereon according to the practice with respect to pleas in abatement.” In the course of»the opinion the United States Circuit Court of Appeals said: “If plaintiff had averred that he was a citizen of Illinois and defendant a corporation organized and existing under the laivs of Michigan, and if defendant could honestly have challenged those allegations or either of them, the issue could have been determined in advance of a trial on the merits. We see no just reason why, after a trial on the merits, the logically separable matter of jurisdiction should not be determined.”
The decisions along the same line are numerous. In 7 A. & E. Ann. Cas. 116, they will be found collected in a case note to Smith v. Whittlesey, 79 Conn. 189. In that reported case, the Connecticut court says the principle should be applied when its application is necessary to do justice.
We deem it well, however, to impress that which another court has tersely stated: “It should clearly appear that the matter involved is entirely distinct and separable from the matters involved in the other issues, and that the new trial can be had without danger of complications with other matters.” Benton v. Collins, 125 N. C. 83.
In the light of the foregoing we are of opinion to reverse the judgment and remand the case with the following directions : Let the averment be supplied; if defendant takes issue thereon, let that issue be tried; if no issue is taken, or if taken is found in favor of plaintiff, let judgment be again entered on the verdict; if the averment is not supplied, or if supplied and issue taken on it, is found for defendant, let the verdict be set aside and the action be dismissed.
It may be said that in Austin v. Callotvay and in Perry v. New River, etc., Coal Co. we did not pursue this course. In the first mentioned of these cases, it should have been pursued, but was not brought to our attention. In the last mentioned case, the verdict had already been set aside by the court below, and a new trial awarded. There were reasons warranting us in affirming that order.
Reversed and Remanded.