145 W. Va. 377 | W. Va. | 1960
Lead Opinion
This suit in chancery was instituted in the Circuit Court of Cabell County by E. T. Mohr, on behalf of himself and all other taxpayers and persons similarly situated in and of the County of Cabell and State of West Virginia, against The County Court of Cabell County, West Virginia, a corporation, and T. A. Cavendish, Frank Heiner and G. Y. Neal, commissioners of said court. Jim Ellis and Vinson V. DeVilbiss, subsequent commissioners of said court, William Clemin-shaw and Harvey G. Cleminshaw, partners trading and doing business under the firm name and style of The J. M. Cleminshaw Company, and Harold H. Gorman, assignee of the partnership, were subsequently made parties defendant by court decree.
The initial contract, executed on August 24, 1956, recites that the partnership “is engaged in appraisal work for public bodies”; and that it is the intent of the agreement “to provide that the completed appraisal shall serve as a basis for assessments * * *.” In the supplemental contract, executed July 2, 1957, the partnership agreed to “complete all work of appraisal and revaluation * * * on or before November 1, 1957,” for which services the county court agreed to “pay a total which when added to what has already been paid will equal One Hundred Sixty Four Thousand, Seven Hundred Fifty Dollars ($164,-750.00).”
The contract dated August 24, 1956, is lengthy, containing forty-six numbered paragraphs. After reciting that “the County Court wishes the Partnership to assist it in making a revaluation of real property within the limits of Cabell County, West Virginia, for assessment and tax purposes”, and that “the Partnership is engaged in appraisal work for public bodies and desires to assist in such revaluation”, the contract contains extensive and detailed provisions reciting methods to be adhered to in making the revaluation. Other portions of the contract are as follows:
“The Partnership will assist the County Court in appraising and making a revaluation of the real*380 property within the limits of Cabell County in the manner hereinafter set forth:
# # #
“32. Copies of all real estate cost data and valuation tables, dwelling valuation tables and cost data covering commercial construction shall be left with the Assessor or the County Court for their use and benefit in connection with valuations of Cabell County. Instruction shall be offered in the use of said data so that the system may be maintained through future years. One current edition of ‘The Cleminshaw Appraisers’ Manual’ shall be furnished supplemental to the above cost data.
# # #
“35. Provide for full instructions to the Assessor in the use of cost and valuation tables, formulas and standards used in this revaluation.
# # #
“The County Court does hereby agree as follows:
“41. That it will render every assistance it can in securing the aid and co-operation of the Cabell County Assessor and his staff as well as the aid and assistance of all other county officials where proper and necessary in the performance of this agreement, and that it will make possible access to official records pertinent to this program.”
The bill of complaint, as amended, challenges the legality of the written contracts as follows:
“* * * Any contract by which assessment and revaluation were attempted to be accomplished by a county court was a contract that a county court had no power or authority to make, was ultra vires, and therefore, void.”
The county court and the commissioners thereof, jointly and severally demurred to and answered the amended bill of complaint, to which answer the plaintiff demurred. The answer contains the following allegations :
“I. That prior to the execution of the contracts marked in said Bill as ‘Exhibit A’ and ‘Exhibit B’ Cabell County has lost in excess of $700,000.00 in School Aid from the State of West Virginia because*381 of alleged findings of the Tax Commissioner of the State of West Virginia that property valuations on real property within said County were not sufficient and adequate to make said County eligible for the maximum allocation of State Aid for schools, as determined and provided by Chapter 18, Article 9A, Section 1, et seq., West Virginia Code.
“That the County Court of Cabell County, a corporation, was advised by the Tax Commissioner of the State of West Virginia that, pursuant to his investigation of real property valuations in said County, which investigations were made as required by Chapter 11, Article 1, Section 2, Chapter 18, Article 9A, Section 3, et seq., West Virginia Code, it was his opinion that the County Court of Cabell County, a corporation, in accordance with the law would lie under a duty to revalue or re-appraise all real estate within said County subject to taxation, excepting public utility property, and to equalize many discrepancies in property valuation then existing.
