Monroe v. DarrMonroe v. Darr
- Reporters:
- , ,
- Before:
- Prager
The opinion of the court was delivered ‘by
Prager, J.:
This is an action brought against a sheriff and his
The factual circumstances are not in dispute and are essentially as follows: At approximately 7:50 a. m. on February 8, 1973, an automobile driven by Maurice G. Hackworth was forced off the road by the driver of another vehicle. Hackworth was then assaulted by being hit in the back of the head with a revolver after the assailant discovered that Hackworth did not have any money. Hackworth called the sheriff’s office and described his assailant as a white male, approximately 20 years of age, about 6 feet tall, and weighing about 200 pounds, with long brown hair and a long beard. Hackworth first described his assailant’s vehicle as a 1960-61 light blue Dodgе Lancer with a dented trunk lid and bearing no license tag. At 8:50 a. m. a 1960-61 Plymouth Valiant was observed parked at the Royal Regency apartments in Wichita. Sheriff’s deputies arrived at the scene and immediately sought out the apartment manager. The apartment manager was advised of the attempted robbery, the description of the assailant, and the fаct that a vehicle in the parking lot of the Royal Regency apartments seemed to match the description of the vehicle used in the attempted robbery. The manager stated that this sounded like the people that lived in the basement apartment downstairs on the right side. The apartment manager then arranged for the maintenance mаn of the complex to accompany the officers to the apartment. The officers knocked loudly at the apartment door. When no answer was received, the maintenance man at the request of the deputies opened the door with a pass key. As the deputies entered the apartment, sheriff’s deputy Maxey carried а shotgun. The plaintiff Monroe was sleeping in his bed at the time and was awakened by the deputy sheriff who was pointing the shotgun at Monroe. The deputy ordered Monroe to remove his hand from underneath the pillow upon which he had been sleeping. According to Monroe the deputy then advised him that he was looking for a black man with a beard. It was undisputed that the police entered the Monroe apartment without the permission of Monroe. The officer immediately decided that Monroe was not involved
On February 15, 1973, a week after the occurrence, Monroe filed an action against sheriff Darr and his surety, Ohio Casualty Insurance Company, to recover damages on the sheriff’s bond for invasion of his right of privacy. The defendants filed a motion to dismiss the action for failure of the petition to state a claim upon which relief could be granted. The district court sustained the motion and Monroe appealed to this court. We reversed and remanded the case with directions to proceed with trial.
(Monroe v. Darr,
214 Kan. 426, 520 P. 2d 1197.) In the first aрpeal we held that a sheriff and his sureties are responsible for acts of the sheriff’s deputies performed or committed in discharging their official duties under the provisions of
Following reversal of the case a pretrial conference was held by the district judge on April 25, 1975. On April 28, 1975, the action came on for trial before a jury. Prior to the commencement of the trial, counsel for the defendants moved to strike the plaintiff’s claim for punitive damages for the reason that there was no evidence of willful or wanton misсonduct on the part of the sheriff’s deputies so as to justify punitive damages. The court gave the plaintiff no opportunity to present evidence on his claim of punitive damages and on the basis of ‘the pleadings and the pretrial order struck the plaintiff’s claim for punitive damages. The case then proceeded to trial. After the plaintiff had presented his evidence and rested, the district court sustained the defendants’ motion for a directed verdiot and to dismiss the action for the reason that the plaintiffs evidence failed to show that he had sustained any damages and there was an insufficient evidentiary basis for the jury to award plaintiff a judgment for money. The plaintiff Monroe’s case was dismissеd and he has appealed to this court.
Monroe’s first point on the appeal is that the trial court erred in striking his claim for punitive damages before he was afforded
The general rule is that punitive damages may be recovered for an invasion of the right of privacy where ‘the defendant has acted with malice. (62 Am. Jur, 2d, Privacy, §47;
Santiesteban v. Goodyear Tire
&
Rubber Co.,
[5th Cir., Fla. 1962] 306 F. 2d 9;
Munden v. Harris,
153 Mo. App. 652, 134 S. W. 1076;
Hinish v. Meier
& F.
Co.,
166 Or. 482, 113 P. 2d 438;
Summit Loans, Inc. v. Pecola,
265 Md. 43, 288 A. 2d 114.) A plaintiff seeking to recover punitive damages has the burden of proving malice on the part of the defendant. In the present case the trial court prematurely entered its order striking the plaintiff’s claim for punitive damages before the plaintiff had an opportunity to introduce evidence on that issue. However, at the trial the plaintiff, in order to show the factual circumstances surrounding the invasion of his apartmеnt by the sheriff’s deputies, offered into evidence statements taken from various sheriff’s deputies who were involved in the affair. The plaintiff accepted the statements of these officers as true and rested his case upon them. In these statements the sheriff s deputies stated unequivocally that they entered the Monroe apartment becausе they were in search of an unknown person who might have been involved in the attempted robbeiy of Maurice Hackworth approximately one hour before. Although the actions of the deputy sheriffs could well be described as overly zealous in invading Monroe’s apartment without first obtaining a search warrant, there is nothing contained in the evidenсe relied upon by Monroe which shows that the sheriffs deputies acted with malice or were chargeable with willful or wanton misconduct. We have held that exemplary or punitive damages are not recoverable from a sheriff unless fraud, malice, oppression or improper motives are shown.
