Richard MORALES, Petitioner-Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Respondent-Appellee.
Docket No. 04-0858-pr.
United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.
Argued: Aug. 5, 2009. Decided: March 11, 2011.
39
Sandra S. Glover, Assistant United States Attorney, (William J. Nardini, Assistant United States Attorney, of counsel), for Nora R. Dannehy, Acting United States Attorney, District of Connecticut, New Haven, CT, for Respondent-Appellee.
Before: POOLER, HALL, and LIVINGSTON, Circuit Judges.
HALL, Circuit Judge:
Richard Morales appeals from the denial of his section 2255 motion1 by the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut (Nevas, J.). Morales v. United States, 294 F.Supp.2d 174 (D.Conn. 2003). Morales challenged his conviction on the grounds that, inter alia, he did not receive effective assistance of counsel from his trial or appellate lawyers asserting that they neither protected his Sixth Amendment right to a public trial nor challenged what Morales contends was an improper sentence on his conspiracy conviction. Because, based on the record before the district court, Morales failed to demonstrate plausibly that his counsel acted unreasonably in connection with what he asserts was a brief closure of the courtroom, the district court‘s summary denial of this portion of his motion is AFFIRMED. As to the argument that counsel‘s assistance related to sentencing was ineffective, although the district court relied on an exception to our holding in United States v.Orozco-Prada, 732 F.2d 1076 (2d Cir. 1984), that we have yet to recognize, we AFFIRM the district court‘s ruling because Morales cannot establish prejudice stemming from his counsel‘s failure to challenge that sentence on appeal.
BACKGROUND
On December 8, 1994, Morales was indicted along with 32 other individuals for a variety of serious crimes related to their participation in the Latin Kings street gang. Morales, who was alleged to have been the gang‘s “Director of Security,” was charged with multiple RICO2 and VICAR3 violations, as well as: (i) conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute marijuana, heroin, cocaine, and cocaine base in violation of
In the run-up to the trial, the district court decided to reserve the courtroom‘s gallery for the day of jury selection. The court explained to the myriad prosecutors and defense attorneys:
Because at this point I don‘t know how many jurors we‘ll have left in the pool, I‘m going to guess it‘s going to be somewhere around 50 or so, give or take. All of the rows in the spectator section of the courtroom are going to be used for the jurors to be seated. I‘m not going to permit any spectators to be seated among the prospective jurors so that I want counsel to be on notice that on Friday there will be no room for any spectators. All of those seats are going to be taken by prospective jurors. So everyone should be aware of that.
(App. for Appellant‘s Br. 135.)
On Friday, June 30, 1995, after about a week of voir dire, the district court selected the defendants’ jury. That morning, the judge first spoke to certain individual jurors about why they believed they ought to be excused from jury duty, and then brought the jury pool, consisting of 48 persons, into the courtroom so that the prospective jurors could restate their names for the attorneys. Once this was done, the judge sent them back to the jury assembly room and heard peremptory challenges from the parties. Following a short recess, the court brought the remaining prospective jurors back into the courtroom and drew the names of 16 persons to be seated on the jury.
After a three-month trial, Morales was convicted on all counts and sentenced to multiple life-terms in prison.4 One of the life sentences was imposed on Morales‘s conviction on Count 27, the drug conspiracy count. Although the jury did not return a special verdict as to which drugs Morales conspired to possess, the district court‘s sentence was premised on a conspiracy to possess cocaine and/or cocaine base, the maximum penalty for conspiring to possess marijuana or heroin being less than life imprisonment.
