The complainant, William C. Morgan, is a general clerk in the office of the collector of internal revenue for the Fifth district of Tennessee. He was first appointed and qualified during the incumbency of Frank P. Bond as collector; and while serving under that appointment the position was placed within the classified service by the executive order of November 2, 1896, promulgating amended civil service rales, and extending the executive civil service so as to include places of the character held by complainant. Upon
The act of January 16, 1883, commonly called the “Civil Service Act,” deals in no direct way with the tenure of office of those persons then, or who might thereafter be, included within the classified service. Nor does it make any declaration expressly bearing upon the subject of removals from office, except in the single provision found in the thirteenth section, which prohibits any promotion, degradation, removal, or discharge of any officer or employé for giving or withholding or neglecting to make any contribution of money or other valuable thing for any political purpose. It is now well settled that, in the absence of constitutional or statutory regulation, the power of appointment carries with it, as an incident, the power to remove. This was first authoritatively determined in respect to appointments vested by the constitution, or by act of congress, in the president, judges of United States courts, and heads of departments, in the case reported as In re Hennen, 13 Pet. 230; the question there being as to the power of a district judge to remove a district court clerk. The doctrine of that case was followed, in an elaborate opinion, in Parsons v. U. S., 167 U. S. 324, 17 Sup. Ct. 880. The civil service act prescribes no tenure of office, and does not deny the power of removal, except in the particular mentioned. The executive rules in force prior to November 2, 1896, in no way undertook to regulate removals; and it is a part of the
“No person in the executive civil service shall dismiss, or cause to he dismissed, or make any attempt to procure the dismissal of, or in any manner change the official rank or compensation of, any other person therein, because of his political or religions opinions or affiliations.”
This rule was amended July 27, 1897, by President McKinley, who added a new paragraph, as paragraph 8, in these words:
“No removal shall be made from any posiiion subject to competitive examination, except for just cause, and upon written charges filed with the head of the department, or other appointing officer, and of which the accused shall have full notice, and an opportunity to make defense.”
That these authoritative orders of the chief executive have been, or are about to he, most flagrantly violated by the defendant, who is a subordinate executive officer, cannot he, and has not been, denied. But the question contested is the power of a court of equity to prevent such violation by the writ of injunction. This authority is questioned upon two grounds:
1. It is said that the civil service rules, so far as they deny the unrestrained power of removal, are not the law of the land, but are mere executive orders, dependent for their force upon the vigilance and earnestness of the chief executive in compelling his appointees to regard and obey regulations voluntarily imposed by him as a regulation by the appointing power of its otherwise unrestrained liberty of removal. To this contention I am constrained to yield my assent. These rules regulating the power of removal were made by the president, and may he repealed, altered, or amended at his pleasure. Prior to November 2, 1896, no such restraints existed; and, if after that date they came into force, it was alone by virtue of an executive order. Law is not thus enacted, altered, or amended. Law must be an expression of a rule of action by the legislative authority. These civil service rules, so far as they deal with the executive right of removal, — a right which is but an incident of the power of appointment, —are hut expressions of the will of the president, and are regulations imposed by him upon his own action, or that of heads of departments appointed by him. He can enforce them by requiring obedience to them on penalty of removal. But they do not give to the euipioyés within the classified civil service any such tenure of office as to confer upon them a property right in the office or place.
2. Another and equally serious objection to the power of this court to grant relief is found in the fact that a court of equity will not, by injunction, restrain an executive officer from making a wrongful removal of a subordinate appointee, nor restrain the appointment qf another. This is a general limitation upon the power of courts of equity, regardless of whether the removal is from a federal, state, or municipal office. In Re Sawyer, 124 U. S. 200, 8 Sup. Ct. 482, the jurisdiction of a United States court of equity to restrain by injunction the removal of a public officer was involved, and also its juris
“It is equally well settled that a court of equity has no .iurisdiction over the appointment and removal of public officers, whether the power of removal is vested, as well as that-of appointment, in executive or administrative boards or officers, or is intrusted to a .judicial tribunal. The jurisdiction to determine the title to a public office belongs exclusively .to the courts of law, and is exercised either by certiorari, error, or appeal, or by mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto, or information in the nature of a writ of quo warranto, according to the circumstances of the case, and the mode of procedure established by the common law or by statute.”
