31 F.2d 85 | 6th Cir. | 1929
This is an action for damages for personal injuries. The petition alleged that plaintiff, an employe of the Wheeling Steel Corporation as an electric welder, was temporarily engaged in building a shed on his employer’s premises over which defendant, without notice or warning, maintained too close to plaintiff and his fellow workmen an unguarded high-tension wire carrying a heavy voltage of electricity, as a result whereof plaintiff was seriously injured by an eleetric current conveyed from said wire into his body by a ladder which, while plaintiff was using it, came into contact with the wire.
Defendant entered (1) a general denial, and for further defense the defendant entered the plea of (2) assumption of risk and (3) contributory negligence.
Plaintiff had verdict and judgment, and defendant brought a writ of error and assigned errors. The principal assignments are: (1) That there should have been a directed verdict for defendant, and (2) that the court took from the jury the defense of assumption of risk.
The physical situation was this: Plaintiff in error furnished electric power to the. steel company through six wires in two series of -three each, one series over the other, carried on wooden poles and coming into the plant .to a transformer at a substation. The top series were insulated and the lower ones were hare, but these wires carried 25,000 volts of electricity, and insulation was said to be insufficient protection from contact. The substation was fenced and carried a sign which read “22,000 VOLTS, DANGEROUS.” Between it and the first pole to the east and under the wires was a small shanty where defendant in error worked. The steel corporation desired to erect a larger building for the welders, and to do this it became necessary to remove the shanty and this pole. The new building, entirely of steel, was about 56 feet long by 15 feet wide, running east and west, and was of shed-like construction built against the machine shop. The roof sloped from the machine shop and was about 11 feet from the ground at its outer edge. During its erection plaintiff in error, at the re
He further testified that with reference to high-tension wires this expression: “ ‘Get the wires up in the clear’ means to get it out of the reach of any person so that they may not come in contact with it, so that if a man happened to have a saw or bar or hammer that he would not hit that if he should happen to be on a roof somewhere working. We figure around 10 feet for a clearance above a roof. I knew nothing whatever about these wires after the job was ordered done. I didn’t know the condition of them whatever after that. If it should develop that these wires were only 4 or 5 feet above the west end of this shanty which, is a steel building, built on a steel frame and steel metal on the outside, I would condemn the work with reference to its being proper or safe construction. I mean by condemn that if I saw a piece of construction of that kind with high-tension wires within 4 or 5 feet of any building where there was any work on it, I would, either stop the work until those wires were raised or vice versa. In other words, it absolutely would not be proper or safe construction.”
At the time the changes were made, the new building had not been completed. Roberts testified that he knew that the building was yet in process of construction, that the roof was not on, and that it would be necessary to put the roof on and for men to go upon the building, and while the roof was being put on the plaintiff in error at the request of the steel company shut off the power.
From the above recapitulation of the material evidence, it is clear that the question ’of negligence or due care upon plaintiff in error’s part was one of fact for the jury.
In Reynolds v. Iowa Southern Utilities Co., 21 F.(2d) 958 (C. C. A. 8), at page 960, it is said: “As stated in Joyce on Electric Law, § 445: ‘A company maintaining electrical wires, over which a high voltage of electricity is conveyed, rendering them highly dangerous to others, is under the duty of using the necessary care and prudence at places where others may have the right to go, either for work, business, or pleasure, to prevent injury.’ ”
In Perham v. Portland Electric Co., 33 Or. 451, at page 478, 53 P. 14, 23 (40 L. R. A. 799, 72 Am. St. Rep. 730) it is said: “Electric companies, of course, are not bound to have perfect apparatus or perfect construction, but they are required to exercise a degree of care and prudence in the construction and maintenance of their wires commensurate with the danger; and where their wires are designed to carry a strong and powerful current of electricity, so that persons coming in contact with them are certain to be seriously injured, if not killed, the law imposes upon' the company the duty of exercising the utmost care and prudence to prevent such injury; and whether such care-has been exercised in a given case is ordinarily for the jury. Cr os well, Electricity, § 234.”
In Daltry v. Electric Light, etc., Co., 208 Pa. 403, 409, 57 A. 833, 835, it is said: “Electricity when of sufficient voltage for lighting purposes is well known by electricians and others familiar with its properties to be most dangerous and likely to cause death to those who come in contact with its current. Those who deal with it or supply it, to the public are therefore required to recognize this fact and to exercise care eommeusu-
Also in Giraudi v. Electric Co., 107 Cal. 120, 40 P. 108, 28 L. R. A. 596, 48 Am. St. Rep. 114, it is stated: “If an electric company maintains a dangerous wire over the roof of a building where people are likely to go, it must raise the wire to an altitude where contact is difficult, or it must by insulation or other devices reduce the danger from contact.”