After this court affirmed his conviction on direct appeal,5 Morales filed a pro se
The district court denied Morales‘s section 2255 motion. Morales v. United States, 294 F.Supp.2d 174, 184 (D.Conn. 2003). Without holding a hearing, Judge Nevas - who also presided over the voir dire and trial in question - found, first, that his own statements did not amount to an order closing the courtroom, and, second, that there was “no evidence that any member of the public, including Morales‘s friends and family, or the press, was specifically excluded from the proceedings.” Id. at 179 n. 1. Concluding, therefore, that Morales could not possibly have suffered an unconstitutional deprivation of his right to a public trial if the courtroom was, in fact, open at all times and accordingly that any challenge to such a purported closure “would have been frivolous,” id. at 179 - he thus rejected Morales‘s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel insofar as it was predicated on counsel‘s failure to challenge or appeal the supposed courtroom closure.6 The court did not discuss the two affidavits supporting Morales‘s motion. The district court also concluded the claim underlying Morales‘s argument that his appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to appeal Morales‘s sentence on the conspiracy charge was without merit. Id. It found that Morales was properly sentenced because his case fell within what it believed was an exception to Orozco-Prada - namely, that because Morales was convicted of actually possessing cocaine base, it was reasonable to assume that the jury had also found him guilty of a conspiracy related to that drug. Given what it found to be the propriety of the sentence, the district court concluded that Morales‘s appellate counsel would have had no reason to appeal it. Id. at 181.
On appeal, Morales challenges the district court‘s rulings with respect to three of his ineffective assistance of counsel claims: (1) that his appellate counsel was not ineffective for failing to raise the courtroom closure issue on his direct appeal; (2) that his trial counsel was not ineffective for failing to object to the district court‘s reservation of the gallery; and (3) that his appellate counsel was not ineffective for failing to appeal his life sentence on the conspiracy count. With respect to his first two claims, Morales asserts that the district court should have, at a minimum, held a hearing pursuant to
DISCUSSION
Section 2255 allows a federal prisoner to attack collaterally his sentence on the grounds that it was “imposed in violation
To succeed on his ineffective assistance of counsel claims, Morales must show: (1) that his trial and appellate lawyers’ performance was deficient, and (2) that he was actually prejudiced as a result. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688, 692-93. An attorney‘s representation is deficient when it falls “below an objective standard of reasonableness,” as determined by reference to “prevailing professional norms.” Id. at 688. Such performance is prejudicial when it is so poor as to “undermine confidence in the outcome” of the proceedings - that is, it gives rise to “a reasonable probability that, but for counsel‘s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Id. at 694 (internal quotation marks omitted).
Whether the effectiveness of a defendant‘s legal representation falls short of the minimum required by the Sixth Amendment is a mixed question of law and fact, which we review de novo. Chang v. United States, 250 F.3d 79, 82 (2d Cir. 2001).
A. Ineffective Assistance of Trial and Appellate Counsel: Right to Public Trial
Morales‘s first two ineffective assistance claims are premised on what he asserts was his lawyers’ failure to protect his Sixth Amendment right to a public trial.7 Specifically, in reliance on two bare-bones affidavits submitted by his girlfriend and the mother of his child nearly five years after the purported closure, Morales contends that at least those two women were denied access to the courtroom by courthouse security for the final day of voir dire. Without expressly considering those affidavits, the district court determined that Morales‘s right to a public trial was not violated because the courtroom remained open at all times, Morales, 294 F.Supp.2d at 178-79. We find it unnecessary to dwell on the factual issue, however, because we are convinced that, even if Morales‘s affidavits are credited in full, counsel‘s failure to challenge the closure they allege was not unreasonable.8
See, e.g., Parisi v. United States, 529 F.3d 134, 140-41 (2d Cir.2008).
Strickland requires that “scrutiny of counsel‘s performance be highly deferential,” and that “every effort be made to eliminate the distorting effects of hindsight.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689. This compels us “to reconstruct the circumstances of counsel‘s challenged conduct, and to evaluate the conduct from counsel‘s perspective at the time.” Id. As a preliminary matter, thus, we note that there is no evidence in the record that defense counsel - or anyone in the courtroom - knew of the alleged closure at the time, or at any time before Morales‘s two affiants came forward years after the fact. Indeed, none of the lawyers representing Morales‘s ten co-defendants lodged an objection or raised a point of appeal regarding the alleged closure. As such, there is strong reason to believe defense counsel was not aware of any closure and thus cannot be faulted for failing to raise an issue about which he had neither knowledge nor reason to know. United States v. Cronic, 466 U.S. 648, 656 n. 19 (1984).
