Morse v. Sherman, 106 Mass. 430

Morse v. Sherman

106 Mass. 430 | Mass. | 1871

Colt, J.

A count on an account annexed may be used under our statute, “ where the action is for one or more items, which would be correctly described by any one of the common counts.” This includes an action for the price of goods bargained and sold, as well as one for goods sold and delivered, because formerly the price in such case could be recovered under an indebitatus assumpsit. Stearns v. Washburn, 7 Gray, 187. Do the facts here reported justify the jury in finding for the plaintiffs under a general count for goods bargained and sold, or such a count for goods sold and delivered ? If so, then the declaration on the account annexed is sufficient, and the case should have been submitted to them.

The evidence reported tends to show a completed contract of sale. Nothing remained to be done by either party, in the way of designating, or appropriating, or accepting, the goods sold. They were all that were in the store of the description named, and were taken from the shelves, scheduled, and put by themselves. After they were thus set apart, the defendant took a portion of them, paying a part of the price, and saying that he had not money to pay for the whole, but promising to pay the balance in a few days. The goods have since been kept by the plaintiffs ready to be surrendered to the defendant upon payment of the balance of the purchase money. The purchase was for cash; and the plaintiffs had a right to retain possession, by virtue of their lien for the price. The contract of sale was executed.

It is a familiar rule of pleading, that, when the terms of a special contract have been so far performed that nothing remains but a mere duty to pay money, then the amount due may be recovered under a general count. It is only necessary to declare specially, when the agreement remains executory. Thus when the contract of sale is complete, and the vendee does not take away the goods, the vendor may recover the price in indebitatus assumpsit. The law does not require that complete delivery, that actual receipt of the goods, which would be necessary to defeat the vendor’s lien fox the price, or his right of stoppage in tran*433situ, or which would be required to take the case out of the statute of frauds. The term “ delivery ” is used in the law of sales in very different senses. It is used in turn to denote transfer of title and transfer of possession; and where the parties have agreed, and the specific articles are appropriated and accepted, then, independently of the statute of frauds, it is often said, there is sufficient delivery to pass the title, although there be no transfer of possession. And this must be so, in order to be consistent with the lien which remains to the vendor for the price. 2 Kent Com. (6th ed.) 492. Simmons v. Swift, 5 B. & C. 857. In Dixon v. Yates, 5 B. & Ad. 313, Parke, J., said that when, by the contract itself, the vendor appropriates to the vendee a specific chattel, and the latter thereby agrees to take the specific chattel and pay the stipulated price, the parties are then in the same situation as they would be in after a delivery of goods in pursuance of a general contract. The appropriation of the chattel is equivalent to delivery by the vendor; and the assent of the vendee, to take the specific articles and pay the price, is equivalent to his accepting possession. And it is now well settled that “ by the law of England, by a contract for the sale of specific ascertained goods, the property immediately vests in the buyer, and a right to the price in the seller, unless it can be shown that such was not the intention of the parties.” Gilmour v. Supple, 11 Moore P. C. 551, 566. Blackburn, J., in Calcutta & Burmah Steam Navigation Co. v. De Mattos, 32 L. J. (N. S.) Q. B. 322, 328. See also Damon v. Osborn, 1 Pick. 476; Middlesex Co. v. Osgood, 4 Gray, 447 ; Riddle v. Varnum, 20 Pick. 280.

In Atwood v. Lucas, 53 Maine, 508, cited for the defendant, the action indeed was upon an account annexed, which would, as we have seen, have been maintained by proof of goods bargained and sold merely, as well as by proof of goods sold and delivered. But the facts of the case are not fully stated in the report; the question passed upon, as appears both in the opinion of the court and the head note of the reporter, was whether general indebitatus assumpsit could be supported, without proof of actual delivery and acceptance of the goods; and it was erroneously assumed that goods bargained and sold required a special count, and could *434not be recovered for under the common counts. That case there* fore is of no weight upon the question what evidence is necessary to maintain an action for goods bargained and sold.

In Turley v. Bates, 2 H. & C. 200, the declaration contained a special count, with counts for goods bargained and sold, goods sold and delivered, and on an account stated; the plaintiff sold the defendant a quantity of clay at a certain price per ton, to be carted away by the defendant and weighed at his own expense; it appeared that it was the intention of the parties that the property should pass to the buyer; and it was held that the plaintiff might recover the balance of the price under a count for goods bargained and sold, although the clay had never been all carted away and weighed.

It is competent, of course, for the parties expressly to agree, in the contract of sale, that the title to the property shall not pass except on the performance of a precedent or concurrent condition, such as the payment of the price. It is then a conditional sale strictly; and it is familiar law that the title will remain in the seller. It will not be a complete sale; it is then an executory contract; and it may be that the vendor’s remedy is only upon a spécial count. The case shows no such express condition here; and there was evidence enough, in the opinion of a majority of the court, to warrant the jury in finding that it was the intention of the parties to make the sale complete and absolute, subject only to the vendor’s lien for the price. Upon such a state of facts, as we have seen, the declaration is sufficient.

Case to stand for trial.