“That the County Court of Cabell County, a corporation, acting upon such advice, and like advice from the Attorney General of the State of West Virginia and the Prosecuting Attorney of Cabell County, West Virginia, proceeded to undertake the task of obtaining competent, skilled and expert appraisers and subsequently entered into a contract for such services after first submitting such to the Tax Commissioner of the State of West Virginia, the Attorney General of West Virginia, and the Prosecuting Attorney of Cabell County, West Virginia.”
By a decree entered on July 11, 1958, “counsel for the plaintiff and counsel for the defendants stipulated and agreed in open court that all facts well pleaded in the said Bill of Complaint and said Joint and Several Answer were true and no proof would be submitted at the hearing on the merits of this cause unless required by the court.” The decree further provided that “the matters of law therein contained shall be decided on the pleadings filed herein.”
On May 4, 1959, the court entered a decree overruling the defendants’ demurrer to the plaintiff’s bill and amended bills of complaint; sustaining the plaintiff’s demurrer to the defendants’ answer; declaring
The petition filed in this Court embodies eight assignments of error, but counsel for the defendants agree that all of such assignments of error involve the single question of the validity or invalidity of the contracts.
The distinguished trial chancellor, as is evidenced by his written opinion, held that the county court had no legal right or authority to enter into the contracts in question in the absence of express authority and that authority to do so could not be implied, citing as authority for that proposition the following cases: State, etc. v. Shipman, 112 W. Va. 529, 165 S. E. 801; Woodyard Publications, Inc., et al. v. Lambert, 112 W. Va. 22, 163 S. E. 858; Norris v. County Court of Cabell County, 111 W. Va. 692, 163 S. E. 418; and State, etc. v. County Court of Lewis County, 110 W. Va. 533, 158 S. E. 790. The opinions in those cases refer to and are based upon a statute heretofore in existence which provided in part: “It shall be unlawful for any county court, * * to expend any money or to incur any obligation or indebtedness which such fiscal body is not expressly authorized by law to expend or incur.” (Italics supplied). Official Code, 1931, 11-8-13, (Barnes’ West Virginia Code, 1923, Chapter 28A, Section 12).
The statute referred to immediately above was repealed and reenacted on January 19, 1934, by Chapter 67, Acts of the Legislature, Second Extraordinary Session, 1933, by which repeal and reenactment the language prohibiting county courts and certain other fiscal bodies from expending money or incurring any
The prohibitory language in question, contained in Code, 11-8-13, until the reenactment thereof in 1934, made it unlawful for the fiscal bodies therein enumerated “to expend any money or to incur any obligation or indebtedness” not expressly authorized by law. The next sentence in the same statute dealt in a different manner with the making by such fiscal bodies of “any contract, express or implied.” The apparent result of the statutory language was that, even during the time such prohibitory language was a part of the statutory law, there remained an area in which such fiscal bodies were authorized to exercise implied authority, in the absence of express authorization. In some areas at least, county courts possessed such powers as were expressly conferred by the Constitution or by the Legislature, “together with such as are reasonably and necessarily implied in the full and proper exercise of the powers so expressly given.” (Italics supplied.) Barbor v. County Court of Mercer County, 85 W. Va. 359, syl. 3, 101 S. E. 721. See also Keatley v. Summers County Court, 70 W. Va. 267, 73 S. E. 706; Adkins v. Wayne County Court, 94 W. Va. 460, 119 S. E. 284; Old, etc. v. Commonwealth, 148 Va. 299, 138 S. E. 485. The rule relative to implied authority, as applied to boards of education, is stated in Dooley v. Board of Education, 80 W. Va. 648, 93 S. E. 766. See also State v. Rouzer, 127 W. Va. 392, 397, 32 S. E. 2d 865, 867. The rule, as it relates to municipal corporation, is stated in Law v. Phillips, 136 W. Va. 761, syl. 8, 68 S. E. 2d 452, and in numerous prior decisions therein listed.