Moreover, even assuming counsel was aware of the supposed closure, we cannot deem his failure to object to the closure unreasonable. Crediting Morales‘s affidavits to the fullest extent possible, the closure lasted not much longer than one morning out of a multi-month trial. During that period of time the general public was denied access to witnessing the prospective jurors: state their names; give excuses individually as to why they could not serve on the jury; have their names drawn for the jury; and be dismissed. Importantly, the record indicates that voir dire occurred in the days proceeding the day the closure occurred, so that any questioning of potential jurors as to their fitness or bias was open to the public.9 It is true that the court took peremptory challenges on the day of the closure, but these challenges are seldom, if ever, registered within earshot of spectators, so the public was not precluded from witnessing anything to which it otherwise would have been privy. In short, the ultimate effect of the day‘s closed proceedings was the random selection of a jury out of the wheel, and the non-public exercise of peremptory challenges.10 Given what are generally understood to be the values protected by the Sixth Amendment right to a public trial,11 it is difficult to see how Morales‘s lawyers at the time of the courtroom closure and after the trial would perceive Morales‘s right to a public trial to have been violated. It would not be unreasonable for a defense attorney - if he were aware of any closure at all - to believe that Morales‘s trial had been unaffected notwithstanding the public‘s absence.
Alternatively, Morales contends the district court erred in failing to hold a factual hearing with regard to his claims.
We find no abuse of discretion on these facts. For the reasons set forth above, the record before the district court did not and could not demonstrate a plausible claim. Even crediting Morales‘s affidavits in full, they are insufficient to establish a claim for ineffective assistance of counsel. Accordingly, while the district court overreached in stating that “there is no evidence that any member of the public ... was specifically excluded from the proceedings,” Morales, 294 F.Supp.2d at 179 n. 1 (emphasis added), it did not err in failing to hold a hearing to explore that evidence further.
B. Ineffective Assistance of Appellate Counsel: Count 27 Sentence
Morales also argues that his appellate counsel unreasonably failed to challenge the life sentence imposed on Count 27, the conspiracy count. We hold that in light of Morales‘s five other life-sentences, he was not prejudiced by any sentencing error with respect to this count and, therefore, he could not have been prejudiced by his attorney‘s failure to raise the issue on appeal. As a result, Morales is not eligible for any relief on this claim, and it is unnecessary to determine whether his appellate attorney‘s performance was deficient. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697.
That said, we take this opportunity to point out that it remains an open question in this Circuit whether convictions for substantive drug offenses may be used to clarify an ambiguous jury verdict convicting a defendant of conspiracy to distribute multiple types of drugs. Morales was charged and convicted on Count 27 with conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute four different controlled substances: marijuana, heroin, cocaine, and cocaine base. The jury did not return a special verdict identifying which one - or which combination - of the four drugs he conspired to possess. The maximum sentence for conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute significant quantities of these controlled substances differs depending on the drug: for marijuana, it is 10 years; for
In his section 2255 motion, Morales argued that his appellate counsel should have contested his Count 27 sentence because it was clearly improper under the law of this Circuit. Specifically, Morales contended that under United States v. Orozco-Prada, 732 F.2d 1076 (2d Cir.1984), and its progeny, he should have been sentenced for a conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute only the drug for which the most lenient statutory sentencing range would be imposed in this case, marijuana. In Orozco-Prada, the defendant was convicted on a count of conspiracy to possess and distribute marijuana and cocaine. See id. at 1083. Although the jury‘s general verdict did not specify which drugs the defendant conspired to possess and distribute, the trial court sentenced him to a prison term in excess of the maximum allowed for a marijuana conspiracy. Id. On appeal, we held that because, “in the absence of a special verdict, there was no way for [the trial judge] to know whether the jury intended to convict Eduardo Orozco for a cocaine-related conspiracy, for a marijuana-related conspiracy, or for a conspiracy involving both drugs,” the judge should have inferred that the conviction was for the drug conspiracy with the lowest statutory maximum, and sentenced accordingly. Id. at 1083-84.
