We granted certiorari in this case to consider whether a circuit court commits reversible error when, based solely on secondhand information from an unidentified source indicating that an incarcerated defendant refused to be transported from the correctional facility, it dismisses the appeals of that defendant when he failed to appear in court and, subsequently, refuses to reinstate those appeals despite contradictory information, the source of which was the defendant, suggesting that the information on which the decision to dismiss the appeals relied was unreliable. We shall answer this question in the affirmative. Accordingly, we shall reverse the judgment of the Circuit Court for Baltimore City.
I.
The petitioner, Joseph Mobuary, was convicted in the District Court of Maryland, sitting in Baltimore City, of second degree assault in two cases. Subsequently sentenced, in each case, to three years imprisonment, with all but time served suspended, and placed on probation, the petitioner appealed both convictions to the Circuit Court for Baltimore City. The petitioner, who was incarcerated at the Baltimore City Detention Center, was not transported to court on December 21, 2010, the date on which he was scheduled to appear for his appeals. Upon calling the petitioner’s case, the prosecutor informed the judge that it was her “understanding, from speaking to the corrections officer, that Mr. Mobuary refused to be transported today,” and moved to dismiss the appeals. Counsel for the petitioner, an Assistant Public Defender, confirmed that report, telling the judge that he had received the same information from the correctional officer, but informed the court that otherwise he would prefer to remain silent. The trial judge dismissed the petitioner’s appeals.
Soon thereafter, on the same day, the petitioner telephoned his defense counsel’s supervisor from the detention center and told him that he had not refused to be transported to court, and that he was still intent on pursuing his appeals. Immediately upon receiving this information, defense counsel notified the trial judge and requested a continuance of the case until the following day. This request was denied.
On the following day, the petitioner’s counsel filed, on behalf of the petitioner, a Motion to Reinstate Appeal. The motion, in pertinent part, advised the Circuit Court that,
“On December 21, 2010, Mr. Mobuary was not transported from the Baltimore City Detention Center. The Correctional Officer assigned to The Honorable Kendra Ausby’s Courtroom was informed that Mr. Mobuary was not transported because he refused to come to Court.
“The Court relying on this information dismissed Mr. Mobuary’s appeals ...
“Around 1:00 p.m. on December 21, 2010, Mr. Kirk Osborn, Assistant Public Defender, received a telephone call from Mr. Mobuary from the Baltimore City Detention Center. Mr. Mobuary advised he did not refuse to come to courtand was adamant that he wanted to pursue his appeals.
“Immediately after hearing this information, Defense Counsel notified the Honorable Judge Kendra Ausby’s chambers of Mr. Mobuary’s intentions and asked to have the cases continued until the next day December 22, 2010. The Court respectfully denied this request.”
Additionally, prior to the issuance of the trial judge’s decision on the Motion to Reinstate Appeal, the petitioner, in a handwritten letter, dated December 21, 2010, and received by the judge’s chambers on January 3, 2011, provided his side of the issue:
“I, Joseph Mobuary respectfully ask that I be brought to court on the appeals that I put in for on cases 310273003 and 310273004. I was on the transport list to be transported to court on December 21st, 2010 and Central Booking did not transport me. I spoke to my fiancée who was in the courtroom today and she said my case was dismissed because the states [sic] attorney said that the C.O.s said I refused to be transported. I did not refuse to be transported. With all due respect your honor I am incarcerated and you do not have the freedom of choice in here. You do what you are told or they make you do it. I did not and would not have refused to come to court on the appeals. I asked for these appeals so I could clear my name. I do not understand why the public defender did not at least ask for a postponement to speak to me and find out why I was not transported there. I was waiting to be transported to court and I was not. If I could have taken myself there I would have been there. Please your honor put in another court date for my appeals so, I can come to court and clear up these matters.”
The trial judge issued an order denying the Motion to Reinstate Appeal on January 31, 2011.
The petitioner then filed in this Court a petition for the issuance of a writ of certiorari. In the petition, the petitioner posed the following question:
“Did the circuit court commit reversible error in denying [Mr. Mobuary]’s motion to reinstate his de novo appeals from district court convictions, where (a) the court dismissed the appeals based merely on counsel’s assertion that a correctional officer said [Mr. Mobuary] refused to be transported to court from the detention center, (b) defense counsel subsequently learned and informed the court that [Mr. Mobuary] denied refusing to come to court and wanted to proceed with his appeals, and (c) the court applied the wrong legal standard in ruling on [Mr. Mobuaryj’s motion to reinstate his appeals?”