The rule relating to implied powers of county courts, or other similar fiscal bodies for counties, apparently
Code, 7-1-3, lists numerous powers expressly conferred on county courts and contains the following language: “They shall * * * have the superintendence and administration of the internal police and fiscal affairs of their counties * * * with authority to lay and disburse the county levies.” Code, 7-1-5, as amended, imposes upon county courts numerous duties, including the duty “to review and equalize the assessments made by the assessor; to inspect and review the lists of property, both real and personal, made up by the assessor and his deputies for taxable purposes, and to point out to the assessor any property, real or personal, which the said assessors of their respective counties may have overlooked or omitted to place on said tax lists; * * * to * * * supervise the general management of the fiscal affairs and business of each county; * * *.” Code, 11-3-24, as amended, contains the following language:
“The county court shall annually, not later than the fifth day of July, meet for the purpose of reviewing and equalizing the assessment made by the assessor. * * * The court shall proceed to examine and review the property books, and shall add on the*385 books the names of persons, the value of personal property and the description and value of real estate liable to assessment which was omitted by the assessor. They shall correct all errors in the names of persons, in the description and valuation of property, and they shall cause to be done whatever else may be necessary to make the valuation comply with the provisions of this chapter. * * * If the court determine that any property or interest is assessed at more or less than its true and actual value, it shall fix it at the true and actual value. * * * When it is desired to increase the entire valuation in any one district by a general increase, notice shall be given by publication in two newspapers published in the county, once each week for two consecutive weeks, and completed at least five days prior to the increase in valuation.”
While the specific question here involved has not been considered and decided by this Court heretofore, similar questions have been decided by appellate courts of other jurisdictions. In the case of Federal Royalty Co. v. State, (Tex. Civ. App.), 42 S. W. 2d 670, a firm of experts had been employed on behalf of Pecos County to make a survey and report of real estate to aid the board of commissioners sitting as a board of equalization in determining proper values to be fixed for tax assessment purposes and in equalizing such values. The assessor accepted the valuations thus determined without personal knowledge of the facts and the valuations were accepted in like manner by the board of equalization. A taxpayer challenged the legality of the assessment. In holding that the assessment was proper the Court said (42 S. W. 2d at page 674): “The aid contracted for is in the exercise of the powers and duties imposed by law upon the assessor of taxes and the commissioners sitting as a board in the matter of listing and assessment of property for taxation in the county where situate. Where, as in this state, no express authority is given to employ such expert aid, the power to do so is implied, and the expedience of doing so is within the discretion of the commissioners’ court.”
The situation in the case of Haley & Co. v. McVay, 70 Cal. App. 438, 233 P. 409, was similar to that in the
We are not concerned with the expediency of the contracts in question, nor with the wisdom exercised by members of the county court in entering into them. We do note, however, the allegations of the answer of the county court, which allegations are accepted as true in the light of the demurrer thereto, that prior to the making of such contracts Cabell County lost in excess of $700,000 in school aid from the State of West Virginia “because of alleged findings of the Tax Commissioner of the State of West Virginia that property valuations on real property within said County were not sufficient and adequate to make said County eligi
The Court holds that because of the broad and comprehensive nature of powers expressly granted to and duties expressly imposed upon the county court by the Legislature, the county court had implied power and authority to enter into the written contracts in question in this case; and that, therefore, such contracts are valid, binding upon the parties thereto and legally enforceable. In holding that the contracts are valid and enforceable, we note that the valuations fixed by the partnership under the terms of such contracts are designed merely to serve as a guide to the assessor and to the county court in the performance of the duties imposed upon them by law; and that such contracts do not impose a mandatory obligation upon the assessor and county court to accept such valuations for tax purposes.
For the reasons stated herein, the judgment of the Circuit Court of Cabell County is reversed and the case is remanded to that court with direction to dissolve the injunction granted as a part of that judgment.
Reversed and remanded with direction.