In support of this conclusion the learned justice cited many cases,—among them: Attorney General v. Clarendon, 17 Ves. 491-498; Tappan v. Gray, 9 Paige, 507-512; Hagner v. Heyberger, 7 Watts & S. 104; Updegraff v. Crans, 47 Pa. St. 103; Cochran v. McCleary, 22 Iowa, 75; Delahanty v. Warner, 75 Ill. 185; Sheridan v. Colvin, 78 Ill. 237; Beebe v. Robinson, 52 Ala. 66; Moulton v. Reid, 54 Ala. 320. To these authorities I may add the following: Muhler v. Hedekin, 119 Ind. 481, 20 N. E. 700; Fletcher v. Tuttle, 151 Ill. 41, 37 N. E. 683; and People v. Canal Board of New York, 55 N. Y. 393.
“The office and jurisdiction of a court of equity, unless enlarged by statute, are limited to the protection of rights of property.” In re Sawyer, 124 U. S. 210, 8 Sup. Ct. 487; World’s Columbian Exposition v. U. S., 18 U. S. App. 159, 6 C. C. A. 58, and 56 Fed. 654. The distinction between the jurisdiction of courts of law and courts of equity is most rigidly observed in the circuit courts of the United States, and the powers of a circuit court as a court of equity will not he exercised unless a case is made coming under some acknowledged head of equity jurisdiction. In respect to the exercise of equitable jurisdiction over public officers, the court of appeals of New York well expressed the rule in People v. Canal Board of New York, 55 N. Y. 393, when it said:
“A court of equity exercises its peculiar jurisdiction, over public officers, to control their action, only to prevent a breach of trust affecting- public franchises, or some illegal act, under color or claim of right, affecting injuriously the property rights of individuals. A court of equity has, as such, no supervisory power of jurisdiction over public officials or public bodies, and only takes cognizance of actions against or concerning them when a case is made, coming within one of the acknowledged heads of equity jurisdiction.”
The question of the power of a court of equity to restrain removals contrary to the provisions of the executive rules for carrying into effect the civil service act has of late been frequently before the courts. In the case of Wood v. Gary, a case in the superior court of the District of Columbia, not yet reported, where the opinion was by Justice Cox, and in Dudley v. James, 83 Fed. 345, where the opinion was by Judge Barr, and an unreported case, before Judge Rodgers, decided in the circuit court for the district of Western Arkansas, conclusions were reached identical with those I have indicated upon both points of the defense. The same questions arose before Judge Jenkins in Carr v. Gordon, 82 Fed. 373, and in Taylor v. Kercheval (before Judge Baker) 82 Fed. 497, and was by each of those learned judges elaborately considered; and both came to the conclusion that the rules regulating removals in the classified service were mere executive orders, not having the force or effect of law, and that, aside from this, a court of equity will not, by
In High, Inj. § 1315, it is said:
“While courts of equity 'refuse to interfere by the exercise of their preventive jurisdiction to determine questions relating to title to office, they frequently recognize and protect the position of officers de facto by protecting such positions against the interference of adverse claimants.”
There are possibly exceptional cases where one, having a vested right to an office, and who is in actual possession, is about to he dispossessed, by force and unlawfully, where equity may, without trying the title to the office, restrain such unlawful interference by a claimant to the office, and compel the latter to resort to legal remedies, and establish in a court of law his title. Certainly this is not such a case, but one clearly falling within the general doctrine announced authoritatively in Re Sawyer, heretofore cited. For the reasons indicated an injunction must be refused. The demurrer will be sustained, and the bill dismissed, with costs.