Before the Court are Motions for Partial Summary Judgment filed by Plaintiff Mor-occanoil, Inc. (“Moroceanoil”) and Defendant Groupon, Inc. (“Groupon”). (Dkt. Nos. 168, 175.) Oppositions. and replies, along with voluminous evidence, were filed with both Motions. The Court heard oral argument on September 22, 2017. For the following reasons the Court. GRANTS in part and DENIES in part Moroccanoil’s Motion, and DENIES Groupon’s Motion.
I. BACKGROUND
Moroceanoil is the exclusive United States distributor of a hair oil referred to herein as Moroceanoil Treatment, and owns several trademarks it uses in connection with marketing its Moroceanoil Treatment. See First Amended Complaint (“FAC”) ¶¶ 3, 4, 15. Moroceanoil alleges that between August and October 2015, Groupon sold, through its e-commerce marketplace, counterfeit Moroceanoil Treatment in packaging bearing Morocca-noil’s trademarks and that used trade dress nearly identical to Moroccanoil’s trade dress. FAC ¶¶ 21-22. Based on these allegations, Moroceanoil sued Groupon for (1) federal trademark infringement and counterfeiting, 15 U.S.C. § 1114; (2) federal false designation of original and unfair competition, 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a); (3) unfair competition and false advertising, Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code §§ 17200, 17500; and (4) common law unfair competition and conspiracy.
. Moroceanoil also sued the individuals and business who supplied the counterfeit products. Those claims were all resolved by consent judgments and permanent injunctions.
Moroceanoil now moves for summary adjudication that “Groupon infringed Mor-occanoil’s trademark rights under 15 U.S.C. §§ 1114 and 1125(a) and violated Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17200 et seq., (1) by selling hon-genuine Moroceanoil Treatment products bearing those trademarks, which products are materially different than the Moroceanoil Treatment products that are authorized by Moroceanoil, Inc. for sale in the United States, (2) by knowingly' selling such materially different products, and (3) by selling Moroceanoil Treatment products that are counterfeit.” Mot. 7:10-18. Thus, Moroceanoil is moving for summary adjudication as to Groupon’s liability for its first three causes of action.
Groupon moves for summary adjudication as to Moroccanoil’s claims for monetary relief on numerous grounds and for injunctive'relief on the ground that it is moot.
II. LEGAL STANDARD
A motion for summary judgment must be granted when “the pleadings, the discovery and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show that there' is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c); Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc.,
“Where the record taken as a whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the nonmoving party, there is mo ‘genuine issue for trial.’ ” Matsushita,
The two motions are focused on different issues so the Court will address them separately.
III. MOROCCANOIL’S MOTION IS GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART.
A. Undisputed Facts
After reviewing Moroccanoil’s Statement of Undisputed Facts, Groupon’s Statement of Genuine Issues, and Moroccanoil’s Response thereto, the Court finds that the following facts are not genuinely disputed.
Plaintiff Moroccanoil owns three Moroc-canoil Trademarks that it uses in connection with its Moroccanoil brand hair and body care products, including a Morocca-noil Treatment hair care product featuring argan oil. (SUF T-8.) All Moroccanoil Treatments bear at least one of the Moroc-canoil Trademarks on the inner (bottle) and outer (box) packaging. (SUF 11, 28.) Moroccanoil Israel manufactures all of Moroccanoil’s Moroccanoil Treatments for retail in 70 countries worldwide. (SUF 29-30.) Moroccanoil Israel customizes the packaging for each country by using specific language combinations, symbols, layouts, product instructions and information, and identification and contact information for the distributor to comply with each country’s regulations and to appeal to consumers there. (SUF 31.)
Moroccanoil Treatment products authorized by Moroccanoil for sale in the United States (“U.S. Moroccanoil Treatment”) are packaged in bottles and boxes specifically designed for use in the United States,' and to comply with federal regulations and appeal to United States consumers. (SUF 35-37.) In particular, U.S. Moroccanoil Treatment products are in packaging with English as the primary language and either Spanish and/or French as the secondary language; they always express the net volume of their contents in fluid ounces to comply with U.S. law; the packaging identifies ' Moroccanoil as the distributor by name and address in California; include a toll-free U.S.number for consumers to contact Moroccanoil; and they bear a period-after-opening symbol to show the shelf-life of an opened product. (SUF 39, 42, 44, 46, 48.) All authentic Moroccanoil Treatments also include a matrix code on the inner packaging that is viewable through the outer packaging and scannable with a smartphone. (SUF 118.) Each unit has a unique matrix, code that yields a unique alphanumeric sequence when scanned. (SUF 119,120.)