Concurrence Opinion
concurring:
I agree with the final disposition of this case, but think that the contract in question was, in fact, made only for the benefit of the county court, for its use in the discharge of its duties in relation to the equalization of tax assessments in Cabell County.
The pertinent statutes, especially the several sections of Article 3 of Chapter 11 of the Code, as amended, clearly, I think, impose on the assessor the absolute and sole duty of making the initial assessment of all taxable property in his county, excepting, of course, such assessments as are required to be made by the board of public works. For that purpose the
There is, however, imposed on the county court the absolute duty of “equalizing the assessment made by the assessor”. Code, 11-3-24, as amended. No specific directions as to the manner of discharging such duties are found, the road to the accomplishing or performance of such duties seemingly being left open to be determined by that body. The importance of such duties is emphasized by the constitutional provision requiring that “taxation shall be equal and uniform throughout the State, and all property, both real and personal, shall be taxed in proportion to its value to be ascertained as directed by law.” It can hardly be contended that the three members of the county court would, without assistance from some source, be able to accomplish true equalization of the many thousands of assessments, including those from the smallest to large industrial and manufacturing plants, in a county such as Cabell, or indeed in any county, where a need existed or is demanded by circumstances such as presently exist in Cabell County, for an examination of all or a large part of the properties for the purpose of such equalization, within the time available for the performance of the work. This being true, it would seem clear that there exists, of necessity, implied authority for the execution of the contract.
While it is true that certain language contained in the contract is subject to an interpretation to the effect that it was made for the purposes relating to duties exclusively imposed on the assessor, a fair determina
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting:
I can not concur in the decision of the majority which dissolves the injunction issued by the circuit court and sustains the validity of agreements by the county court to pay a private concern from public funds the sum of $164,750.00 for its assistance in the performance of duties which the statutes of this State impose upon the members of the county court and the assessor of Cabell County. As in my opinion the county court is without authority to make any contract for such services and to pay, in addition to the fixed salaries of its members and the assessor, compensation in an amount which is not fixed by law or regulations and is limited only by the agreement of the parties and the amount of the surplus in the general fund of the county and, as the action of the county court tends to encourage the nonperformance by those public officers of their statutory duties and in effect permits the delegation of the performance of such duties to private persons at an additional unnecessary, unwarranted and publicly unknown cost to the taxpayers of the
I have searched diligently, but in vain, for any statutory provision which expressly, or impliedly, authorized the county court to make any contract of the nature of the contracts involved in this case. Counsel representing the respective parties to this litigation, in their argument in this Court, in effect concede that such contracts were not expressly authorized by the provisions of any statute of this State and counsel for the defendants seek to sustain the validity of the contracts by the county court on the ground that it had implied authority to make them. The majority opinion fails to cite or mention any statute which expressly confers such authority upon the county court. Yet despite the foregoing position of counsel and the silence of the majority opinion with respect to the disclosure of any such express authority in the county court, point 2 of the syllabus, which states the legal principle applied by the majority and on which it bases its conclusion, contains the actually unsupported statement that “A county court, because of the powers expressly given to it and the duties expressly enjoined upon it by the Constitution and Legislature, has the right to enter into ’ ’ the written contracts here under consideration. Contrast the statements in the foregoing quotation from the syllabus with these statements in the last paragraph but one of the opinion of the majority: “The Court holds that because of the broad and comprehensive nature of powers expressly granted to and duties expressly imposed upon the county court by the Legislature, the county court had the implied power and authority to enter into the written contracts in question in this case, and that, therefore, such contracts are valid, binding upon the parties thereto and legally enforcible.” (Emphasis supplied.)