We granted the petition. Mobuary v. State,
II.
The petitioner proffers three arguments in support of his position. One of his arguments challenges the propriety of the court’s dismissal of his appeals and the other two relate to the correctness of the ruling to deny reinstatement of those appeals.
First, with regard to the dismissal of his appeals, he argues that the Circuit Court erred in relying on unreliable information as the basis for doing so. The source of the information, that the petitioner refused to be transported to court, conveyed by the prosecutor and confirmed by the petitioner’s counsel, was an unidentified correctional
In her order denying the petitioner’s motion to reinstate his appeals, the trial judge cited Maryland Rule 4-345
In any event, the petitioner finally contends, his Motion to Reinstate Appeal, coupled with his letter to the trial judge, provided good cause for reinstatement of his appeals. Supporting that contention, the petitioner asserts, are the definition of “good cause” that this Court has adopted, see In re Robert G.,
The State does not agree. As a threshold matter, the State contends that this Court does not have jurisdiction to review the matter sub judice. Its argument in support of this contention relies on three provisions of the Courts & Judicial Proceedings Article (“CJ”):
“[T]he judgment of the District Court became final when [petitioner’s] appeals were dismissed, and the separate ruling of the circuit court denying the motion to reinstate the dismissed appeals is a final order of the circuit court subject to review only by direct appeal to the Court of Special Appeals.”
Stated differently, the State submits that the Circuit Court’s decision denying
“Mobuary’s appeals from his District Court judgments were dismissed by the circuit court on December 21, 2010, ... and Mobuary did not file a motion for new trial pursuant Rule 4-331(a).... Thus a petition for writ of certiorari seeking review of the dismissal of the appeals was required to be filed in this Court by January 20, 2011. Md. Rule 8-302(b)[8 ] Mobuary did not file his petition for a writ of certiorari until March 2, 2011. Mobuary’s motion to reinstate his appeals, which was filed on December 22, 2010, and remained pending until February 1, 2011, did not stay the time for filing a petition for a writ of certiorari from the judgment entered on December 21, 2010. See Md. Rule 8-302(b). Under the circumstances, the judgment of the circuit court dismissing Mobuary’s appeals is not properly before this Court.”
Thus, the State asserts, the Circuit Court judgment on the motion to reinstate the appeals was not a “final judgment on appeal from the District Court,” as provided by CJ § 12-305, but, rather, a separate judgment of the Circuit Court, within the contemplation of, and subject to, § 12-308.
On the merits, noting that Maryland Rule 7 — 112(f)(1) mandates that a trial court “dismiss an appeal if the appellant fails to appear as required for trial or any other proceeding on the appeal,” the State argues that the trial court had no choice but to dismiss the appeals once the petitioner did not appear and “there was nothing before the court to justify his absence.” It is not bothered by the facts that the information on which the court acted was from an unidentified corrections officer and was secondhand, explaining that the information was undisputed and the petitioner’s counsel did not oppose the State’s motion to dismiss the appeal. Stone is distinguishable, it says, because, there, unlike here, the court was “made aware of Stone’s desire to proceed on his appeal and his attempt to secure transportation to his scheduled trial date.” See Stone,
With respect to the motion to reinstate the appeals, the State is satisfied both that the court applied the appropriate standard of review and did not abuse its discretion in denying the motion. As to the former, the State does not believe that the presumption that the trial court knew the law and applied it properly was negated by the record. It finds support for this view in
The State’s argument that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying the motion to reinstate the appeals is premised on its own conclusion that the petitioner’s motion and the letter that he wrote in support failed to meet the “good cause” threshold. In its view, those submissions, which “cited no legal authority,” were nothing more than “ ‘insufficiently reliable off-the-record,’ after-the-fact and unsupported allegations that Mobuary did not wilfully fail to appear for his scheduled trial date.” It contrasts the motion in the case sub judice with that in Kim,
III.