See, also, Memphis Cons. Gas & Elec. Co. v. Letson, 135 F. 969, 972 (C. C. A. 6); Bristol Gas & Elec. Co. v. Deckard, 10 F.(2d) 66, 67 (C. C. A. 6); Curcuru v. Peninsular Elec. Lt. Co., 258 F. 785, 790 (C. C. A. 6); Knowlton v. Light Co., 117 Iowa, 451, 455, 90 N. W. 818; Thomas v. Elec. Co., 54 W. Va. 395, 400, 46 S. E. 217.
It is contended that the court erred in withdrawing from the jury the defense of assumption of risk, as embodied in the maxim, “volenti non fit injuria.” The indiscriminate use of the terms “assumption of risk” and “volenti non fit injuria,” without reference to their technical meaning or proper setting, has given rise to irreconcilable confusion. However, we apprehend that as a general proposition “assumption of risk” is applicable to cases involving contractual relationship, and while “volenti non fit injuria” may be applied in such cases, yet its appropriate and more general use is found as a defense in the broader field of negligence actions generally. O’Maley v. South Boston Gas Light Co., 158 Mass. 135, 32 N. E. 1119, 47 L. R. A. 161. Its modem interpretation is that “one who, knowing and appreciating a danger, voluntarily assumes the risk of it, has no just cause of complaint against another who is primarily responsible for the existence of the danger.” A shorter and more expressive definition probably is, that one who willingly encounters a known danger cannot complain. In this view the court correctly instructed the jury to disregard the defense. It was applicable to no proven fact. Albey knew of the existence of the wires and supposed they were electric wires and as a matter of common knowledge they were dangerous. Monongahela West Penn Public Service Co. v. McNutt, 13 F.(2d) 846, 847 (C. C. A. 6). The. west end of the shed had not been closed, and the foreman, Kahn, had told defendant in error to put up a two by four; that is, to attach it to a channel iron by bolts so that the siding could be nailed to it. To do this it was necessary to bore holes through the two by four to fit the holes in the channel iron, and to get the proper measurements it was necessary to use a ladder. He found a ladder upon the premises which looked like a wooden ladder and which he thought was a wooden ladder. When he picked it up, he did not notice steel on it and did not know that it was a conductor of electricity. He carried it on his shoulder, and, intent upon his work and unconscious of danger, set it up against the shed. On starting up he discovered that the ladder was too far from the channel iron. He came down and without looking up pushed the ladder in toward the building. The result was that the upper end of it moved up • ward and backward until it came in contact with one of the highly charged wires, whereupon the electricity escaped through the ladder, entered plaintiff’s body, and he was seriously injured. This ladder was built of wood, except that it had steel cleats in the shape of angle irons attached to the upper and lower side of each rung and the other angle to the inside of the upright; the ends on the uprights coming together, and the cleats being riveted through the rungs by metal rivets. This metal thus formed a conductor of electricity for the length of the ladder, but was not noticed by defendant in error, and the determinative evidence is that, while the steel might have been observed by inspection, it was not at all open to observation that the ladder was a dangerous instrumentality. It became a conductor by reason of the rivets through the rungs which connected the steel strips or cleats. The only way to ascertain whether the rivets went entirely through the rungs, and thus completed the connection, was to either use a magnet or to do what was eventually done, to make the examination by breaking up the ladder. Neither “volenti non fit injuria” or “assumption of risk,” if applicable here, require defendant in error to make a critical examination of the ladder. The maxim, “volenti non fit injuria,” could only defeat defendant in error when he knew or was bound to know the risk and voluntarily exposed himself to it. Illingsworth v. Boston Elec. Light Co., 161 Mass. 583, 588, 37 N. E. 778, 25 L. R. A. 552; Olm v. N. Y. & Queens El. & P. Co., 188 App. Div. 19, 176 N. Y. S. 370, 373;
Upon the whole we conclude that the verdict had substantial support in the testimony.
It is assigned as error that the court admitted certain testimony objected to at the time, but this testimony was withdrawn from the jury by specific instructions and plaintiff in error cannot now complain. Buckeye Cotton Oil Co. v. Sloan, 250 F. 712, 723 (C. C. A. 6). The other assignments of error, not being of sufficient importance for discussion, are overruled.
The result is, the judgment is affirmed.