I deny the existence of any such expressly given power or authority, and I challenge the existence of
In its labored effort to reach and justify its conclusion the majority refers to and relies upon the practically identical provisions of Article VIII, Section 24, of the Constitution and of Section 3, Article 1, Chapter 7, Code, 1931, that county courts “shall also, under such regulations as are now or may be prescribed by law, have the superintendence and administration of the internal police and fiscal affairs of their counties, including the establishment and regulation of roads, ways, bridges, public landings, ferries and mills, with authority to lay and disburse county levies”; certain provisions of Section 5, Article 1, Chapter 7, Code, 1931, as amended; and the provisions of Section 24, Article 3, Chapter 11, Code, 1931, as amended, that
I earnestly insist that the language in none of these provisions confers authority or power upon a county court to contract and pay any private person to do or perform any of the enumerated acts or duties for and in behalf of either the county court or the assessor of the county. None of these provisions mentions the word contract or the right to contract for the performance of any specified act or duty.
The general authority of the county court conferred by Article VIII, Section 24, of the Constitution and by Section 3, Article 1, Chapter 7, Code, 1931, to superintend and administer the internal police and the fiscal affairs of the county is expressly limited by the provision “under such regulations as may he prescribed by law,” and such authority specifically includes the subjects of roads, ways, bridges, public landings, ferries and mills, and the laying and the disbursement of the county levies. Certainly the language used can not by any stretch of imagination or distorted or tortured construction be considered, expressly or impliedly, to apply to the making of a contract for the employment of a private agency for its exercise of such authority. If the general provision relating to superintendence and administration of the
On the question of the power and the authority of the county court this Court has held in numerous cases that a county court, a corporation created by statute, can do only such things as the law authorizes it to do, and that it must act in the manner prescribed by law. Daugherty v. Ellis, 142 W. Va. 340, 97 S. E. 2d 33; Ryan v. The County Court of Monongalia County, 108 W. Va. 404, 151 S. E. 315; State v. Larue, 98 W. Va. 677, 128 S. E. 116; Barbor v. County Court of Mercer County, 85 W. Va. 359, 101 S. E. 721; Goshorn’s Ex’rs v. County Court of Kanawha County, 42 W. Va. 735, 26 S. E. 452. In the Barbor case this Court used this pertinent language with regard to the authority of the county court: “Its specific authority, however is only such as the Constitution and legislature of the state have seen fit to bestow upon it. ‘ The county court is a corporation created by statute, and can do only such things as are authorized by law, and in the mode prescribed.’ Goshorn’s Ex’rs v. County Court, 42 W. Va. 735, pt. 5, Syl. It has only such powers as are expressly conferred by the legislature, and such as are necessarily implied in the full and proper exercise of those powers expressly given. Keatley v. County Court, 70 W. Va. 267, 275. The Constitution and Code of this state (section 24, Art. 8, Const.; section 9, ch. 39, Code), after an enumeration of certain powers not important here, provide: ‘They (county courts) shall also, under such regulations as now are or may be prescribed by law, have the superintendence and administration of the internal police and fiscal affairs
The provisions of Section 5, Article 1, Chapter 7, Code, 1931, as amended, concerning the numerous duties imposed upon the county court by that section, quoted in the majority opinion, relate only to some, not to all such duties, and an examination of all the provisions of the section indicates clearly that the duties imposed, concerning the assessment and valuation of property, are to be performed by it with respect to matters pertaining to the work, in the first instance of the county assessor, while acting as a board of review and equalization. The provisions of the section relative to those subjects impose these specific duties upon the county court: “to attend the annual meeting of county assessors, and such district meetings as may be called by the state tax commissioner, on matters pertaining to the work of the county assessors and the county courts as hoards of review and equalisation; to review and equalise assessments made hy the assessor; to inspect and review the lists of property, both real and personal, made up hy the assessor and his deputies, for taxable purposes, and to point out to the assessor any property, real or personal, which the said assessors of their respective counties may have overlooked or omitted to place on said tax lists; to call to the attention of the assessor all real estate or personal property belonging to churches, lodges, schools or other charitable institutions which may have been overlooked or omitted by the assessor or his deputies in making up his lists of property for entry on the land and personal property books; * * * .” (Emphasis supplied.) The same section also provides that compensation, in addition to his salary, which is, of course, expressly fixed and limited by law, shall be allowed and paid to each county commissioner for performing
It is clear, from the various provisions of the section quoted and referred to, that the duties specified are to be performed, by the county court, not in the first instance, but as a reviewing authority of the work originally performed by the assessor of the county and his deputies which by Section 2, Article 2, Chapter 11, Code, 1931, as amended, he is authorized to select and whose salaries are fixed by the county court as provided by Section 7, Article 7, Chapter 7, Code, 1931, as amended; and the salary of the assessor for each county is fixed and specified by Sections 5(1) to 5(35), Article 2, Chapter 11, Code, 1931, as amended, and for the assessor of Cabell County is the sum of five thousand dollars per year. Manifestly the provisions which authorize additional compensation for the members of the county court for the performance of the specific duties imposed mean that such duties shall be performed by them, in reviewing the work of the assessor, not by some other person for them, and that their performance can not be delegated, transferred or farmed out by contract to any other person.
