194 F. Supp. 599 | S.D.N.Y. | 1961
The libellant sues to recover damages resulting from the sinking of its deck scow Moran No. 107 while under charter to the respondent.
The respondent concedes the libellant made out a prima facie case, thus casting on the respondent the burden of establishing that the loss did not result from its failure to exercise due care. It contends it has sustained that burden and shown that the “damage to the Moran No. 107 was due solely to an Act of God.” That contention is, in all respects, rejected.
The court’s findings and conclusions are set forth in the opinion.
The Moran No. 107 was delivered to the respondent in good condition on
Tomkins Cove is about 35 miles from New York City on the west bank of the Hudson, about three-quarters of a mile across the river from Yerplanck Point and about five miles north of Haverstraw Bay. Trap Rock’s installation consists of a quarry, a stone-crushing plant and a dock, to which crushed stone is carried by a conveyor and loaded on scows moored alongside. About a quarter of a mile south of Trap Rock’s dock the west shore of the river curves eastward for about 2,000 feet along Stony Point, a rock formation which rises to a height of between 125 and 150 feet above the river.
The dock is between 650 and 700 feet long and runs roughly north and south. The northerly portion is called the “light rack.” The southerly portion is called the “loaded rack.” The portion in between is called the “loading area.” Deck scows used for carrying crushed stone are, on average, about 115 feet long and 35 feet wide. Not more than six scows lying end to end, as is customary, can be tied up alongside the dock; two at the “light rack”, one at the “loading area” and three at the “loaded rack.” The “loading area” is not used for mooring scows overnight. Thus, when more than five are on hand they are made fast in tiers outside those tied to the racks.
Light scows, on arrival, are moored at the “light rack.” As needed, they are moved down to the “loading area.” After being loaded they are moved down to the “loaded rack,” and tied up to await make-up of a tow. A scow is pulled from north to south by means of a cable rigged from the scow through blocks to a truck: moving inland from the “loaded rack.”' This arrangement cannot move scows in> the reverse direction. A tug is required.' for that.
The depth of the water alongside the-“loading area” and the “loaded rack” is-maintained at not less than 15 feet by-dredging. This depth is adequate for loaded scows. Only light scows can lie-safely alongside the “light rack” because-the water there is not more than seven, feet deep. However, 35 feet, the width, of one scow, out from the “light rack”' the water is deep enough for loaded', scows to lie safely there.
The Moran No. 107 was the last of' eight scows loaded when work ceased at. 5:00 P.M. on October 14. She was then moored alongside the “loaded rack” just, south of the “loading area.” The Severn other scows had been moored earlier in: two tiers whose inside boats took up the balance of the “loaded rack.”
The northward progress of the hurricane had been widely publicized by press- and radio reports for several days before-the 14th. The respondent’s dispatcher in New York and its supervisory officials., at Tomkins Cove had read and heard, these reports. At about 4:00 P.M. on the 14th the Weather Bureau warned of' the storm’s approach from Hatteras at 25-miles per hour, and that it presented a. definite threat all along the North Atlantic Coast. At about the same time the libellant’s official in charge of its scows and barges called the respondent’s dispatcher in Ne-w York, warned him the-storm was expected to reach New York the next day and asked that Moran’s-scows be securely berthed. At 8:00 P.M. on the 14th and frequently throughout, that night and the morning of the 15th, additional Weather Bureau warnings, were broadcast advising that southeast, winds of gale force would develop and that all precautions should be taken for the protection of life and property.
In a southeast storm the wind! has an almost unbroken sweep of five miles across Haverstraw Bay south of Tomkins Cove. Stony Point affords the-
There were ten light scows at the dock in addition to the eight loaded scows on the morning of the 15th. It was then possible for all eighteen scows to be berthed at the respondent’s dock with far less danger from the southeast winds by redistributing them in six tiers along the dock with three scows in each tier. This could have been accomplished readily by the tug or tugs which were then on hand. It was not done. On the contrary, work went on as usual. In preparation for a normal day’s loading, the Moran No. 107 was moved from her relatively safe berth alongside the “loaded rack” and together with the B. Turecamo was placed in the southernmost tier which was thereby increased to six loaded scows. Moreover, the Moran No. 107 was placed in the most exposed position possible as the outside scow, about 200 feet out from the “loaded rack.”
Seven additional scows had been loaded by 3:00 P.M. when work had to be stopped because the rising tide “made it impossible” to get a light scow under the conveyor at the “loading area.” The water was then very rough and the force of the wind was increasing. There were then fifteen loaded scows at the “loaded rack” in two tiers of six and one tier of three. The “loading area” was left unoccupied as usual, and three light scows were at the “light rack.” It was clearly evident by then, at least, that Stony Point afforded no protection from the increasing southeast wind to the loaded scows as they then lay and as they were to be left overnight. Nevertheless, although it was probable that tugs still could have at least redistributed the scows along the dock, in six tiers of three each, no attempt was made to summon tugs. It was not shown that tugs were unavailable. After 3:00 P.M. the only thing done was to put out some additional lines. The scows were left as they lay. Trap Rock’s men went home, as usual, shortly after 5:00 P.M. They were later called back, but they did not arrive at the dock until 7:30 P.M. and by then most of the scows were already adrift.
At 6:30 P.M. the scows were pitching so hard that their captains went ashore for their own safety. At about 7:0C P.M. the lines between the second and third scows in the southernmost tier
Hurricane Hazel was not an Act of God. At Tomkins Cove it was neither so sudden nor so violent that Trap Rock’s experienced men who had not less than twenty-four hours’ warning could not have taken precautions to guard against it.
Although not pleaded in its answer to the libel, the respondent urges in its brief after trial that the libellant’s scow captain was negligent in failing to protest about the removal of his scow to the outside of the southernmost tier and in failing to notify the libellant of this. This defense is rejected on .the authority of Tanker Hygrade No. 2, Inc. v. Barge Lines, Inc.
The respondent has failed to sustain its burden. The libellant is entitled to recover its damages and costs. A decree in accordance herewith may be submitted, providing for a reference of the question of damages .to a Special Master if the parties cannot agree on the amount of these.
. See General Public Warehouse Co. v. Queen Line, Ltd., D.C., 177 F.Supp. 916; Patapsco Scrap Corp. v. Maryland Shipbuilding and Drydock Co., 4 Cir., 268 F.2d 817. In both these cases Hurricane Hazel was involved.
. 2 Cir., 250 F.2d 678, 680.
. 2 Cir., 54 F.2d 532, 534.