Prior to reaching the jurisdictional issue and the question presented by this appeal, we will revisit an issue, previously addressed by this Court, which is relevant to, indeed, instructive in, the resolution of this case, the significance of the “two-tiered trial court system that provides for trial de novo on appeal to the general jurisdiction trial court,” Stone,
“A defendant convicted in the District Court may appeal to the circuit court for a trial de novo. See Md.Code (1974, 1995 RepLVol., 1996 Cum.Supp.) § 12-401 (f) of the Courts and Judicial Proceedings Article (an appeal from District Court to circuit court shall be tried de novo). The trial de novo in circuit court proceeds on the original District Court charging document, Lewis v. State,289 Md. 1 , 4-5,421 A.2d 974 , 977 (1980), and the District Court judgment remains in effect pending the appeal to the circuit court, unless and until superseded by a judgment of the circuit court or a disposition by nolle prosequi or stet. Maryland Rule 7-112; see Stanton v. State,290 Md. 245 [246],428 A.2d 1224 [1225] (1981). De novo appeals, however, are treated ‘as wholly original proceedings, that is, as if no judgment had been entered in the lower court.’ Hardy v. State,279 Md. 489 , 493,369 A.2d 1043 [1046] (1977). Thus, under the Maryland scheme, the circuit court proceeding occupies a unique position as both an appeal and a trial. Because the District Court judgment remains in effect after a circuit court appeal has been dismissed, dismissal of the appeal has different consequences than the dismissal of charges in an original trial. Dismissal of the charges in an original trial often benefits the defendant, particularly when the charges are dismissed with prejudice. Dismissal of the circuit court appeal, on the other hand, deprives the appellant of his right to appeal a District Court judgment as guaranteed by statute in Maryland.”
Because de novo appeals proceed in the Circuit Court as a trial, we found our cases addressing the defendant’s right to be present at trial, mostly trial in absentia cases, instructive. Stone,
We further explained the nature of the test for waiver of non-appearance and its ramifications in Pinkney v. State,
A.
With these principles in mind, we proceed to address the issues the parties present. The Rule applicable to this case is Maryland Rule 7-112(f). It provides:
“(f) Dismissal of Appeal; Entry of Judgment.
“(1) An appellant may dismiss an appeal at any time before the commencement of trial. The court shall dismiss an appeal if the appellant fails to appear as required for trial or any other proceeding on the appeal.
“(2) Upon the dismissal of an appeal, the clerk shall promptly return the file to the District Court. Any statement of satisfaction shall be docketed in the District Court.
“(3) On motion filed in the circuit court within 30 days after entry of a judgment dismissing an appeal, the circuit court, for good cause shown, may reinstate the appeal upon the terms it finds proper. On motion of any party filed more than 30 days after entry of a judgment dismissing an appeal, the court may reinstate the appeal only upon a finding of fraud, mistake, or irregularity. If the appeal is reinstated, the circuit court shall notify the District Court of the reinstatementand request the District Court to return the file.
“(4) If the appeal of a defendant in a criminal case who was sentenced to a term of confinement and released pending appeal pursuant to Rule 4-349 is dismissed, the circuit court shall (A) issue a warrant directing that the defendant be taken into custody and brought before a judge of the District Court or (B) enter an order that requires the defendant to appear before a judge. If a judge is not available on the day the warrant or order is served, the defendant shall be brought before a judge the next day that the court is in session. The warrant or order shall identify the District Court case by name and number and shall provide that the purpose of the appearance is the entry of a commitment that conforms to the judgment of the District Court.”
Thus, although the court is required to dismiss an appeal when the defendant does not appear, Rule 7 — 112(f)(1), it may reinstate the appeal, on the motion of the defendant, filed within 30 days of the dismissal, if the defendant makes a showing of good cause for doing so. Rule 7 — 112(f)(3).
A defendant’s right to appeal is prescribed by CJ § 12-301: “Except as provided in § 12-302 of this subtitle, a party may appeal from a final judgment entered in a civil or criminal case by a circuit court. The right of appeal exists from a final judgment entered by a court in the exercise of original, special, limited, statutory jurisdiction, unless in a particular case the right of appeal is expressly denied by law. In a criminal case, the defendant may appeal even though imposition or execution of sentence has been suspended. In a civil case, a plaintiff who has accepted a remittitur may cross-appeal from the final judgment.”
The time for filing an appeal is prescribed by Maryland Rule 8-202, and it is, “[e]xcept as otherwise provided in this Rule or by law, within 30 days after entry of the judgment or order from which the appeal is taken.”