Subsequent cases have affirmed this rule. In United States v. Barnes, 158 F.3d 662 (2d Cir.1998), we considered the case of one of Morales‘s co-defendants, Christopher Barnes, who was also convicted and sentenced on the same conspiracy count - Count 27. Barnes claimed that it was improper for the judge to base the mandatory minimum sentence for that count on a conspiracy related to cocaine base when, like Morales, he was charged with conspiring to possess multiple types of drugs, including those with lesser sentencing ranges. Id. at 667. We agreed, and held that because a general verdict of guilty does not indicate whether the jury convicted the defendant of conspiracy to possess each controlled substance charged in Count 27, the district court should have assumed that the jury convicted the defendant of conspiring to possess the controlled substance “that carries the most lenient statutorily prescribed sentence.” Id. at 668. We applied this rule again in United States v. Zillgitt, 286 F.3d 128 (2d Cir.2002), on essentially the same facts as in Orozco-Prada. Thus, by the time Morales made his section 2255 motion, it was clear that “where a jury returns a guilty verdict on a single count of conspiracy involving multiple controlled substances, the district court must sentence the defendant as if convicted of a conspiracy involving only the substance that carries the lowest statutory sentencing range.” Id. at 131.
Here, the district court was aware of the rule in Orozco-Prada, but nevertheless found it inapplicable to Morales. Morales, 294 F.Supp.2d at 180-81. Instead, it determined that the appropriate case to fol-
We write to clarify that we have not yet expressly adopted any exception to the rule concerning general verdicts on multiple-drug conspiracy counts set forth in Orozco-Prada. In Orozco-Prada, we addressed Peters to distinguish it, but we did not adopt its holding. Our treatment of Peters was limited to stating that the case at hand was “unlike United States v. Peters,” and we provided a short description of Peters’ holding to show how the case was different. Orozco-Prada, 732 F.2d at 1084. The fact that we did not adopt Peters is made clear by our decision in Zillgitt where we stated, “[w]e need not decide here whether convictions on substantive charges could serve to clarify an ambiguous verdict....” 286 F.3d at 136 n. 6. If indeed we had adopted Peters or a similar exception to Orozco-Prada, this would not have remained an open question.
Based on our disposition of Morales‘s ineffective assistance Count 27 sentencing claims, we see no reason to resolve the question now. Unlike the case of Morales‘s co-defendant Barnes, the propriety of Morales‘s sentence on Count 27 is not directly before us. Moreover, while the parties partially briefed the question of whether this Circuit had adopted Peters in the past, neither side engaged in any substantive discussion about whether - in the event that we had not - we should adopt Peters going forward. Given these considerations, we will wait until the issue is squarely before us before deciding it.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the district court‘s judgment is AFFIRMED.
POOLER, Circuit Judge, concurring dubitante:
I agree that the district court erred by finding, despite affidavits submitted by two of Morales‘s family members, that “there is no evidence that any member of the public ... was specifically excluded from the proceedings.” Op. at 45. In addition, I agree, although with reservation, that in this case, where neither Morales‘s attorney nor any of the ten attorneys representing the other ten defendants objected or appealed the closure and where there is no evidence that any of the ten attorneys knew of the alleged closure in time to object or directly appeal, Morales has not stated a “plausible” claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. The ten other attorneys’ failure to object or, after due consideration, to appeal the alleged courtroom closure is a strong reason to believe that no defense attorney was aware or had reason to be aware of any closure. On these unique facts, it is not plausible that Morales‘s attorney acted below an objective standard of reasonableness in failing to object to or appeal the alleged courtroom closure.
Lastly, I emphasize that we do not hold that an ineffective assistance of counsel claim is not “plausible” when the courtroom is closed during the parties’ exercise of peremptory challenges. Cf. Gibbons v.Savage, 555 F.3d 112, 114, 121 (2d Cir. 2009) (finding that courtroom closure for “the afternoon of the first day” of a “several day[ ]” jury selection was a trivial closure, given that the public “would not have been able to watch a significant portion of what occurred during that afternoon session” and “nothing of significance happened during the part of the session [that was closed],” in part because “[n]o peremptory challenges were made“). The denial of a public trial is part of “a limited class of fundamental constitutional errors that defy analysis by harmless error standards.” Neder v. United States, 527 U.S. 1, 7 (1999); Waller v. Georgia, 467 U.S. 39, 49 (1984). Because “the benefits of a public trial are frequently intangible, difficult to prove, or a matter of chance,” violation of the public-trial guarantee “is not subject to harmlessness review” on direct appeal. United States v. Gonzalez-Lopez, 548 U.S. 140, 149 n. 4 (2006) (internal quotation marks omitted). As our sister circuits have held, for post-conviction relief under