Morrison Bros. & Co. v. Coleman

87 Ala. 655 | Ala. | 1888

STONE, C. J.

The present case raises the inquiry, whether Spring Creek, a tributary of Choctawhatchie River, above the ebb and flow of the tides, is a navigable stream. All the authorities agree that it is prima facie unnavigable. It was not meandered in the Government surveys; and being above tide-water, the burden is on him who asserts its navigability, to aver and prove it.

When such stream is, and when it is not navigable, is a question which has been many times before this court. If a navigable stream, then it is a public highway, and may not be obstructed. In Rhodes v. Otis, 33 Ala. 578, the question was very elaborately considered, Walker, C. J., delivering the opinion of the court. After collating many authorities, the summing up in that case contained the following language: “It does not appear that the public generally, or any large number of persons, will ever use the stream for such purpose. Indeed the short distance to which the stream can be used [six or seven miles], affords a strong argument that no large number of persons will probably ever use it for floating timber. The stream, even below the mouth of Tallahatta creek, can only be used for floatage in freshets from head water, or from back water from the Tombeckbee river. In case of freshets from head water, it can be used for floating rafts only for a very short time, because the creek, being a very short one, runs down very soon.....The highest estimate of the aggregate of the brief periods when it might be used, for the short distance for floating rafts and logs on account of freshets and back water, is three months. The creek is not shown to have been excepted from the Government surveys. Upon such evidence it can not be said, that Bashi creek is a navigable stream.” —Peters v. N. O., M. & C. R. R. Co., 56 Ala. 528; Walker v. Allen, 72 Ala. 456; Sullivan v. Spotswood, 82 Ala. 163.

In the case of The Daniel Ball, 10 Wall. 557, speaking of streams above tide-water, the court said: “A different test must, therefore, be applied to determine the navigability of rivers, and that is found in their navigable capacity. Those rivers must be regarded as public navigable rivers in law, which are navigable in fact. And they are navigable in fact when they are used, or are susceptible of being used, in their ordinary condition, as highways for commerce, over which trade and travel are or may be conducted in the customary modes of trade and travel on water.” In Angell on Water-Courses, § 535, is this language: “All rivers above the flow of tide-water are, by the common law, prima facie, private, but when they are naturally of sufficient depth for valuable floatage, the public have an easement therein for the purposes of transportation and commercial intercourse; and, in fact, they are public highways by water.” This doctrine is amply supported by authority, and nowhere is it, perhaps, better or more clearly expressed than in Morgan v. King, 35 N. Y. 454. And we have declared substantially the same doctrine. — Lewis v. Coffee County, 77 Ala. 190; Olive v. State, 86 Ala. 88.

We declare, as the result of our own rulings and of the weight of authority, that a fresli-water stream above tidewater is navigable and a public highway, when, and only when it is susceptible of being used, in ordinary condition, for a highway of commerce, over which there may be trade, travel, transportation, or valuable floatage. We are not to be understood as affirming that, to be a navigable stream or public highway, it must be susceptible of the enumerated uses for the entire year. Most inland streams contain a greater volume of water in winter than in summer. Our precise meaning is, that for a season, or considerable part of the year, it must contain that depth of water, which fits it for such transportation. It excludes all those streams which have the requisite volume of water only occasionally, as the result of freshets, and for brief periods, as unnavigable, and private property.

The bill in the present case alleges that Spring Creek is a navigable stream and public highway. It alleges further, “that said stream has been used for the purpose above stated, for, to-wit, tbe floating of saw-logs down said creek to tbe Choctawkatchie river, a navigable stream flowing across the State of Florida to tbe Gulf of Mexico, by tbe public generally, and by orators and tbeir predecessors in title, for a long series of years, viz.: twenty years; and that said stream is navigable at all times, except in seasons of protracted drouth.” Tbe bill avers that Coleman, tbe defendant, bad placed obstructions in Spring Creek two and a half miles above complainants’ mill, and cut off tbeir right and power to float logs from tbeir lands above tbe obstruction, down to tbeir mill.

Possibly we might indulge in a criticism of the language copied from tbe bill. We think, however, that on any construction, tbe averments of tbe bill are not sufficiently specific to justify tbe severe writ of injunction prayed for in this case. Complainants own a mill on Spring Creek near tbe point where it empties into Choctawhatchie River. Tbe obstruction complained of is two and a half miles above, by tbe course of tbe stream. Still above that, complainants own timbered lands bordering on tbe stream. It is not averred bow long Spring Creek is, bow far up it is navigable, nor whether its navigability extends above tbe obstruction Coleman placed in it, or whether it could be, or ever bad been used for floating logs above that point. On tbe most favorable construction for tbe complainants, tbe averment of tbeir bill may be true in every part of it, and yet tbe navigability of Spring Creek may not extend above Coleman’s obstruction. It is common knowledge that inland streams, even tbe largest, have a point above which they cease to be navigable. Pleadings, to be sufficient, must at least show a prima facie right of recovery.

The foot-note to tbe bill calls for an answer under oath, and the defendant so answered. We extract from it: “Respondent denies that Spring Creek is a navigable stream, and further denies that it is a public highway; denies that logs can be floated down said stream, only in cases of high water or freshets, and then only three or four days at a time; denies that said stream has ever been used as a navigable stream, or as a public highway.” In another place, tbe answer says: “Respondent denies that said Spring Creek was ever used for transporting logs down to said mill, above where respondent has erected bis mill on said creek, except by complainants, who have only used it for a few months.” They bad owned the property only seven months when tbe bill was filed.

We are not able to perceive that the answer does not answer categorically every averment that gives to the bill a semblance of equity. So, the injunction was rightly dissolved, for two reasons: want of equity in the bill, and the denials in the answer.

That defendant Coleman was so far the owner of the land he claimed as to be able to maintain or defend a suit concerning it, we have decided at the present term in Case v. Edgeworth, ante, p. 203; s. c., 5 So. Rep. 783.

Should complainants be advised to amend their bill, what we have said will be a sufficient guide for the purpose.

The decretal order of the chancellor, dissolving the injunction, is affirmed.