OPINION
Case Summary
Monroe Guaranty Insurance Company ("Monroe") appeals the trial court's entry of summary judgment against it and in
Issues
Monroe essentially presents two issues on appeal, which we restate as:
I. whether the trial court erred in refusing to retroactively reform Monroe's policy so as to exclude the accident from coverage under the policy; and
II. whether the trial court erred in concluding that Monroe's policy was primary with respect to the accident and that a policy issued by TIG Insurance Company was not primary, but excess to Monroe's policy.
Facts
On April 30, 1999, Angela Langreck, an IU student and member of IURC, was driving a passenger van to a rowing meet in Wisconsin when she lost control of the vehicle. It flipped, and several passengers sustained severe injuries and some were also ejected from the van. The van was borrowed from a pool of vehicles owned by IU; IURC paid IU to rent the van. Several injured persons filed lawsuits against IU, IURC, Langreck, and Mark Wilson, the IURC coach.
At the time of the accident, a Monroe commercial general liability ("CGL") policy was in effect that listed "Recognized Student Groups" at IU, one of which is IURC, as the named insureds; IU was an additional insured under the policy. Appellant's App. p. 210. The Monroe policy included a "Non-owned and Hired Auto Liability" endorsement, which deleted the standard CGL policy's automobile liability exclusion and which provided:
[We will pay all sums an insured legally must pay as damages because of "bodily injury" or "property damage" to which this insurance applies, caused by an "accident" which occurs during the policy period and arising out of the maintenance or use of a "hired auto" by you or your employees in the course of your business; and/or the use of any "non-owned auto" in your business by any person other than you.
Id. at 234. The endorsement also stated, "Ithis insurance is excess over any of the other insurance, whether primary, excess, contingent or on any other basis, that is covering the auto as an owned auto." Id. at 235. "Non-owned auto" was defined to mean "any 'auto' you do not own, lease, hire or borrow which is used in connection with your business." Id. "Hired auto" was defined to mean "any 'auto' you lease, hire, or borrow." Id. "You" was defined to mean the policy's named insureds, which would have included IURC but not IU because it was an additional, not named, insured. Id. at 215. Approximately four months after the accident, Monroe attempted to reform these definitions to provide, " 'non-owned auto' and 'hired auto' does not include any 'auto' that is owned by, hired by or rented to the trustees of Indiana University." Id. at 249. Additionally, Monroe wanted this reformation to be made retroactive, effective prior to the date of the accident. IU did not agree to make the reformation retroactive.
Also at the time of the accident, IU was the named insured on a "Municipal Re
After the injured individuals began filing lawsuits, IU, IURC, Langreck, and Wilson tendered the suits to Monroe for defense and indemnity. Monroe then filed a declaratory judgment complaint seeking a ruling that it was not required to defend and indemnify the parties because its policy should be retroactively reformed to exclude coverage or, alternatively, that any coverage under the Monroe policy would be excess to the TIG policy. Langreck, IURC, and Wilson moved for summary judgment against Monroe; Monroe filed a cross-motion for summary judgment. 2 On November 10, 2008, the trial court granted Langreck's, IURC's, and Wilson's motions for summary judgment and denied Monroe's cross-motion.
This appeal ensued. Originally, IURC, Wilson, and IU all participated in this appeal, with IURC and Wilson filing one appellee's brief and IU filing another. However, we subsequently granted IURC's and Wilson's motion to dismiss Monroe's appeal, but as to them only, based upon settlement of the underlying lawsuits against Langreck, Wilson, IURC, and IU, and payment of $1 million by Monroe on behalf of Langreck, Wilson, and IURC. Because Monroe expressly reserved its right to appeal the trial court's grant of summary judgment with respect to IU and to recoup the $1 million payment from IU and/or TIG when it settled, we did not dismiss the appeal in its entirety, and IU remains a party in it. 3
Analysis
Our standard of review for a trial court's grant of a motion for summary judgment is well-settled and the same as that used in the trial court: summary judgment is appropriate only where the designated evidence shows that there is no genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. RMJ Enterprises, Inc. v. Scottsdale Ins. Co.,
I. Reformation
At this point in the litigation, Monroe concedes that absent retroactive reformation of its policy, it provides some level of
We now turn to the first issue before us: whether the trial court erroneously granted summary judgment against Monroe on the issue of retroactively reforming its insurance policy. In Indiana, courts may reform written documents in only two well-defined situations: (1) where there is a mutual mistake-meaning there has been a meeting of the minds, an agreement actually entered into, but the document in its written form does not express what the parties actually intended; or (2) where there has been a mistake by one party, accompanied by fraud or inequitable conduct by the remaining party. Plumlee v. Monrce Guar. Ins. Co.,
Resolution of this issue is fact-based; i.e., whether there is any designated evidence to support Monroe's claim of mutual mistake. Monroe designated no evidence that any person involved with the issuance of the policy, whether from Monroe, IU, or the intermediary insurance agency, had any recollection at all of discussions regarding the "non-owned" and "hired" automobile endorsement, let alone any discussions regarding the endorsement's intended seope. Two representatives from IU's risk management office testified in depositions that there were no discussions regarding the endorsement prior to the policy's issuance. There is no evidence as to how or why the endorsement came to be added to Monroe's standard CGL policy. On the other hand, Monroe does not assert that it never intended to provide any "non-owned" or "hired" automobile liability coverage under its policy; Monroe clearly intended to include the endorsement.
