Whitfield, C. J.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
Whether the plaintiff had any contract with the American Snuff Company, the new company formed by the consolidation of others or not, is immaterial, since he did have a valid contract with the Geo. W. Helm Company, one of the constituent corporations going to form the new consolidated company. It seems to be conceded that the consolidation was by proper legislative authority, and the deed by which the Geo. W. Helm Company conveyed 1 ‘ all the property, interest and business ’ ’ belonging to it to the new company fully evidences the consolidation. It was not competent for the Geo. W. Plelm Company to consolidate itself with other companies forming this new consolidated company and escape payment of the debts due from it before consolidation. Where there has been consolidation, the new company takes, with notice, the property of the constituent companies, and is not a bona fide purchaser for value. Consolidation is wholly unlike the bona fide sale of the assets of one corporation to another, as to which latter the true rule is stated in 1 Thomp. Corp., sec. 377. This is a case of consolidation. The Geo. W. Helm Company went out of exist*335ence, and conveyed everything of every kind belonging to it to the new consolidated company. The new company is not a Iona fide purchaser. Says Judge Thompson (1 Thomp. Corp., sec. 375): “Where several corporations are united in one, and the property of the old companies is vested in the new, the latter is liable in equity for the debts of the former, at least to the extent of the property received from them; and, if it'is also liable at law, the legal remedy is not exclusive. The governing principle here is that a corporation cannot give away its assets to the prejudice of its creditors, but that a court of equity will follow such assets as a trust fund into the hands of any new custodian, the same not being a creditor or bona fide purchaser. It is scarcely necessary to add that in such a case the consolidated corporation holds the property received from the absorbed company with notice of any trust attaching to it in favor of its creditors, and cannot claim the rights of a bona fide purchaser without notice. ’ ’ And in sec. 376 he says: ‘ ‘A statute which provides for a consolidation by the purchase by one company of the stock of another, and the issue of its own stock for the same, and which adds that ‘ the purchase herein provided for, or the surrender of the franchises, shall in no way affect the rights of the creditors of the company ’ — -that is, of the absorbed company — give to the general creditors of such company a remedy in equity against the assets of the absorbed company in the hands of the absorbing company upon the theory of a lien, and is not limited to the vain and ideal remedy of an action at law against the absorbed company, although the existence of such company is continued for the purpose of such actions. In so holding, it was said: ‘ If leaving its debts unpaid, its capital, property and effects are distributed among the stockholders or transferred for their benefit to third persons who are not bona fide purchasers without notice; and, still more, if the corporation be dissolved or become so disorganized that it cannot be made answerable at law, then a court of equity will pursue and lay hold of such property and effects, and apply *336them to the payment of what it owes to its creditors. A suit having that object is the most direct, if not the only efficient, means of asserting and vindicating any right of the creditors in such ase as the present; and by holding that it is not maintainable we should refuse to give any real effect to the saving clause in the statute, if such a clause was necessary to enable them to maintain the suit. Certainly if, by virtue of the act, one of the contracting-companies might transfer all of its ample property and effects out of which its creditors ought to be paid to the other and weaker company in consideration of its admitting stockholders of the former to become shareholders of its capital and property thus augmented, and might then, by a sort of legal suicide, slip out of existence, leaving those creditors to sue at law the surviving company, which they have never dealt with, their rights would be very seriously affected thereby. ’ ’ ’ He also says, in 7 Thomp. Corp., sec. 8241: “As already seen, the consolidation of two or more corporations is like the uniting of two or more rivers. Neither stream is annihilated, but all continue in existence. A new river is formed, but it is a river composed of the old rivers, which still exist, though in a different form. So it is with a consolidated corporation. A new corporation is formed, but not in a sense which works a destruction of the rights of action existing against the old one. Independently