The provisions of Section 24, Article 3, Chapter 11, Code, 1931, as amended, quoted in the majority opinion, also relate to the county court while meeting not later than the fifth day of July in each year for the purpose of reviewing the work of the assessor in assessing and valuing the property in the county. The provisions that the county court shall correct all errors in the names of persons and in the description and valuation of property and shall cause to be done whatever else may be necessary to make the valuations comply with the provisions of that chapter, in my opinion, clearly and only mean that the county court during its sessions to review the work of the assessor, shall make the designated corrections and at that time take such action as may be necessary for that purpose. Certainly the clear and unambiguous provisions of that section of the statute, by the most strained or tortuous con
It is obvious that under the foregoing sections the tax commissioner, not the county court, can assess and
Under the provisions of Section 2, Article 1, Chapter 11, Code, 1931, as amended, in effect when the challenged contracts were made, the tax commissioner, not the county court, is the only official who is authorized to appoint private persons to appraise property values for taxable purposes. That section expressly provides, in part, that: “The tax commissioner may, with the approval of the board of public works, appoint competent persons to appraise property values, and may employ experts to examine and report upon the dif
As already pointed out, a county court, a corporation created by statute, can do only such things as the law authorizes it to do and its powers are not inherent but are limited and restricted by regulations prescribed by law. Barbor v. County Court of Mercer County, 85 W. Va. 359, 101 S. E. 721. In the leading case of Exchange Bank of Virginia v. County of Lewis, 28 W. Va. 273, this Court, speaking of county courts as corporations, used this pertinent and clearly applicable language: “ * * * counties are at most local organizations, which for the purpose of civil administration are invested with a few functions of a corporate existence; created almost exclusively with a view to the policy of the State at large in the administration of justice, the support of the poor and the establishment and repair of public highways. The public statutes confer on them all the powers they possess, prescribe all the duties they owe, and enforce all the liabilities to which they are subject. As corporate bodies of limited powers they rank very low down in the grade of corporate existence, and hence they are often called quasi corporations. (1 Dill, Mun. Corporations, sec. 18.25) In the construction of the powers, granted to them the
My considered conclusion that there was no statutory power or authority, either express or implied, in the county court of Cabell County to enter into the contracts here in question, and that such contracts are invalid and unenforceable, is supported by the action of the Legislature at its 1958 Regular Session in enacting Chapter 15 of the Acts at that session, which for the first time attempts to authorize the county courts to participate more fully in an equalization and revaluation program and to expend funds for such program from funds in excess of the amount needed for the purpose for which they were raised. Section 25a, Article 8, Chapter 15, Acts, 1958, Regular Session, an amendment to Sections 25 and 26, Article 8, Chapter 11, Code, 1931, the constitutionality of which, in addition to its vicious character, seems to me to be doubtful, effective from its passage, February 4, 1958, provides that: “In order to permit county courts to participate more fully in an equalization and revaluation program, which equalization and revaluation would result in increased local support for the public schools, any county court having funds in excess of the amounts needed for the purpose for which such funds were raised, may expend such funds for any equalization and revaluation program upon the written approval of the state tax commissioner, provided that under no circumstances shall a county court expend money or incur obligations in excess of funds available for current expenses.” This statute was not in effect when the contracts here in suit were made and, of course, if valid, which I doubt, can not authorize or validate those contracts. The enactment of this statute in 1958 shows clearly that prior to its passage no power or authority, express or implied, to make those contracts resided in or was possessed by a county court. For if there was such existent power or authority the