Groupon is an online merchant that acquires products from third parties and resells them to consumers in the U.S. and •elsewhere, including by using a “drop-ship”
The packaging of the Groupon Treatments Moroccanoil purchased also differed from the U.S. Moroccanoil Treatments in several ways, including: two of them had Spanish, not English, as the primary language and the other had Hebrew as the secondary language, which U.S. Morocca-noil Treatments never have (SUF 75-86); they did not display a toll-free' United States customer service number, identify Moroccanoil as the distributor, and/or or provide distributor information in English (SUF 87-98); they did not state the net volume of the contents in fluid ounces (SUF 103-105); one did not include the period-after-opening symbol (SUF 107); and one includes a different ingredients in its ingredient list (SUF 109).
Groupon received a sample of a Grou-pon Treatment (“Sample Groupon Treatment”) on September 16, 2015 and its packaging includes Moroccanoil Trademarks but its packaging differs from authentic Moroccanoil Treatments in most of the same ways as the three items Moroc-canoil purchased. (SUF 71, 74, 77- 99-102; 106; 108; 110; 112.) The Sample Groupon Treatment was also leaking. Upon receipt of the • Sample Groupon Treatment, Groupon was -surprised that there was a language other than English on the packaging. (SUF 113.) Groupon received complaints from purchasers of the Groupon Treatment concerning, among other things, the authenticity of the item and noting that the packaging included unfamiliar languages. (SUF 115, Ex. 541.)
B. Elements of Trademark Infringement
Moroccanoil seeks summary adjudication as to Groupon’s liability for federal trademark infringement and unfair competition, and for unfair competition under § 17200 and California common law.
“To succeed on a claim for trademark infringement or unfair .competition, [a] party must establish: (1) ownership of the. trademark at issue; (2) use by defendant, without authorization, of a copy, reproduction, counterfeit or colorable imitation of the moving party’s mark in con-néction
Morrocanoil relies on two theories to establish that Groupon infringed its trademarks: a counterfeiting theory and a “material difference” theory. The Court will address them in turn.
C. The Court GRANTS Moroccanoil’s Motion for Summary Adjudication as to Liability on its Counterfeiting Theory of Infringement
Counterfeiting is a form of trademark infringement so the elements are the same as though set forth above.
Groupon concedes that Moroccanoil owns the Moroccanoil Trademarks in issue.
It is also undisputed that the Groupon Treatments are counterfeit. Indeed, Moroccanoil has shown that all authentic Moroccanoil Treatment products bear a unique, scannable matrix code on each unit, and that the Groupon Treatments bore non-unique matrix codes. Mor-occanoil also established that the contents of the Groupon Treatments were distinctly different from the contents of authentic Moroccanoil Treatment. Groupon’s sole argument is that because Morrocanoil purchased and tested only three of the Groupon Treatments, it can establish counterfeiting only as to those three items. This argument is meritless. Taken to its logical conclusion, it would require trademark owners to purchase all (or at least a large quantity) of an infringer’s infringing goods to establish its claim. Groupon points to no cases so holding, and in' fact, many cases have found that a sampling of infringing goods is sufficient to establish liability. See, e.g., Innovation Ventures, LLC v. Ultimate One Distrib. Corp.,
Finally, likelihood of confusion has been established. Where, as here, the “case[] involve[ed] counterfeit marks, it is unnecessary to perform the step-by-step [8-ele-ment Sleekcraft ] examination ... because counterfeit marks are inherently confusing.” Phillip Morris USA v. Shalabi,
Moroccanoil has also presented evidence of actual confusion: Groupon’s customers’ complaints
■ For the foregoing reasons, Moroccanoil has established that Groupon is liable for trademark infringement and unfair competition because it sold counterfeit Morocca-noil Treatments.
D. The Court DENIES Morocca-noil’s Motion as to its Material Difference Theory.
The material difference theory is somewhat more obscure: it applies to gray market goods, that is, “goods that are legitimately produced and sold abroad under a particular trademark, and then imported and sold in the United States in competition with the U.S. trademark holder’s products.” Hokto Kinoko Co. v. Concord Farms, Inc.,
‘Here, the undisputed material facts establish that the Groupon Treatments bore numerous material differences from U.S. Moroccanoil Treátments, including' that the Groupon Treatments had Spanish as a primary language and Hebrew as a secondary language, did riot show the volume in fluid ounces, lacked information about the distributor, lacked the period-after-opening symbol, included different ingredients in the ingredients lists, and the product itself had a different composition and is therefore counterfeit. These are all material differences. But this last fact—that the Groupon Treatments were counterfeit— also forecloses the “material difference” theory because this theory applies only to gray market goods, which are, by definition, goods legitimately produced by the trademark owner, meaning, goods that are not counterfeit. Moroccanoil has not pointed to any cases applying this theory to counterfeit goods. Because it does not appear that this theory applies to the facts of this- case, the Court declines to grant summary adjudication on this theory.
