Robinson, J.
*481 *47— The facts involved in the death of Morbey are substantially as follows: On the twenty-eighth day of December, 1894, he was in the employment of the defendant as clinker puller or pitman, at Clinton, in this state. The defendant has at that place a roundhouse of sufficient capacity to hold a considerable number of locomotive engines. The roundhouse *48is connected with, the main line and other tracks by meante of what is known as-the house or pit track. In that track, opposite the central part of the roundhouse, is a turntable, which is u-sed in transferring engines to and from, the roundhouse. East of that and under the track, .are two pits, which are used for removing ashes and clinkers from engines. Each pit is about fourteen feet in length, and four feet in. width, and two feet in depth from the level of the top® of the rail®. Of these pits the one farthest west is 'south of the southeast corner of the roundhouse, and the other is a short distance further east. Thirteen feet east of the roundhouse i® a water tank, and about seventy feet east of the roundhouse is a «andhouse. When an engine is to be cleaned and placed in the roundhouse, it is run onto the pit track east of the sandhouse. It is there taken by an employe known as an “hostler,” or by the hostler’s helper, and in due time is placed over one of the pits. An employe known as a “kno'cker” climb® into' the cab, and another employe, ealled a “clinker puller” or “pit-man,” goes into the pit under the engine, and removes from the ash pan the ashesi which shake into it while the engine is moving. He then gives a signal. The knocker turn® on the blower, drops the drop grate, and with an iron bar knocks the fire, einder®, and clinkers out of the fire box. They drop into the ash pah, are there drenched' with water, and are then drawn into' the pit by the clinker puller. In cleaning the ash pah, he stand® in-front of it, and uses an iron hoe with a handle from seven to. nine feet in length. If the en'gine be small, he is unable to' stand erect, but is obliged to stoop somewhat if he works while standing. After the engine is 'cleaned, it is moved onto> the turntable, and thence into' the roundhouse. On the night of the accident, engine numbered 383 was moved onto the pit we have described, which is furthest west. A knocker was in the cab, and the *49decedent was in the pit, for the purpose of cleaning the ash pan. At that time engine 355 was standing on the pit track, a short distance east of the sandhouse, headed westward, hut no- one was on it.- A clinker' puller, named McGovern, after performing some service on engine 383, left it, and went to engine 355, took possession of it, and commenced to practice with it. He first ran it westward towards engine 383, then eastward, and then westward again, and when the engine was opposite th? sandhouse, a hostler’-s helper, named Kahm, with a lantern in his hand, stepped from the ground into the ea:b. There is ¡a conflict in the evidence as to what then occurred, but a few moments later the engine -struck No-. 383, and moved it forward from ten to -sixteen feet. Morbey was caught under one of the drive wheels, and it- passed- over 'him, causing 'his death within a few minutes. It is alleged that the accident was caused by negligence on the part of the defendant, in that its employes, charged with the duty of caring for and operating engine 355, failed to use due care in the control and management of it; that McGovern was without sufficient knowledge or skill to be intrusted with an engine; and that Kahm. failed to use due care after he went into the cab of engine 355 to stop it in time to avoid the collision. The defendant denies all negligence on its part, 'but admits that McGovern was not competent to manage an engine. It says, however, that he was not authorized, ■but, on the contrary, was forbidden, to move engines; that it was not a pant of his duties, nor within the scope of his employment, to move them; and that, in doing so-, he acted as a m-ere volunteer, and violated the rules of the defendant. It is claimed, further, that Morbey had -assumed the risks o-f his employment; that he contributed to the accident -by negligence on his part; and that the accident was not in any manner *50connected with the use and operation of a railway, within the meaning of the statutes of this, state.
