The most significant issue presented by this case is whether a parent of an unemancipated minor child may be held liable in damages for failing to take reasonable steps to exercise control over the child’s behavior. We conclude that a parent may be held liable in such situations, if the parent knows or should know that he or she has the ability and opportunity to control the child and knows or should know of the necessity for exercising such control.
The plaintiff brought this personal injury action against the defendant, John C. Crumpton, Jr. and his parents, the defendants John C. Crumpton and Carol Crumpton, alleging that John, Jr. had raped her during the early morning hours of 28 June 1978. On that date John, Jr. was 17 years old having been born on 19 October 1960. The plaintiff further alleged that the defendants John and Carol Crumpton knew or had reason to know that John, Jr. used drugs and was of a dangerous mental state and disposition which made it foreseeable that he would intentionally injure *620 others unless reasonable steps were taken to supervise and control him. The plaintiff asserted that the defendants John C. Crumpton and Carol Crumpton had a legal duty to exercise reasonable care to control and supervise John, Jr. so as to prevent him from intentionally injuring others. She alleged that they failed to perform this duty, in that they failed to prevent John, Jr. from having access to and using illegal drugs and deadly weapons and failed to prevent him from going abroad alone at night after having used such drugs and after having gained possession of such deadly weapons. She further alleged that, as a proximate result of the negligence of the defendants John and Carol Crumpton, the defendant John C. Crumpton, Jr. broke into her home while under the influence of illegal drugs and repeatedly raped her by force and against her will after using a deadly weapon, a knife, to overcome her resistance.
At the time the trial court ruled upon these defendants’ motion for summary judgment, the forecasts of evidence of the parties consisted of materials contained in their pleadings, supporting affidavits, depositions and exhibits. The forecasts of evidence of the parties established that John Crumpton, Jr. was one of five children of John and Carol Crumpton. John, Jr. was born with a club foot and was found during early childhood to have hypoglycemia, diabetes and ulcerative colitis. During his childhood and early adolescence, his family life was comfortable and secure. He went with his parents and grandparents on regular hunting, fishing and golfing activities as well as on frequent trips to the beach.
He began using marijuana and other controlled substances at an early age, however, and was a regular user of various controlled substances by the time he was thirteen years old. His parents were aware of his use of controlled substances and attempted by various methods to discourage his use of these illegal substances. John, Jr. continued the use of controlled substances, purchasing them at times with the allowance money his parents still gave him on an irregular basis and at times with money he earned from part-time jobs. During this period of his life, John, Jr. frequently argued with his parents and skipped school. He was once arrested for carrying a concealed knife. He also impregnated a young girl and apparently was hospitalized on one occasion for a drug overdose. Prior to the rape of the plaintiff, John, *621 Jr. owned or was in possession of various hunting knives and guns given to him by his parents. Although his parents kept alcoholic beverages in the home, the pint of bourbon which John, Jr. drank on the night of the rape was apparently obtained at a friend’s home.
During May of 1978, Carol Crumpton and John Crumpton separated and she moved to a new address. By agreement of the couple, Carol Crumpton took their three youngest children to live with her, and John Crumpton had custody of John, Jr. and one other child of the marriage. On 28 June 1978, Carol Crumpton was on vacation at the beach. Sometime prior to that date, John Crumpton completed plans for a vacation for himself and the other child in Hawaii. Before leaving home, he made arrangements for John, Jr. to visit with grandparents in Roxboro. Apparently, after his father left Chapel Hill on vacation, John, Jr. drank a large amount of whiskey, took some type of controlled substances, got “high” and broke into the plaintiffs home on 28 June 1978 and raped her.
The forecasts of evidence of the parties also tended to indicate that the defendants John and Carol Crumpton consulted a psychologist when John, Jr. was nine years old due to problems associated with his physical infirmities. They sought the help of school guidance counselors and various mental health professionals when John, Jr. was in junior high school and had developed academic and drug related problems. The parents made frequent attempts to discipline John, Jr. and to reason with him. They sent him to a private high school during the tenth grade in order to provide a change of environment, and he performed well there. They returned him to the private high school for the eleventh grade, but John, Jr. refused to stay and returned home early during that school year. John, Jr. and his parents went to numerous mental health professionals for counseling. In addition to this counseling, John, Jr. was treated by John A. Gorman, Ph.D., a clinical psychologist, and Landrum S. Tucker, M.D., a psychiatrist. Each of these men saw, diagnosed and treated John, Jr. on several occasions. Dr. Tucker saw John, Jr. on five occasions in January and February of 1978 and among other things reviewed his psychological testing. Both Dr. Gorman and Dr. Tucker indicated to the defendants John and Carol Crumpton that John, Jr. was not disposed toward violent or dangerous behavior *622 and that he was not a person who should or could be involuntarily committed. Although both doctors indicated that John, Jr. would require continued treatment, he broke off his counseling with both of them. His parents could not or did not require him to return.
Based upon the foregoing forecasts of evidence by the parties, the trial court granted summary judgment for the defendants John and Carol Crumpton. The plaintiff appealed to the Court of Appeals which affirmed the judgment of the trial court. The plaintiff petitioned this Court for discretionary review which we allowed.