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The result is that there is no evidence Monroe and IU had reached any agreement regarding the endorsement that was erroneously exeluded or that the endorsement as originally written contravened the parties' expressed intent. As such, there is no proper basis for retroactively reforming the policy against TU's
Monroe cites to two other pieces of evidence in support of its claim that the policy should be retroactively reformed. First, it points to the low additional premium charged for the "non-owned" and "hired" automobile endorsement as clear indication that the endorsement was not intended to cover accidents involving IU students driving IU-owned vehicles. The endorsement listed no additional charge for the "non-owned" portion and $108 per year for the "hired" portion, for $1 million in coverage. Putting aside actuarial questions as to what a "reasonable" insurance company might charge for this coverage and whether such charge might be partially included in the overall premium for the policy, this argument fails to create a material issue of fact with respect to Monroe's seeking reformation of the policy. That Monroe might have intended to exclude coverage for IU students driving IU vehicles and charged a premium accordingly again only reveals a mistake on its part in the drafting of the endorsement, not a mistake on IU's part. See First Equity Sec. Life Ins. Co. v. Keith,
Second, Monroe directs us to a page in a manual issued by the IU Club Sports Federation that discusses insurance coverage and states, "The driver's automobile insurance will cover claims associated with an accident." Appellant's App. p. 65. Monroe claims this is evidence of TU's intent that the Monroe policy would not cover accidents involving IU vehicles. However, Monroe fails to consider the sentence immediately preceding this one: "[IInjuries suffered during travel in personally-owned vehicles are not covered." Id. (emphasis added). Thus, even assuming the language in this manual could be indicative of IU's intent vis-a-vis the Monroe policy at the time of its issuance, it leaves open the possibility that accidents during travel in IU-owned vehicles would be covered by TU-procured insurance.
It is true that when the Monroe policy was issued, apparently neither Monroe nor IU had consciously contemplated that it would provide coverage under circumstances such as the ones in this case. However, the mere fact that an incident oecurs that was not within the contemplation of either the insurer or the insured when the policy was issued should not be enough by itself to warrant unilateral and retroactive reformation of the policy. See Beck v. Pennsylvania Nat'l Mut. Cas. Ins. Co.,
II. Policy Priority
Monroe argues in the alternative that if its policy is not reformed and it is required to provide some level of coverage for this accident, the TIG policy is primary and its own policy is excess to TIG's and its limit of $25 million, as well as that policy's $1 million retained amount. Monroe relies upon the "other insurance" clause in the "non-owned" and "hired" automobile endorsement of its policy: "This insurance is excess over any of the other insurance, whether primary, excess, contingent or on any other basis, that is covering the auto as an owned auto." Appellant's App. p. 285. IU counters that although the TIG policy may have covered the auto involved in the accident as an owned auto, that policy is strictly an umbrella or true excess insurance policy that need only pay out if the Monroe policy is exhausted, regardless of the Monroe policy's "other insurance" clause.
