Morbey v. Chicago & Northwestern Railway Co.

116 Iowa 84 | Iowa | 1902

Ladd, C. J. —

The facts arc fully stated in the opinion delivered by Bobinson J., on the former appeal. Morbey v. Railway Co., 105 Iowa, 46. Several of the points now discussed were there disposed of. Substantially the same evidence was before the court at that time, and the issues with respect to McGovern’s authority to operate the engine as he did, Rahm’s neglect in not stopping it in time to avoid ‘the injury, and Morbey’s contributory negligence were held to have been rightly submitted to the jury. Upon re-examination of the record, we are not inclined to change the conclusion then reached.

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2 II. The defendant excepted to the portion of the tenth paragraph of the charge set out: “It follows from this that, although the defendant may have been negligent at the time of the injury, yet if the plaintiff’s intestate, by his • own negligence, directly contributed to bring upon himself the injuries that resulted in his death, his administratrix, the plaintiff in this -case, cannot recover, unless you find that the defendant knew he was negligent and in danger long enough before the accident so that it (the defendant) could by the exercise of reasonable and ordinary care, have prevented the accident, as hereinafter explained.” It is said there was no evidence that Rahm knew Morbey was negligent. . But it is undisputed that Rahm had left engine No. 383, under which Morbey was working as clinker puller, shortly before he got on the other engine, handled by McGovern. There is no evidence as to whether he observed the situation of Morbey, or that the wheels were not blocked as required; and it may be that Rahm’s knowledge of any negligence on Morbey’s part, if any there was, cannot be inferred. But subsequent instructions are referred tc for explanation, and when these are examined it clearly appears that no more was intended than knowledge of Morbey’s peril. If Rahm knew Morbey was under 383, in a shallow pit for the purpose of cleaning out the fire pan, and in that situation was exposed to great danger, and, notwithstanding this, negligently permitted 355 to run him down, the fact of deceased’s previous negligence would furnish no excuse. In other words, it was not essential that Rahm comprehend the character of Morbey’s acts. It is sufficient that he appreciated his great peril, or should have done so. If he did, and, by the exercise of ordinary care, could have avoided the accident notwithstanding the previous negligence of the deceased, liability follows. This rule seems to be in accord with the rule as stated by the text writers. See 1 Bailey, Personal Injuries section 1177 et seq.; Shearman. & Redfield Neg. section 2, 25, 35, 36; Beems v. Railway Co., 67 Iowa, 442; Wooster v. Railway Co., 74 Iowa, 596. It will not do to shield a party from liability for negligence to one in a known position of peril, regardless of Ms conduct, and permit a recovery only when the injured is known to have been negligent in that position. Appellant also insists that the court erred in instructing the jury to consider “the instincts which naturally lead men to avoid injury and preserve their own lives, and the presumption that they will' ordinarily do so.” As there was no direct evidence of what Morbey was doing at the -time of the accident, or how he came to receive his injuries, the giving of this instruction is in accordance with the rule laid down in Bell v. Incorporated Town of Clarion, 113 Iowa, 126.

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4 III. Appellant also .urges that the evidence conclusively shows that Morbey knew that other clinker pullers were in the habit of operating engines as did McGovern, and hence that he assumed the risk involved, and that the instruction requested to this effect should have been given. In another portion of their brief counsel concluded, after an exhaustive review of the evidence, that they “do not believe a scintilla of evidence can be found in the record to show that any one aside from McGovern ever knew or heard of any employee running these engines around for practice.” It would seem that this furnishes a sufficient answer. But, even if he had such knowledge, in the absence of information to the contrary he cannot be assumed to have known that those wholly incompetent to manage an engine would be permitted to do so> and the court rightly instructed that he must be found also to have appreciated the peril be-; fore being held to have assumed the risk. Whether Bahm could have warned Morbey in time to enable him to escape, we think a question for the jury. While the latter may have had the right to assume the engine under which he was at work would not be disturbed, yet several sharp whistles from another engine near by on the same track, if given shortly after Bahm got on, might have attracted his intention. Of course, much depends upon-when Rahm became aware of the situation, and was called upon to act, and the probability of Morbey hearing and giving heed. These were appropriate matters for the jury’s consideration and determination.