The plaintiff contends that the Court of Appeals erred when it concluded that:
parents cannot be held liable in negligence for the wrongful acts of their unemancipated children unless (1) there is an agency relationship; (2) the parent has directly aided, abetted, solicited, or encouraged the wrongful act; or (3) the parent has entrusted the child with a dangerous instrumentality, the use of which caused the injury.
It is necessary to our resolution of this issue that we review the law of this jurisdiction relative to the liability of parents for the torts of their unemancipated children. Having done so, we conclude that the Court of Appeals applied an incorrect rule of law.
As there is no controlling statute on the issue of the liability of the defendant parents in the present case, the common law controls. In North Carolina and in all other jurisdictions applying common law principles, it is a well-established doctrine that the mere fact of parenthood does not make individuals liable for the wrongful acts of their unemancipated minor children.
Brittingham v. Stadiem,
*623
We are aware that certain of our prior cases may be read as limiting a parent’s liability for acts of the parent’s unemancipated child to those situations in which the parent specifically approved the act of the child or in which the child acted strictly in the capacity of servant or agent for the parent,
E.g. Hawes v. Haynes,
In other cases we have pointed out that a parent also may be liable for the acts of an unemancipated child if the parent was
independently negligent,
“as in permitting the child to have access to some dangerous instrumentality.”
Smith v. Simpson,
The correct rule is that the parent of an unemancipated child may be held liable in damages for failing to exercise reasonable control over the child’s behavior if the parent had the ability and the opportunity to control the child and knew or should have known of the necessity for exercising such control.
Langford v. Shu,
We turn now to the application of these rules in the present case. The plaintiff contends that the forecast of evidence was sufficient to require that this case be submitted to the jury on the issue of the defendants’ alleged negligence and the issue of damages. We disagree and are of the opinion that the trial court correctly entered summary judgment for the defendants John C. Crumpton and Carol Crumpton.
Summary judgment should rarely be granted in negligence cases.
Moore v. Fieldcrest Mills, Inc.,
The plaintiff contends that the forecasts of evidence presented to the trial court by the parties conflicted as to crucial issues which could only be resolved by a jury trial. The plaintiff also contends that the reasonableness standard could only be applied in this case by the jury. In support of this contention, the *625 plaintiff points specifically to various discrepancies in the statements of the defendants. For example, John, Jr. testified that he went home at 12:10 a.m. on 28 June 1978 after drinking nearly a pint of bourbon, taking “crystal THC” and “smoking some reef,” and that he took “acid” after he arrived home. He testified that he thereafter left home and went to the plaintiffs house where the rape occurred. He also testified that when he arrived home after the rape, his father and sister were still there and that “by six or seven I was coming down off my high and I was pretty sure that they were there.” The defendant John C. Crumpton, father of John, Jr., indicated that he had already left for California and Hawaii with his daughter by this time.
As another example, John, Jr. indicated that on several occasions he had “run away from home” and stayed with a girl in Washington. His parents indicated that he did go to see the girl but that he did not run away. Also, at one point the defendant Carol Crumpton stated that she took John, Jr. to a child psychologist in Chapel Hill as a result of John, Jr.’s problem with “pot and friends.” The defendant father indicated that John, Jr. went to see Dr. Gorman because he was not taking the necessary medication for his diabetic condition. John, Jr. said he saw all of his therapists because of drugs.
Other examples of conflicts in the testimony of the defendants are apparent. John, Jr. said he argued with his mother over drugs and that his father was aware of these arguments. John, Jr. further indicated that he had never struck his mother. The defendant father said that the arguments were over John, Jr.’s diabetic condition and his household duties and that John, Jr. never struck his mother. The defendant mother said that the arguments were over drugs, alcohol and household duties, and that John, Jr. did strike her on one occasion. The father said that John, Jr. was never seen at North Carolina Memorial Hospital for a drug overdose. John, Jr. said he was seen for this reason “a couple of times.” The defendant mother said that he was seen for this reason on only one occasion.
It would serve no purpose to set forth further conflicts in the testimony of the three defendants which are pointed out by the plaintiff in her brief. Even when these conflicts are construed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff and most adverse to the *626 defendant parents, John C. Crumpton and Carol Crumpton, the defendant parents were entitled to summary judgment in their favor.
Summary judgment in favor of the defendant Carol Crump-ton was clearly correct. She separated from the defendant John Crumpton in May of 1978 and moved out of his home. John, Jr. and one other child continued to live in the home with their father. The couple’s three other children lived with Carol Crump-ton. From May of 1978 forward, Carol Crumpton did not have custody or control of her son John, Jr. Since the child had been placed under the exclusive care and control of his father, the mother had no opportunity and no reason to know of any necessity on her part to control the child. On 28 June, 1978, the night the plaintiff was raped, the defendant Carol Crumpton was at the beach, far away from Chapel Hill, and had had no regular contact with or responsibility for the 17 year old boy for over a month. The facts brought out at the summary judgment hearing failed to disclose any forecast of evidence that she knew or should have known that there was any necessity for her to control the child she had left in the custody of his father. Summary judgment in her favor was proper.