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This issue presents a pure question of law regarding policy interpretation that is particularly appropriate for resolution on summary judgment. RMJ Enterprises,
This is a question of first impression in Indiana. However, numerous courts in other jurisdictions have addressed the question and have aligned themselves with the position IU takes: a true excess insurance policy is secondary in priority to a primary insurance policy, even with respect to an incident for which the primary policy purports to make itself excess to any other available insurance. "When faced with conflicts that exist between an umbrella policy and an essentially primary policy made excess by a nonownership clause, a majority of jurisdictions have adopted the rule that the umbrella policy need not contribute until after the primary coverage is exhausted." Liberty Mut. Ins. Co. v. Harbor Ins. Co.,
Monroe has cited no cases that hold to the contrary. It only cites one case that it contends stands for the proposition that the "other insurance" clause in Monroe's policy is "[iJn reality ... a 'super excess clause' which takes precedence over even a simple excess clause such as the TIG policy." Reply Br. p. 18 n.5. The case cited is Grant v. North River Ins. Co.,
In the present case, there is little doubt that TIG's policy is a true excess or umbrella liability policy, while Monroe's policy is a primary policy that attempts to make itself excess with respect to the "non-owned" or "hired" automobile endorsement. A number of courts and commentators have described the differences between primary policies and umbrella policies. "First, an umbrella policy, in contrast to a primary policy that contains another insurance clause, has been recognized as providing unique and special coverage." Illinois Emcasco Ins. Co.,
Here, we begin by noting that on the very first page of the TIG policy, the "Certificate of Liability Insurance," it is marked as an "Excess Liability" policy, not a "General Liability," "Automobile Liability," or any other type of policy. Appellant's App. p. 262. The policy states that it "applies excess of a retained amount." Id. at 266. "Retained Amount" is defined in the policy as "the amount retained by the Insured or the amount of underlying insurance for damages...." Id. at 283. We further note that under TIG's policy, it expressly disclaims any responsibility or duty to defend or settle any claims made against an insured and simply reserves the right to participate in a defense if it is anticipated that a claim may be so great as to exceed the $1 million amount needed to trigger coverage under the TIG policy. 8
Additionally, as we observed in the "Facts" section, the TIG policy essentially has two parts, one of which refers to the $1 million retained amount as a "self-insured retention," and a second that has a "schedule of underlying insurance." Id. at 262, 291. We agree with IU that this essentially means that if an occurrence is
Monroe also observes that typical CGL policies specifically exclude automobile liability coverage through standard exclusion "g," Monroe's standard policy indeed contained this exclusion, which precludes coverage for damages "arising out of the ownership, maintenance, use or entrustment to others of any aireraft, 'auto' or watercraft owned or operated by or rented or loaned to any insured." Appellant's App. p. 216. Monroe concludes, "CGL coverage always excludes automobile liability coverage." Reply Br. p. 10. Monroe fails to note, however, that the "non-owned" and "hired" automobile endorsement attached to the standard policy issued to IURC expressly nullified exclusion "g." See Appellant's App. p. 234 (copy of "Non-owned and Hired Auto Liability" endorsement stating that certain standard exclusions applied to the endorsement but "[all other exclusions," which would include exclusion "g," "are deleted."). Thus, it is too broad a 'statement to say all CGL policies necessarily exelude any automobile lability coverage; standard CGL policies may do so but the standard may be specifically altered to provide such coverage, as was the case here.
We also note that with respect to the $1 million retained amount applicable to the TIG policy, Monroe incorrectly refers to this as a deductible. There are key differences between a deductible, which generally exist in primary policies, and retained amounts, which generally are found in umbrella policies or policies designed to be excess of a self-insured amount. One difference is that while a deductible is subtracted from a policy's limits, thereby reducing an insurer's total obligation to the insured, the full limits of a policy including a retained amount are available to the insured once that amount has been satisfied. See Douglas R. Richmond, Issues and Problems in "Other In-swrance," Multiple Inswrance and Self-Insurance, 22 Pepp. L.Rev. 1878, 1449 (1995).
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Another key difference is that in a policy with a deductible, the insurer retains complete control of claims handling; in a policy with a retained amount, the insurer has no claims handling responsibility, particularly with respect to claims not exceeding the retained amount. See id. Here, as noted, the TIG policy has two aspects, one in which it is exeess to IU's self-insurance for some events, and another in which it is excess to underlying insurance for insurance-covered events. The retained amount with respect to either is not a deductible, in that it does not reduce TIG's $25 million total coverage obligation to IU; the total amount IU may actually recover pursuant to the TIG policy for claims expenses and damages combined is $25 million, not $24 million. Finally, TIG does not undertake the obligation to adjust or defend any claims against IU. Labeling the $1 million retained amount in the TIG policy a deductible improperly blurs the
With respect to the Monroe policy, it is clearly a primary policy that purports to be excess only in limited cireumstances. Monroe itself admits in its brief, "It is important to note that the Monroe Policy is not excess in every situation, or even in the majority of situations covered by the policy.... [Flor accidents and/or injuries not involving hired automobiles, the Monroe Policy is primary." Appellant's Br. p. 28 (emphasis in original). The policy itself states that it "is primary" exeept for a few narrowly defined situations. Appellant's App. p. 221. As a default rule (except for the few "other insurance" situations), Monroe undertakes "the right and duty to defend any 'suit'" seeking damages covered by the policy. Id. at 215.