of statute, the better view is that the new one is liable for any debts, obligations or rights of action of any kind existing in favor of third persons at the time of the consolidation, and may be sued at law or in eqxiity to enforce such rights and obligations, without any agreement to become so answerable, and without any statute imposing the liability.” Again he says (1 Thomp. Corp., sec. 372): “Where one corporation goes entirely out of existence by being annexed to or merged into another corporation, if no arrangements are made respecting the property and liabilities of the corporation that ceases to exist the surviving corporation will be entitled to all the property and answerable *337for all the liabilities of the other. The liabilities of the old corporations are enforceable against the new one in the same way as if no change had been made. ’ ’
From this clearly correct statement of the law three propositions are deducible: (1) That where consolidation has taken place, the new company is liable for the debts of the old to the extent of the property received from the old; (2) that the remedy may be pursued either at law or in equity, the existence of a legal remedy (where one exists) not being exclusive; (3) that in case of consolidation no constituent company can give away its assets to the prejudice of its creditors; and (4) that the new consolidated company holds the property received from the absorbed company with notice of any trusts attaching to it in favor of creditors, and is therefore not a bona fide purchaser. All these propositions have been settled by recent and abundant authority. The rule is thus stated in 6 Am. & Eng. Ene. L., 815, 818: “When two or more corporations are consolidated into a new corporation with a new name, and the constituent corporations go out of existence, if no arrangements .are made respecting their property and liabilities the consolidated corporations will be answerable for their liabilities, at least to the extent of the property acquired from the constituent corporations whose liability is sought to be enforced against the consolidated corporation. ’ ’ “ The consolidated corporation does not occupy the position of a Iona fide purchaser for value, but takes the property subject to all claims against it which were binding upon the constituent corporation from which the property was acquired.” In Berry v. Railroad Co., (Kan.) 36 Pac., 725 (39 Am. St. Rep., 382), the rule is thus stated: “All of the authorities seem to agree that, unless the statute or article of consolidation makes express provision therefor, the new corporation assumes all the liabilities of the old ones, at least in equity to the extent of the property received by it from the old corporation.” 3 Wood, Ry. L., §486; Brum v. *338Insurance Co. (C. C.), 16 Fed., 140; Railway Co. v. Ham, 114 U. S., 587 (5 Sup. Ct., 1081; 29 L. Ed., 235).
The foundation of the liability of a consolidated corporation may rest on a statute or on an agreement either expressed or implied. If the statute does not provide that the new company shall assume the debts and liabilities of the constituent companies, and there is no expressed agreement respecting the same, the debts of the original companies follow as an incident of the consolidation, and become by implication the obligations of the new corporation. Railway Co. v. Powell, 40 Ind., 37; Railroad Co. v. Hendricks, 41 Ind., 48; Railroad Co. v. Boney, 117 Ind., 501 (20 N. E., 432; 3 L. R. A., 435); Railroad Co. v. Shirley, 54 Tex., 125. In the latter case it was said: “If neither statute nor agreement make mention of creditors, the consolidated corporation is held to have assumed the liabilities of its constituents.” Jones], Ry. Secur. (2 ed.), in his note to sec. 364, quotes the following from Railway Co. v. Boney, 117 Ind., 501 (20 N. E., 432; 3 L. R. A., 435): “The rule which the authorities support seems to be that where one corporation goes entirely out of existence, by being. incorporated into another, if no arrangements are made respecting the property and liabilities of the corporation that ceases to exist, the corporation into which it is merged will succeed to all its property, and be answerable for all its liabilities.” And, in same case (117 Ind., 433; 20 N. E., 438; 3 L. R. A., 435), it is further said: “ While it is an open question in some jurisdictions, whether or not in the absence of a statute, the debts of the original companies follow as an incident of the consolidation, and become by implication the obligations of the new corporation, it is settled in this state that the act of consolidation involves an implied assumption by the new company of all the valid debts and liabilities of the consolidated companies. Railroad Co. v. Jones, 29 Ind., 465 (95 Am. Dec., 754); Railway Co. v. Powell, 40 Ind., 37; Railroad Co. v. Hendricks, 41 Ind., 48.”