We next consider the liability vel non of the defendant father, John C. Crumpton. His son John, Jr. was 17 years old at the time of the rape of the plaintiff. That rape occurred approximately four months prior to the child’s eighteenth birthday. The opportunity to control a young man of this age obviously is not as great as with a younger child. The crime involved occurred during the very early morning hours after parents would ordinarily be expected to be in bed. Short of standing guard over the child twenty-four hours a day, there was little that the defendant father could do to prevent John, Jr. from leaving the home after the father was asleep. If John, Jr.’s testimony that, although under the influence of alcohol and various controlled substances, he was “pretty sure” that his father was at home at the time the plaintiff was raped is to be believed, he apparently left home after midnight and at a time when parents ordinarily would not be expected to be engaged in maintaining surveillance of their children.
John, Jr.’s use of controlled substances involved serious violations of the criminal law. Even when parents are aware that *627 their children have previously engaged in such conduct, there frequently is little they can do to prevent a reoccurrence of such use by their teenage children. The defendant parents in the present case sought professional help for John, Jr. early and often. We fail to see that much more could have been done by them, short of physically restraining his movements and placing him under twenty-four hour a day observation. We note that the failure to control John, Jr. was not limited to the parents’ effort. The State has made the use of some of the controlled substances which John, Jr. apparently used shortly before the rape a major felony. Even this failed to prevent this young man, of an age to be fully responsible for his criminal acts in this jurisdiction, from engaging in such felonious activities.
We find no indication in the forecasts of evidence that the defendant parents had any indication that John, Jr. was disposed to commit the crime committed against the plaintiff. At worst the parents were aware that John, Jr. had been involved in an assault on another person with a deadly weapon a year or more before the attack on the plaintiff. They knew he had used controlled substances and were aware that he had engaged in sexual intercourse. However, they had no recent information to indicate that another assault might occur or that John, Jr. might become involved in a forcible rape accomplished through the threatened use of a deadly weapon.
Until very recently, acts such as those John, Jr. directed toward the plaintiff had the potential of resulting in a sentence of death in this jurisdiction and to this day can result in a sentence of life imprisonment, even for one as young as John, Jr. The failure of the State to control John, Jr.’s conduct through the threat of such drastic consequences, although clearly not dispositive of any issue relative to his parents’ liability, would tend to indicate that the ability of the defendant parents in the present case to control him was in fact limited.
The forecasts of evidence of the parties clearly show that the defendant parents began to seek psychiatric and psychological counseling and treatment for John, Jr. at a very early point in his life. They went to considerable expense to obtain such counseling and treatment for John, Jr. and to place him in a private school in order that he might receive additional assistance. Prior to the at *628 tack on the plaintiff, both Dr. Gorman and Dr. Tucker who were qualified experts in such matters had examined John, Jr. and had indicated to the defendant parents that there was no reason to foresee that John, Jr. would be harmful to himself or others. For this reason these experts indicated to the parents that they did not think John, Jr. could be involuntarily committed. These two experts continue to hold the view that John, Jr. was not commit-table prior to the rape of the plaintiff and have so stated in sworn affidavits which are a part of the record before us. Thus, even had the defendant parents anticipated that John, Jr. would have committed a crime of violence at some future date, in all probability they would have been unable to have their minor child committed to an institution. As they had been advised that this potential method of control of John, Jr. was not available, their knowledge or reason to know of means of controlling John, Jr., if such means existed, was greatly reduced. Perhaps parents in such situations could arrange to watch their child twenty-four hours a day. In this case, however, the defendants had other children who also needed care and affection. As the defendant father, John C. Crumpton, had separated from his wife and been left with total responsibility for John, Jr. and one other child, it would have been almost impossible for him to watch John, Jr. twenty-four hours a day.
We do not think that the forecasts of the parties revealed evidence which might be forthcoming and which would support a conclusion that the defendant father either knew or should have known that he had the ability reasonably to control his son’s actions so as to prevent injurious consequences. Nor do we think the forecasts would tend to support a conclusion that the father knew or should have known that his failure more closely to control John, Jr. would result in generally injurious consequences to anyone other than, perhaps, John, Jr. Therefore, the trial court correctly entered summary judgment for the defendant father, John C. Crumpton.
The plaintiff further contends that the trial court erred in denying her oral motion to continue the hearing concerning the defendants’ motion for summary judgment until such time as the defendants had complied with prior orders directing them to make discovery. Ordinarily the completion of discovery is required prior to granting summary judgment.
See Joyner v.
*629
Hospital,
As pointed out by Judge Wells for the majority in the Court of Appeals, this case represents “the story of a modern American family tragedy.” Unfortunately, as in this case, such stories often do not have happy endings for the family or society. Although we have rejected the rule of law relied upon by the Court of Appeals, we find the result it reached to be correct. For the reasons stated herein, the opinion of the Court of Appeals affirming the judgment of trial court is
Modified and affirmed.