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3 I. When the evidence had been fully submitted, the defendant asked the court to direct a verdict in its favor, for the alleged reason that there was not sufficient evidence to authorize a verdict for the plaintiff. There was much evidence which tended to show that clinker pullers were not authorized to. move engines; that McGovern had been forbidden to do. so.; and that none of the agents of the defendant charged with the duty of enforcing the rules had any knowledge that he had at any time moved engines, or that the rules forbidding clinker puller® to. move them were disobeyed. There was ateo, evidence which tended to show that Rahm did not know who the person who had charge of engine 355 was, in time to' prevent the collision, but supposed that he was a competent person. There was evidence; however, which tended to show that clinker pullers, who were not specially authorized to doi so; very frequently, if not habitually, moved engines, .and that the employes of the defendant who had authority over the clinker puller® and engines, and who were authorized to enforce the rules of the defendant, had knowledge of the practice, and did not forbid it. The night of the accident was dark, and ‘the light in the cab of engine 355 was dim. McGovern and Rahm dio not agree respecting what occurred in the cab immediately preceding the accident; but both men knew that some one was in the pit under engine 383, and Rahm knew that McGovern was not competent to operate ‘am engine; Some of the evidence tended to show that Rahm, after he entered the cab, recognized McGovern in time to have taken the engine and prevented the accident. The evidence did not necessarily show that Morbey contributed to the accident on his part. It was- shown that on a former *51occasion he -had 'been seen to sit on the rail in front of a drive wheel while pulling clinkers; that it was dangerous to do so; and that he had been ordered by the employe in charge of the work to discontinue the practice. It also appears that the drive wheel passed over his body from its left side, but no one saw him on the rail before the accident. The evidence does not show whether he was sitting on the rail, or was leaving the pit, or doing some other permissible act when the accident occurred. The jury was not authorized, in the absence of evidence to that effect, to presume that he was violating his instructions. We are of the opinion, therefore, that the district court properly refused to direct a verdict for the defendant.
*524 *51II. The district court charged the jury as follows: “(5) To entitle the plaintiff to a verdict, she must prove to your satisfaction by a preponderance of the evidence, — that is, by the greater or superior evidence: First, that the said Clem L. Morbey was killed by reason of one engine of the defendant running into another engine; second, that, at the time of the accident, the defendant was negligent, and that Morbey’s death was caused by said negligence; third, that said Morbey was not guilty of any negligence that directly contributed to' his death. If you find all of said facts established in plaintiff’s favor, your verdict should be for her; but, if she fails to establish any one of said facts, your verdict should be for the defendant. (6) All the facts of negligence charged against the defendant are withdrawn from your consideration, except the two following propositions: What right, if any, had McGovern to move or handle engines.? Could Rahm, after he knew that McGovern was running the engine, have prevented the accident by the exercise of reasonable care and diligence on his part? * * * (9) - * * If you find from the evidence that the defendant’s foreman, or whoever was in charge of the work *52McGovern was engaged in tlie performance of, knew he was in the habit of or 'did run engines, and that said foreman, or those’ who had charge of said work, did not prevent or forbid his doing so after they knew he was so doing, — if you find they did know it, then, and on your so finding, and on your finding that the plaintiffs intestate was not guilty of any negligence that contributed to his death; you 'would be warranted in finding for the plaintiff. (10) While it is admitted that McGovern, was in the employment, of the defendant as a clinker man, and that he committed the act which caused the death of Morbey, yet if you find from the evidence that, at the time in question he hud-no. authority to handle or mo ve engines, and that the defendant’s foreman, or whoever was in charge of the work McGovern was engaged in, did not know he was handling or moving engines, on your so- finding, he would not he acting within the scope of his authority or employment, or in furtherance of the defendant’s business, but was carrying into' effect some purpose of Ms -own, not connected with his employment, and the 'defendant would not be liable for such acts.”