*339In 1 Beach on Priv. Corp., sec. 343, the rule is thus stated: £ £ The extent of the liability of the new company is at least equal to the property derived by it from each of its constituent parts, for the property of the constituent companies passes into the hands of the new company as a taker with notice charged with the payment of the debts of the old company. And equity will scrutinize with jealousy any arrangement among corporations whereby the assets of the insolvent corporation, which are a trust fund for its creditors, are turned over to another corporation, frittered away, or otherwise diverted from the creditors who have the equitable charge upon it. Conversely, however, where it is otherwise provided, by the enabling act or the contract of consolidation, the new company is not liable upon the debts of the original corporations, except so far as the property derived from each may suffice to satisfy their respective cfeditors. The assets of the old company may be followed in equity, as trust funds, into the hands of the new, and the new company takes with notice of the trust. ’ ’ This rule follows precisely the announcement of Judge Thompson, who is cited as authority for Mr. Beach’s statement.
In 2 Mor. on Priv. Corp., sec. 956, the rule is thus stated: £‘After the consolidation of a corporation with another company, the liability^- of the consolidated company is substituted in the place of the liability of each of the original companies to its creditors, at least to the extent of the assets received. The consolidated company takes the assets of the original companies burdened with the obligations which these companies owed their creditors, but not with greater obligations. It cannot willfully divert these assets from the company’s business, or restore the capital to the shareholders in any form, but it may deal with these assets just as the original companies could deal with them.” Mr. Freeman states the rule in the same terms in his note to McMahan v. Morrison, (Ind. Sup.) 79 Am. Dec., 426, 427. A case precisely in point is Thompson v. Abbott, 61 Mo., 177, where the court say: “Now, where *340one corporation goes entirely out of existence by being annexed to or merged in another corporation, if no arrangements are made respecting the property and liabilities of the corporation that ceases to exist, tbe subsisting corporation will be entitled to all the property, and be answerable for all the liabilities. After subdistrict No. 3 had ceased to exist, there was then no power remaining as an independent organization in its behalf to control its funds or pay off its indebtedness. Its property passed into the hands of the defendant, and when the benefits were taken the burdens were assumed. The pleadings admit that plaintiff’s claim is a 'just and honest debt, and that the annexation took place, and that defendant obtained possession of and control over the property of the subdistriot which owed the debt. Then, manifestly, it became liable for its obligations.” Mr. Beach also says, in 1 Beach Priv. Corp., sec. 350, what is precisely in point here: “A person performing labor under a contract with one of the old companies may maintain an action against the new company to recover whatever sum was due him upon bis contract. ’ ’
As to the remedy where the constituent company has conveyed everything that it has to the consolidated company, it is obvious that it would be a mere travesty of justice to remit the creditor to the constituent company.
The supreme court of Alabama in Railroad Co. v. Branch, 59 Ala., 130, in the passage cited supra from 1 Thomp. Corp., sec. 376, puts the mockery of such remitting of the creditors to the constituent corporation which had divested itself of all its property in the most emphatic terms. And, finally, Mr. Beach says, in sec. 347: “Judgment against the consolidated company on claims against one of the original corporations may be enforced by levy of execution upon the property of • the latter, notwithstanding its dissolution.5 ’
From these various authorities, it is clear that the principles laid down in the outset and stated in Judge Thompson’s work are in every particular correct. It is also clear, from these *341authorities, on the facts of this case, that judgment should have been rendered for the appellant against the consolidated company, to be satisfied out of the property received by the consolidated company from the Geo. W. Helm Company, or the proceeds of such property coming into the possession of the consolidated company. It is said in the brief of counsel for appellant that the very property garnished in this case was a debt due to the Geo. W. Helm Company. If this shall turn out to be true, such debt should be condemned to pay the appellant’s claim.
Reversed cmd remanded.