(Win-stead, Sheriff, v. Hulme,
32 Kan. 568, 4 Pac. 994;
Dow, Assignee, v. Julien,
32 Kan. 576, 4 Pac. 1000.) We have concluded that, although the district сourt acted prematurely in striking plaintiff’s claim
Monroe’s second point on the appeal is that the trial court erred in directing a verdiot in favor of the defendants at the close of the plaintiff’s case. The defendants moved to dismiss the case and for a directed verdict fоr three reasons: (1) Probable cause for entry into the plaintiff’s apartment by the sheriff’s deputies had been shown; (2) since the sheriff could not discharge the deputies at his pleasure, he was not liable for the deputies’ acts; and (3) plaintiff’ s evidence failed to show that he had sustained any damages. The district court overruled the motion on the first two grounds but held it should be sustained for the reason that proof of damages was remote and speculative and therefore the plaintiff’s evidence failed to show that he had sustained any damages.
It was undisputed that the sheriff’s deputies physically intruded upon the seclusion of the plaintiff Monroe. Such intrusion, unless justified by the circumstances, would constitute an actionable invasion of Monroe’s right of privacy. (Restatement, Second, Torts, § 652B; Froelich v. Adair, 213 Kan. 357, 516 P. 2d 993; Dotson v. McLaughlin, 216 Kan. 201, 531 P. 2d 1; 56 A. L. R. 3d 434 and cases cited therein.) The elements of damage which may be recovered in an action for the invasion of privacy are stated in Restatement, Second, Torts, § 652H to be as follows:
Ҥ 652H. Damages
“One who has established a cause of action for unreasonable invasion оf his privacy is entitled to recover damages for
“(a) The harm to his- interest in privacy resulting from the invasion;
“(b) His mental distress proved to have been suffered if it is of a kind which normally results from such an invasion; and
“(c) Special damage of which the invasion is a legal cause.” [Tentative draft No. 21.]
An invasion of privacy action is primarily concerned with compensation for injured feelings oar mental suffering of the injured party. (Munsell v. Ideal Food Stores, 208 Kan. 909, 924, 494 P. 2d 1063.) The gist of the cause of notion for invasion of privacy is for direct wrongs of a personal character which result in injury to the plaintiffs feelings. (62 Am. Jur. 2d, Privacy, § 45 and cases cited therein.)
At the trial the plaintiff Monroe took the stand and testified that since the incident he could not sleep well at night, that he was more nervous than he was before, that he had feelings of apprehension, and no longer felt safe. Monroe’s wife testified that since the incident her husband had become extremely nervous, hears noises at night, has had more attacks of asthma than he had before the incident, has trouble going to sleep, and that he does not trust law enforcement officers any more. She further testified as to his mental distress on the date the incident occurred. It was not necessary for the plaintiff to call medical witnesses to testify as to his condition and to show mental anxiety and suffering. It was not necessary for him to introduce evidence to show the value of his mental distress in dollars and cents. The amount of damages which should be allowed for the plaintiff’s mental distress was a question for the determination of the jury. The district court in our judgment erred in taking the case away-‘from the jury and entering judgment in favor of the defеndants since the plaintiff introduced evidence showing that he suffered mental distress and
The defendants in their brief have raised a point which was not briefed or argued by the plaintiff on the appeal. Essentially the defendants contend that the trial court properly directed a verdict in favor of the defendants and dismissed the plaintiff’s action because the plaintiff had failed to show any wrongful or tortious act on the part of the sheriff’s deputies on which a recovery may be based. The defendants concede that the sheriff’s deputies entered the Monroe apartment without first obtaining а warrant. They maintain, however, that under all the circumstances there was probable cause to enter the apartment without first obtaining a warrant. We do not agree. The blue Valiant which was parked in front of the apartment complex had not been identified by the robbery viotim as being the automobile of his assailant. All that the police knew wаs that the robber was driving either a 1960-61 Dodge Lancer or Plymouth Valiant which had a dent somewhere in the trunk lid and a vague identification of the assailant as a white male, with a long beard and long brown hair, about 6 feet tall, and weighing about 200 pounds. In our judgment this information did not justify the sheriff’s deputies in entering Monroe’s apartment without a warrant. Probable cause alonе is not sufficient to justify a warrantless search or entry into a private residence. In addition to probable cause it is necessary for the police officer to show exigent circumstances which make an immediate warrant-less search imperative. (Warden v. Hayden, 387 U. S. 294, 18 L. Ed. 2d 782, 87 S. Ct. 1642.) It is true that in some cases circumstances may be present where police offiсers in hot pursuit of a clearly identified robber are justified in entering a private residence which he has been seen entering, in order to make an arrest. Such a rule is not applicable, however, under the facts and circumstances shown in the present case. The right of the people to be secure in their homes is a basic right guaranteed by the Kansas Constitution in § 15 of the Rill of Rights. Entry into a private home or apartment by police officers constitutes an invasion of the right of privacy of the members of the family residing there and unless justified by legal privilege gives rise to a cause of action for breach of privacy. Under the facts and circumstances shown in this case we find no justification fоr the entry by the sheriffs deputies into the Monroe apartment without first obtaining a search warrant from a judicial officer.
In the first appeal in this cаse we held that the plaintiffs petition stated a claim against the sheriff and his surety for damages for invasion of Monroe’s privacy and the assault committed by the sheriffs deputies. In view of our prior cases construing
The judgment of the district court is reversed and, for the reasons set forth above, the case is remanded to the district court with directions to grant the plaintiff Monroe a new trial.