To be sure, there is an exception to the thirty day time limit for filing an appeal. A timely motion for new trial, filed in a criminal case, extends the time for appeal. Maryland Rule 4-331(a) permits a defendant, “within ten days after a verdict,” to move and the trial court, “in the interest of justice, [to] order a new trial,” and Maryland Rule 8-302(b) requires that a petition for certiorari, in a criminal case, be filed within 30 days of the entry of verdict or the ruling on the motion for new trial. No such motion for new trial was filed in this case, and so, as the State posits, the time for appeal of the dismissal of the appeals was not extended pursuant to Maryland 4-331. We agree.
Rule 4-331, clearly, does not apply to this situation. Rule 4-331 applies to the situation in which the merits of a trial are being challenged. It does not apply when the issue is the propriety of the dismissal of an appeal for a defendant’s failure to appear, or the denial of a defendant’s motion for reinstatement of the appeal. This is made clear by the definition of “verdict.” Maryland Rule 4-102 provides: “(l) Verdict. “Verdict’ means the finding of the jury or the decision of the court pertaining to the merits of the offense charged.” That Rule 4-331 does not apply, however, does not mean that Rule 8-302(b)’s timing provision is inapposite.
The question of whether an appeal has properly been dismissed is a separate and distinct question from whether the decision to deny its reinstatement was
B.
The petitioner, as we have seen, argues that his motion, coupled with the letter he submitted following the dismissal of his appeals, demonstrated the good cause mandated by Maryland Rule 7 — 112(f)(3), on the basis of which the trial court was required to reinstate his appeals. As a result, he submits, the trial court erred when it denied his motion. We agree.
The question this issue requires this Court to answer is whether the trial court, in denying the petitioner’s motion to reinstate his appeals, abused its discretion. See Pollard,
“The abuse of discretion standard requires a trial judge to use his or her discretion soundly and the record must reflect the exercise of that discretion. Abuse occurs when a trial judge exercises discretion in an arbitrary or capriciousmanner or when he or she acts beyond the letter or reason of the law ... The conduct of the trial must of necessity rest largely in the control and discretion of the presiding judge and an appellate court should in no case interfere with that judgment unless there has been an abuse of discretion by the trial judge of a character likely to have injured the complaining party.”
Kelly v. State,
Of course, critical to the abuse of discretion inquiry is the threshold question of whether the petitioner’s motion contained sufficient information to constitute “good cause.” As the petitioner points out, we have liberally construed the good cause requirement, in light of the history of Rule 7-112, which we interpreted as reflecting the Court’s “intention to increase, rather than decrease, the remedy available under [the] Rule----” Pollard,
In the case sub judice, we conclude, looking to the totality of facts and circumstances, that those facts known to the Circuit Court at the time of its denial of the petitioner’s Motion to Reinstate Appeal, decidedly establishes a basis for finding good cause. To begin, it is readily apparent that the basis for the “finding” that the petitioner voluntarily and wilfully did not appear for his appeals was clearly a weak basis for dismissal, consisting only of unverified secondhand information. Upon being informed of the dismissal, on the same day, the petitioner contacted his counsel’s supervisor and advised him that he did not refuse transport to court, and, in fact, was anxious to pursue his appeals. Also, that same day, the trial court was advised of the petitioner’s position, that it contradicted the information with which the court earlier had been supplied, and was asked to postpone the case until the next day. When the request for postponement was denied, the petitioner filed his Motion to Reinstate Appeal and, subsequently, a letter reiterating his position, the denial of information on which the court acted, suggesting that there was a misunderstanding, and his desire to proceed with his appeals.
To be sure, there was not cited any legal authority, and besides denying that he refused transportation to court and reiterating a desire to prosecute the appeals, there was not any detail. The petitioner’s submission, however, must be viewed, we believe, in context, and juxtaposed against the information that formed the basis for the decision sought to be reversed. So viewed, it is difficult to see what else he could have said. Moreover, as indicated, what the petitioner alleged must be viewed in light of the evidence upon which the court acted. While, on the petitioner’s side of the ledger, all the court had was the petitioner’s allegations, which were in his interest to make, on the other side of the ledger was only the secondhand hearsay of an unidentified correctional officer whose credibility could not be tested. At the very least there was good cause for a hearing, at which the petitioner’s credibility could be tested.
“Where appellant, without sufficient excuse, does not appear for trial de novo when called for trial, the court may dismiss the appeal, order the bond forfeited, and remand the case to the court appealed from for enforcement of the lower court judgment; provided, however, that on motion of the appellant for good cause shown, the circuit court may, within thirty (30) days of the date of the order of dismissal, set the order of dismissal aside and reinstate the appeal on such terms as the circuit court may prescribe.”