We have no doubt that the TIG policy was always intended by all parties to be an umbrella or true excess policy only whose coverage, if an occurrence was covered by underlying insurance such as the Monroe policy, is triggered only upon the exhaustion of the underlying insurance's limits. The Monroe policy by contrast is essentially a primary policy that serves as excess in a few situations. Applying the general rule we adopt today, the TIG policy as an umbrella policy is necessarily excess to the Monroe policy, notwithstanding the Monroe policy's "other insurance" clause.
Monroe contends that regardless of the type of insurance policies involved, Indiana's so-called "Owner's Statute" should control the outcome of this case. That statute provides:
(b) In any case arising from a permit-tee's use of a motor vehicle for which the owner of the vehicle has motor vehicle insurance coverage, the owner's motor vehicle insurance coverage is considered primary if both of the following apply:
(1) The vehicle, at the time damage occurred, was operated with the permission of the owner of the motor vehicle.
(2) The use was within the scope of the permission granted.
(c) The permittee may not recover under any other motor vehicle insurance coverage available to the permittee until the limit of all coverage provided by the owner's policy is first exhausted.
Ind.Code § 27-8-9-7. Because (1) the TIG policy was issued to IU, the owner of the vehicle concerned, (2) the Monroe policy covered IURC and Langreck, not the vehicle's owner, and (8) Langreck was using the IU vehicle as a permittee at the time of the accident, Monroe contends that the Owner's Statute mandates that the TIG policy is primary and the Monroe policy is exeess to TIG's.
Notwithstanding TIG's clear status as an umbrella or true excess insurer, Monroe relies heavily on United Nat'l Ins. Co. v. DePrizio,
The court reached this result for several reasons. First, it found nothing in the language of the statute to indicate the legislature intended to exclude an umbrella policy from the reach of the uninsured/un-derinsured motorist statute "merely because it depends on a primary policy or covers additional types of liability." Id. at 459. Second, the court addressed the intended scope of the uninsured/underin-sured motorist statute. Id. at 459-61. It noted that the statute had originated as a "minimum recovery" statute and had evolved into a "full recovery" statute, which supported including umbrella policies within the scope of the revised and broader statute. Id. at 461. It also found that several other jurisdictions with "full recovery" uninsured/underinsured motorist statutes similar to Indiana's had concluded that umbrella insurers were required to provide uninsured/underinsured motorist coverage. Id. at 461-63. Finally, the court stated, "it is reasonable for ... consumers to expect to be able [to] call upon ... umbrella policies to supplement their coverage when those perils involve uninsured and underinsured motorists." Id. at 463.
As is evident from our supreme court's analysis, it was focused intently upon the particular language, purposes, and history of Indiana's uninsured/underingsured motorist statute, and how other courts in other jurisdictions had approached the issue. Thus, DePrizio is, at best, only marginally relevant to the issue before us concerning a completely different statute. At the very least, DePrigio's conclusion that an umbrella insurance policy is an "automobile liability policy or motor vehicle liability policy" for purposes of the uninsured/underinsured motorist statute cannot be translated wholesale into a conclusion that an umbrella insurance policy is also necessarily "motor vehicle insurance coverage" for purposes of the Owner's Statute.
The standard for our interpretation of statutes is well-settled:
When interpreting a statute, appellate courts independently review a statute's meaning and apply it to the facts of the case under review. If a statute is unambiguous, that is, susceptible to but one meaning, we must give the statute its clear and plain meaning. If a statute is susceptible to multiple interpretations, however, we must try to ascertain the legislature's intent and interpret the statute so as to effectuate that intent. We presume the legislature intended logical application of the language used in the statute, so as to avoid unjust or absurd results.
Bolin v. Wingert,
Monroe's proffered construction of the Owner's Statute has some support. Indiana Code Section 27-8-9-6(c) defines "motor vehicle insurance coverage" for purposes of the Owner's Statute as "any type of insurance coverage described in IC 27-1-5-1, Class 2(F)." Indiana Code Seetion 27-1-5-1, Class 2(f) in turn describes insurance coverage "against any loss, expense and/or liability resulting from the ownership, maintenance, use and/or opera
Nonetheless, we conclude that including umbrella insurance policies within the definition of "motor vehicle insurance coverage" for purposes of the Owner's Statute is not required by the evident legislative intent behind the statute, and indeed would lead to an absurd result contrary to the expectations of those issuing and purchas- . ing umbrella insurance policies. In American Family Mut. Ins. Co. v. Continental Cas. Co.,
to address the conflict between policies that cover an insured individual using a non-owned vehicle and policies that insure the vehicle and whoever is driving it, each with language limiting coverage when "other insurance" covers the accident. The legislature obviously wanted to break the tie between policies providing the same layer of protection by establishing a presumptive rule as to who pays first, There is no reason to conclude that the legislature even contemplated umbrella policiee-true excess policies that provide a different layer of coverage-when it enacted [the statute].