This Court has held that the Legislature, in the enactment of a statute, must he presumed to have acted with full knowledge of the provisions of all prior statutes dealing with the same subject matter. Point 1, syllabus, State v. Jackson, 120 W. Va. 521, 199 S. E. 876. In the opinion in that case there is this quotation from 1 Lewis’ Sutherland Statutory Construction (2d Ed.), p. 459, sec. 246: “Laws are presumed, to be passed with deliberation, and with a full knowledge of all existing ones on the same subject.” Many statements to the same effect appear in these decisions of this Court: State v. General Daniel Morgan Post No. 548, Veterans of Foreign Wars, 144 W. Va. 137, 107 S. E. 2d 353; State ex rel. Fox v. Brewster, 140 W. Va. 235, 84 S. E. 2d 231; Marion v. Chandler, 139 W. Va. 596, 81 S. E. 2d 89; Vest v. Cobb, 138 W. Va. 660, 76 S. E. 2d 885; State ex rel. Fanning v. The County Court of Mercer County, 129 W. Va. 584, 41 S. E. 2d 855; State v. Hinkle, 129 W. Va. 393, 41 S. E. 2d 107; State ex rel. The County Court of Berkeley County v. Keedy, 124 W. Va. 408, 20 S. E. 2d 468; State v. Jackson, 120 W. Va. 521, 199 S. E. 876; Hall v. Baylous, 109 W. Va. 1, 153 S. E. 293, 69 A.L.R. 527; State v. Snyder, 64 W. Va. 659, 63 S. E. 385; Reeves v. Ross, 62 W. Va. 7, 57 S. E. 284; Webb v. Ritter, 60 W. Va. 193, 54 S. E. 484. See also 82 C.J.S., Statutes, Section 316. It is also presumed that the Legislature intended to enact a valid, effective and permanent statute. Meisel v. Tri-State Airport Authority, 135 W. Va. 528, 64 S. E. 2d 32; Harbert v. The County Court of Harrison County, 129 W. Va. 54, 39 S. E. 2d 177. There is also a presumption that the Legislature will not enact absurd, useless, impractical or meaningless legislation. 82 C.J.S., Statutes, Section 316. In Williams v. Commonwealth, 190 Va. 280, 56 S. E. 2d 537, the Supreme Court of Virginia, discussing a statute of that State, said: ‘ ‘ The statute must have meant something
Section 26, Article 8, Chapter 11, Code, 1931, as amended, before it was amended by Section 26, Article 8, Chapter 15, Acts of the Legislature, 1958, Regular Session, provided in part that “A local fiscal body shall not expend money or incur obligations (1) in an unauthorized manner; (2) for an unauthorized purpose; * * *.” As the county court was without authority to enter into the challenged contracts at the time they were made, under the above quoted statutory provisions, such contracts provided for the expenditure of money “in an unauthorized manner” and “for
Prior to the creation in 1904, of the office of tax commissioner, Chapter 4, Section 1, Acts of the Legislature, 1904, Extraordinary Session, the policy of this State from 1866 to 1904, with respect to the reassessment of real estate for taxation was to require such reassessment to be made by a commissioner or commissioners appointed to such office by a county board of supervisors, the governor, the auditor, or the board of public works. In at least one
Those earlier Acts of the Legislature are significantly and impressively indicative of the salutary traditional public policy of this State to specify the particular power and authority conferred and the particular duties imposed upon the various public officers entrusted with the assessment and valuation of property for taxation, the collection of taxes, and the administration and expenditure of the public funds levied and raised by taxation, and the strict requirements concerning the exercise of such power and au
The majority seeks to sustain its decision in this case by four cases from other jurisdictions cited in its opinion, namely: Federal Royalty Company v. State (Court of Civil Appeals of Texas), 42 S. W. 2d 670; H. D. Haley and Company of California v. McVay (District Court of Appeal, Third District of California), 233 P. 409; Speer v. Kratzenstein, 143 Neb. 310, 12 N. W. 2d 360; and Arnold v. Custer County, 83 Mont. 130, 269 P. 396. It also cites and relies upon a 1945-1946 opinion of the attorney general of this State in the forty first Biennial Beport and Official Opinions of that officer. All of the four cited cases are based upon statutes which contain different provisions from the applicable statutory provisions of this State. The decisions in the Texas and California cases are decisions of intermediate