5 IY. There is, as contended by appellant, a manifest difference between a special verdict and the finding of the facts in answer to interrogatories propounded to the jury. A special verdict is in lieu of a general verdict, and its design is to exhibit all the ultimate facts, and leave the legal conclusions entirely to the court. Code, section 3726; Helphrey v. Railroad Co., 29 Iowa, 480. Findings of fact in answer to interrogatories do not dispense with the general verdict. Shadbolt & Boyd Iron Co. v. Camp, 80 Iowa, 539. A special verdict covers all the issues in the case, while an answer to a special interrogation may respond to but a single inquiry pertaining merely to one issue, though essential to the - general verdict Chicago & Northwestern Ry. Co. v. Dunleavy, 129 Ill. 132, (22 N. E. Rep. 15) ; First Nat. Bank v. Peck, 8 Kan. 660; Manning v. Gasharie, 27 Ind. 409; 20 Enc. Pl. & Prac. 300. The one method of ascertaining the facts often serves precisely the same purpose as the other. The advantage of special interrogatories is that the parties are not deprived of the benefit of the general verdict, and all the ultimate facts need not be called for. The design of special interrogatories is fi> point out the controlling questions in the case, exact for them separate consideration, and thereby guard against misapprehension of what are the vital issues to be determined. When the answers cover all the ultimate facts, these furnish a full explanation of the general verdict, and a safe test of its accuracy. Their use, however, should never be perverted to the purpose of confusing and misleading jurors, nor to that of merely satisfying the curiosity of parties. Yet this might, and no doubt would, often be the result, if, upon the request ’of either party, the jury must be required to find “specially upon any particular question of fact, regardless of whether it inhered in or affected the general verdict.” A finding on any question if it relate to “material matters bearing on the isues,” contended to be sufficient by appellant, if not involving the final result, could be of no real advantage to either party. “However natural the curiosity parties may have to know the course of reasoning by which jurors may arrive at verdicts either for or against them, they have no right, under the guise of submitting questions of faet to be found especially by the jury, to require them to give their views upon each item of evidence, and thus practically subject them to a cross-examination as to the entire case.” Such a practice, while serving no useful purpose, would seriously embarrass the administration of justice. Section 3727 of the Code, relating to special interrogatories, has uniformly been construed as pari materia with section 3726, concerning special verdicts, and the particular questions of facts to be called for in answer to interrogatories held to'be the ultimate facts presented in a special verdict. German Sav. Bank v. Citizens' Nat. Bank, 101 Iowa, 530; Nodle v. Hawthorn, 107 Iowa, 383; Thompson v. Brown, 106 Iowa, 367. Under section 3728, special findings, if inconsistent with, control the general verdict. This necessarily implies that the question submitted shall be controlling. This subject is so luminously treated by Bailey, J\, in Chicago & Northwestern Co. v. Dunleavy, supra, that we quote with approval from that opinion: “May such questions relate to mere evidentiary facts, or should they be restricted to those ultimate facts, upon which the rights of parties directly depend ? Evidently the latter. Not only does this conclusion follow from analogy to the rules relating to special verdicts, but it arises from the very nature of the case. It would clearly be of no avail to require the jury to find mere matters of evidence, because, after being found, they would in no way aid the court in determining what judgment to render. Doubtless, a probative fact from which the ultimate fact necessarily results would be material, for there the court could infer such ultimate fact as a matter of law. But where the probative fact is merely prima facie evidence of the fact .to- be proved, the proper deductions to be.drawn from the probative fact present a question of fact, and not of law, requiring further action by the jury; and it cannot, therefore, be made the "basis of action by the court. Requiring the jury to find such probative fact is merely requiring them to find the evidence, and not the. facts, and results in nothing which can be of the slightest assistance to the parties or the court in arriving at the proper determination of the suit. The view we take is strongly fortified by the third section of the stature, — that, when a special finding of a fact is inconsistent with the verdict, the former shall control. This necessarily implies that the fact to be submitted shall be one which, if found, may, in its nature, be controlling. That can never be the case with a mere evidentiary fact. A fact which merely tends to prove a fact in issue 'without actually proving it cannot be said to be, in any legal sense, inconsistent with a general verdict, whatever that verdict may be. Such inconsistency can only arise where the fact found is an ultimate fact, or one from which the existence or nonexistence •of such ultimate fact necessarily follows; and that is never the case with that which is only prima facie evidence sought to be proved. The common law requires that verdicts shall be the declaration of the unanimous judgment of 12 jurors. Upon all matters upon which they are required to find, they must be agreed. But it has never been held that they must all reach their conclusions in the same way, and in the same method of reasoning. To require unanimity, not only in their conclusions, but in the mode by which those conclusions are arrived at, would in most cases involve an impossibility. To require unanimity, therefore, not only in the result, but also in each of the successive steps leading to such results, would be practically distractive of the entire system of jury trials.”

6 V. The defendant presented T3. special interrogatories with the request that they lie submitted to the jury, 4 of which Ave set out: “(1) At and -prior to the time of Morbey’s death, was it the habit and custom of clinker pullers by themselves to- move engines on the house track?” “(11) If you find for the plaintiff, state upon Avhat negligence you base such finding, and Avhat employee or employes committed it. (12) Was Frank Rahm guilty of any negligence which contributed to the death of Morbey, and, if so, in Avhat respect? (13) Did Rahm do the best he could,> under the circumstances, to prevent the collision, after he knew it was McGovern who was running the engine ?” There can be no doubt of the propriety of refusing all of the interrogatories save these. With respect to the first, it will be observed that it is limited to movements on the house track. Under the evidence the jury may have found clinker pullers were in the habit of moving engines clseAvhere. The eleventh could have been answered, without touching any issue in the case, by saying the deceased lost his life through the negligence of McGovern. The twelfth is open to several objections, only one of which need be mentioned. The jurors might well be expected to experience much difficulty in putting in proper form the answers to such interrogatories. One answer might have been that Rahm failed to throw off the lever as soon as he could; another that he ought to have forcibly removed McGovern when he clung to the lever, — both of which are included in the alleged failure to stop the engine as soon as he ought; another that he should have sounded an alarm in time to have warned Morbey of his danger. Interogatories, as has often been said, should, whenever possible, be so framed as to call for categorical answérs. Had defendant desired an expression as to whether Rahm was negligent in failing to stop the engine as soon as he should, in the exercise of ordinary diligence, or in omitting to sound a warning, these questions might have been propounded in such simple and direct form as to exact the answers of either “yes” or “no.” We do not think the court erred in refusing the interrogatory in the form requested. The thirteenth interrogatory was defective in not stating tbe measure of care required of Eahm. Not tbe best of which he was capapble, but that which a man of ordinary prudence would have exercised if in his situation is all that was exacted. — Aeeiemed.