Id. at 667 (citations omitted) (emphasis added).
This reasoning persuades us, especially in light of our earlier discussion regarding the differences between umbrella and primary policies and the expectations of insurers and insureds with respect to umbrella policies in particular. It is clear the legislature in enacting the Owner's Statute wished to simplify coverage disputes where competing primary insurers have conflicting "other insurance" clauses that threaten to leave an injured party without access to insurance coverage for an accident. We do not think the statute was intended to force an umbrella insurer to pay ahead of a primary insurer, especially where, as here, the primary insurer is expressly listed as underlying insurance in the umbrella insurer's policy.
Established precedent and scholarly commentary provides that in coverage priority disputes between a primary insurer that purports to be excess in limited circumstances and an insurer who issues a true exeess or umbrella liability policy, the umbrella policy is always excess to the essentially primary policy. TIG's policy is clearly a true excess or umbrella policy, while Monroe's is a primary policy purporting to be excess to any "other insurance" in limited cireumstances. Thus, TIG's coverage is excess to Monroe's coverage, regardless of the Monroe policy's "other insurance" clause. The Indiana Owner's Statute was clearly intended to resolve coverage disputes caused by competing primary insurers' "other insurance"
Conclusion
Monroe failed to raise a genuine issue of material fact to support its claim that mutual mistake on the part of it and IU warrants retroactive reformation of the Monroe policy so as to exclude Langreck's accident while driving an IU-owned vehicle from coverage under the "non-owned" and "hired" automobile endorsement. With respect to coverage priority between Monroe and TIG, a pure question of law, Monroe's overall primary policy remains primary and TIG's true excess or umbrella policy is secondary, in accordance with black-letter law adopted in numerous jurisdictions and notwithstanding the Indiana Owner's Statute. We affirm the trial court's entry of summary judgment against Monroe.
Affirmed.
Notes
. Technically, the Indiana University Board of Trustees is the named party in this case. For the sake of simplicity, we will refer only to Indiana University and IU throughout the opinion.
. IU did not file its own separate motion for summary judgment.
. Because we dismissed IURC and Wilson from this appeal, we have not considered their brief in deciding this case. Additionally, IURC and Wilson moved for oral argument, which we denied simultaneously upon dismissing them from the appeal. No other party moved for oral argument.
. We might presume, given the lack of evidence that IU specifically requested this endorsement, that Monroe regularly includes the endorsement with its CGL policies.
. Our conclusion today corresponds with the result reached by the Colorado Court of Appeals in a case IU has cited, Woodruff v. O'Dell,
. We note that the only issue before us is priority as between Monroe and TIG. The issue of priority between Monroe and Commercial Union, who issued an automobile policy to Langreck's parents and which included her as a covered driver, is not before us. Nor do we need to consider the priority relationship, if any, that would exist between the $100,000 self-insured amount that IU provides on behalf of student drivers such as Langreck and the coverage provided by Monroe.
. This case is somewhat unique in that most of the cases from other jurisdictions addressed coverage conflicts between an overall primary automobile policy and an umbrella policy, whereas this case concerns a primary CGL policy with a "non-owned" or "hired" automobile endorsement versus an umbrella policy. We see no reason not to apply the general rule concerning primary versus umbrella insurers in this case.
. One factor that arguably might weigh against finding the TIG policy to be an umbrella or true excess policy is the premium charged: $184,818 per year for $25 million in coverage. The Monroe policy, with $1 million in coverage, cost $14,948 per year. In this case, however, the discrepancy is largely meaningless, because the Monroe policy was issued only to IU student groups, a very narrow subset of potential liability exposure with respect to IU as a whole, while the TIG policy was issued to the entire IU system and would have applied to a much broader range of potential liability.
. This article specifically refers to self-insured retentions, although the general observations regarding such retentions versus deductibles would also seem to apply to retentions in an umbrella policy for which there is scheduled underlying insurance.
. Monroe notes that we recently implied that a retained amount in an excess or umbrella policy is equivalent to a deductible in PSI Energy, Inc. v. Home Ins. Co.,