appellate courts and are not decisions of the appellate courts of last resort in those States. In the Nebraska case the Supreme Court of that State in its first decision of the case held unanimously that “A county board is without authority in the absence of grant to perform the duties which are a part of the official duties of other officials or boards,” that “A county board is without power to enter into a contract for the appraisal of real estate for the use of the county board of equalization”; and that “A contract entered into by a county board in excess of its powers is void as an obligation against the county.” Headnotes 4, 5 and 7, Speer v. Kratzenstein, 143 Neb. 300, 9 N. W. 2d 306. Later, on rehearing, however, the same court reversed its earlier holding and held such contract valid. In my judgment the first decision was the only correct decision and should have been adhered to by the Court. At any rate its completely opposite holdings within the short period between April 23 and December 21, 1943, and its surprising about face on a rehearing of the same ease, give rise to doubt of the soundness of
But whatever may be the effect of the decisions in the four cited cases, they are not binding but only persuasive authority to be accepted or rejected by the courts of this State as they may see fit to do. In any event, if the courts of Texas, California, Nebraska and Montana conclude that a contract to employ private persons or agencies at an agreed additional cost to perform the duties imposed by law upon public officers in the field of taxation and finance, is valid, that is their affair and their responsibility but, in my judgment, it furnishes no convincing reasons and affords no sufficient justification for the pursuit of a similar policy in such matters in this State.
The opinion of the attorney general, also cited and relied upon by the majority, though entitled to weight and consideration, is merely the individual official view of that high executive legal advisor and law enforcement officer of this State, and is not in any sense authority binding upon this Court. During the course of the years this Court has in some instances accepted the opinion of the attorney general and agreed with his views and conclusions, and in other instances has rejected them and completely disagreed with his views and conclusions. In this instance I completely disagree with and regard as unsound the conclusion stated in the cited opinion.
Though this Court in the decision of this or any other ease is not concerned with the wisdom or lack of wisdom of the applicable statutes or the policy or attitude of the county court in making the challenged contracts, but is concerned only with the question of the power and the authority of the county court in that regard, certain allegations in the answer of the county court seek to justify its action and create the impression that because of such contracts Cabell County will gain, or will not lose, approximately $700,000.00 in school aid because the valuations of real property
Of course, all possible progress and improvement in the development of the educational system of this State should be made but such progress and improvement should be accomplished in the manner provided by law. Any departure from that method would impair and prevent the achievement of one of the most important goals of education which is the improvement
I wish to emphasize that no statement in this dissenting opinion concerning the duties imposed upon the county court or the assessor and the requirement that they be performed by those officers instead of by some other person for them is intended or should in any wise be considered as any reflection upon or criticism of the competent and faithful public servants who occupy those public offices in this State. On the contrary any and all such statements are intended only to call such duties to their attention, to explain the nature of such duties, and to indicate what they should and should not do, in order that they may know the scope and the character of the duties they are required to perform and the manner of their performance.
For the reasons stated, I would affirm the final decree of the Circuit Court of Cabell County and reinstate and perpetuate the injunction which would prevent the enforcement of the challenged contracts and the payment of the contract price of $164,750.00, or any part of it, for the services of the private person or agency provided for in such contracts.