Groupon seeks summary adjudication of numerous remedies-related issues. Having considered all of the briefing and upon review of the evidentiary record, the Court finds that material issues of triable fact preclude summary adjudication of any of these issues. The Court addresses Grou-pon’s arguments briefly in turn.
Groupon first contends that, for many reasons, Moroccanoil cannot show it is entitled .to any of the monetary relief it seeks, including actual damages, Groupon’s profits, or statutory damages. None of these arguments has merit.
Groupon argues that equity bars any monetary recovery because. Moroccanoil failed to mitigate its damages because it did not immediately alert Groupon of the suspected infringement, either by phone, email, or an online form on the Groupon website for this purpose. Groupon contends that had Moroccanoil notified it of the problem, it would have immediately stopped selling the Groupon Treatments, thereby avoiding harm to Moroccanoil. But Moroccanoil itself needed time to investigate, and it did so promptly by ordering a sample the day after Groupon’s sale started; Moroccanoil filed suit only six weeks later. Nothing about Moroccanoil’s conduct calls on equity to intervene and bar it from recovering damages.
Groupon argues that'disgorgement of profits is not available because there is no evidence of willfulness and because it did not make a profit. But there, is sufficient evidence upon which to base a finding of willfulness. For example, Grouporis buyer admitted that when he saw other languages besides English on the Sample Groupon . Treatment’s packaging he. received on September 15, he complained to the supplier. Furthermore, that .package was leaking, which is arguably a red flag for a counterfeit. And, Groupon. received numerous customer complaints challenging‘the authenticity of the Groupon Treatments, yet continued to sell them. Such evidence creates a triable issue as to willfulness. And, whether Groupon made any profit is also a triable issue. For one thing, Grouporis undisputed fact 24, which purports to establish its lacks of profits, is a string of numerous of facts, picked from disparate evidence that is not readily verifiable. Not surprisingly, then, Moroccanoil’s response to this fact effectively raises a triable issue by challenging the accuracy of Groupon’s calculations. Whether Groupon made any profits" is therefore a triable issue.
Groupon also argues that treble damages for counterfeiting are not available because there is no evidence that it knew or was willfully blind to the counterfeit products. Under 15 U.S.C. § 117(b), unless there are extenuating circumstances, a court must award treble damages for intentionally using a countérfeit mark. The same evidence cited above that creates a triable issue as to willfulness as relevant to disgorgement also creates a triable issue as to Grouporis knowledge of,
Groupon also argues that Moroc-canoil cannot recover punitive damages under its common law unfair competition claim because it cannot show that Groupon acted with malice, oppression, or fraud. Binder v. Disability Grp., Inc.,
Groupon also argues that attorneys’ fees. are not available under 15 U.S.C. § 1117(a) because this case is not “exceptional,” or under 15 U.S.C. §.1117(b) because it did not sell counterfeit goods “intentionally]” or, “knowingly].” Again, the Court rejects these arguments. Willful conduct can support, an award of fees under either statute, and as discussed above, whether Groupon acted willfully is a triable issue. In short, all of these issues concerning Groupon’s state of mind are highly fact-intensive,-and there is sufficient evidence to create a triable issue.
Finally, Groupon argues that the claim for injunctive relief is moot because it stopped selling the Groupon Treatments as soon- as it learned of the- infringement through this lawsuit. Considering all of the circumstances above—including Groupon’s prior infringements of the marks, the triable issues as to its willfulness and intent—Groupon has simply not established that an injunction will not be necessary.
V. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons,, the Court GRANTS Moroccanoil’s. Motion for Summary Adjudication that Groupon infringed its marks by selling counterfeit goods, and DENIES the Motion that Groupon infringed by selling materially different gray market goods.
The Court DENIES Groupon’s Motion in its entirety.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Notes
. Morrocanoil does not seek summary adjudication of its conspiracy claim.
. The Court overrules Groupon’s evidentiary objections to the customer complaints.
. Moroccanoil also seeks a determination that Groupon knew it was selling infringing goods, but this argument applies only to its theory that Moroccanoil sold materially different gray market goods;. Moroccanoil does not argue, in this motion, that Groupon knew it was selling counterfeit goods.
. Groupon also asks the Court to take judicial notice of thousands of pages of court records consisting of docket sheets, complaints, and judgments from some 82 other trademark infringement actions Moroccanoil has filed. See Dkt. No. 178. The request is resolutely DENIED. This material is not relevant to any of the issues before the Court. Even if these documents are marginally relevant, the Court resources it would take to review them are all out of proportion to any value they might add; It should' go without saying that the Court will not squander its resources on such endeavors.