5 The defendant complains of the tenth paragraph, on the ground that it 'authorized a recovery by the plaintiff unless the jury should find affirmatively that McGovern had no authority to handle engines; thus placing the burden of showing such want of authority upon the defendant. The plaintiff contends that the portions of the charges we have set out, when considered together, instructed the jury clearly that the burden specified was upon the plaintiff. If, however, such an interpretation was authorized, we do not think it is at all clear that it was the -one which the jury adopted. It is true that the charge instructed the jury that the burden was on the plaintiff to prove negligence on the paid of the defendant, and the sixth para*53graph narrowed the inquiry to two questions, the first of which, and the one involved in the objection under consideration, was, “What right, if any, had McGovern to move or handle engines?” From the ninth paragraph of the charge the jury would naturally have concluded that the burden of proving that the defendant’s foreman, or other agent in charge of the work in which McGovern was engaged, knew that he ran engines', was upon the plaintiff; yet the jury might well have concluded that the tenth paragraph required the defendant to .show that McGovern did not have authority to. handle engines., and that it did not know that he was handling them. We do not think the jury should have been left in doubt as to the party on whom the burden of proof rested. It was shown that the duties of McGovern did not require him to operate engines, and in view of that fact the burden was on the plaintiff to show that the defendant, had knowledge that he did operate them. The tenth paragraph of the charge is, in legal effect, similar to instructions condemned in the cases of Gwynn v. Duffield, 66 Iowa, 708, and Nelson v. Railroad, Co, 38 Iowa, 564, and is erroneous The evidence submitted justifies the conclusion that the error was likely to be prejudicial.
6 III. The court, in the eleventh paragraph of the charge, instructed the jury that negligence of the decedent which contributed to his injury would not defeat a recovery by the plaintiff if it were found “that Rahm when he came upon the engine, knew that it was in the hantds of McGovern, and knew that, unless it was stopped, it would collide with the engine then standing on the pit, and that he knew that some one was working under the engine on the ■pit,” 'and could, by the use of reasonable care or diligence, have prevented the collision, or have given warning which would have ■ enabled; the decedent to *54escape the danger. It is said this portion of the charge is erroneous, because the evidence showed that it was the duty of Morbey to block the wheels of the engine he was under with blocks provided for that, purpose, and that he failed to do so; that he would not have been injured had he blocked the wheels', or had he not been sitting on the rail; and that Bahm is not shown to have known that the wheels were not blocked, nor that Morbey was sitting on the rail; hence that Bahm did not know of Morbey’s peril. We are of the opinion that th^ charge Was erroneous in assuming that the decedent would necessarily have been injured' by an unexpected movement of the engine he was under, and in assuming that Bahm. knew that such was the case. There was evidence which tended to show that engine Í155 was moving slowly when Bahm went upon it; that, ?f the wheels had been blocked, Morbey would not have been injured; anid. that, if he had remained in the pit, lie need not have been injured, for the reason that 'the lowest part of tire engine inside the rail was three feet or more higher than the bottom of 'the pit, and would not have touched him had he crouched oh the pit bottom, as was 'sometimes done by clinker pullers when engines were moved onto and off of the pits: We do not "think that paragraph eleven of the charge fairly presented the law and the duty of Bahm under facts which tint jury may have found to 'exist at the time of the accident.
7 IY. The court refused to give an instruction asked •by the defendant, in words a:s follows: “The fact that McGovern was employed by the defendant to remove ■ashes and fire from its engines does not tend to prove that he was employed -to move engines, or that he had any implied or apparent authority to move themT We think that this or something of a similar character should have been given.
*558 Y. The fourth instruction aisked by the defendant, and refused, is as follows: “(1) The faict, if it be a fact, that McGovern or other clinker pullers had at times moved engine® would not tend to prove that McGovern had authority to do- eo>, unless the plaintiff further shows 'by a fair preponderance of the evidence that it was the general custom for clinker pullers- to move engine^ and that such general custom was known to the foreman, and pot forbidden by him.” Although this instruction, with some modification, may well have been given, yet the court did not err in refusing to- give it in the form asked. The fact that clinker pullers did at times move engines, if known to the foreman in charge of the work, and not forbidden, might tend to prove that they acted by authority, even though the practice -did not amount to a general custom'. This objection is also applicable to the sixth instruction asked by the defendant
YI. The conclusions we reach dispose of the controlling questions in the case. Others discussed depend upon the evidence, -and may not aris-e on another trial. For the errors pointed out, the judgment of the district COUrt ÍS REVERSED.