“The appellant’s case was set for docket call in the circuit court on December 6, 1999, at 9:00 a.m. Although the appellant was present, defense counsel was not because of a conflict in her schedule. However, counsel had previously informed the circuit court of this conflict. At 1:30 p.m., counsel arrived and informed the court that the defense was ready to proceed to trial. Based on a discussion between the circuit judge and an attorney in another case, defense counsel believed that the other case would be called for trial first, that that case would begin at 12:00 p.m. on December 7, 1999, and that the case would take at least two days to try. The prosecutor told defense counsel that the appellant’s case was ‘in the pool.’ When defense counsel asked the prosecutor if she would get notice ahead of time so that she could have all of her witnesses ready, he told her that she would.”
Id. The court found that explanation to be evidence of good cause for the appellant’s failure to appear. Id. at 1116. Because the appellant’s counsel also failed to appear and, therefore, her statement of the reason for that failure was self-serving, we are not persuaded by the State’s argument distinguishing that case from the one sub judice.
We are also persuaded, in any event, by the petitioner’s additional argument, that the Circuit Court’s denial of his motion should be reversed because, in so ruling, it applied the wrong legal standard. As we have seen, the court’s order read:
“Upon consideration of Defendant’s Motion to Reinstate Appeal, Pursuant to Maryland Rule 4-345, it is this 31st day of January, 2011, by the Circuit Court for Baltimore City, Part 24, hereby ORDERED that the Motion is DENIED.”
Instead of Rule 4-345, which governs modifications of sentences, we have held that the applicable standard for dismissal and reinstatement of his appeals is that prescribed by Maryland Rule 7 — 112(f)(3), supra. We are not persuaded by the State’s argument that, notwithstanding the reference in the court’s order to Rule 4-345, which the State dismisses as simply “undeniably misplaced,” “there is no clear evidence in this case that the trial court actually misunderstood the applicable law,” so that the presumption afforded to trial judges— that they know the law and apply it properly, Thornton,
While it is true that “[o]rdinarily, we will presume that the trial judge knows the law and applies it properly ... [t]hat presumption ... is rebuttable.” Thornton,
In Chaney, we considered whether, on the record, the trial judge failed to recognize that he had the discretion to suspend all or a portion of the defendant’s life sentence, and if so, whether that failure required a new sentencing proceeding. Id. at 174-75,
In the case sub judice, as in Thornton, however, the record indicates the exact opposite.
The distinction between Chaney and Thornton is clear, and dispositive, in this case. While, in Chaney, the judge did not misstate the law,
Accordingly, for the reasons stated above, we hold that the Circuit Court erroneously denied the petitioner’s Motion to Reinstate Appeal, and, therefore, that the case must be remanded for a determination of whether the petitioner’s submissions constituted good cause for reinstating the appeals.
JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR BALTIMORE CITY VACATED. CASE REMANDED TO THAT COURT FOR FURTHER PROCEEDINGS CONSISTENT WITH THIS OPINION.
COSTS TO BE PAID BY MAYOR AND CITY COUNCIL OF BALTIMORE.
Notes
. Maryland Rule 4-345 provides:
"(a) Illegal Sentence. The court may correct an illegal sentence at any time.
"(b) Fraud, Mistake, or Irregularity. The court has revisory power over a sentence in case of fraud, mistake, or irregularity.
“(c) Correction of Mistake in Announcement. The court may correct an evident mistake in the announcement of a sentence if the correetion. is made on the record before the defendant leaves the courtroom following the sentencing proceeding.
"(d) Desertion and Non-support Cases. At any time before expiration of the sentence in a case involving desertion and non-support of spouse, children, or destitute parents, the court may modify, reduce, or vacate the sentence or place the defendant on probation under the terms and conditions the court imposes.
"(e) Modification Upon Motion.
"(1) Generally. Upon a motion filed within 90 days after imposition of a sentence (A) in the District Court, if an appeal has not been perfected or has been dismissed, and (B) in a circuit court, whether or not an appeal has been filed, the court has revisory power over the sentence except that it may not revise the sentence after the expiration of five years from the date the sentence originally was imposed on the defendant and it may not increase the sentence.”
. Petitioner argues that the correct standard is found in Rule 7-112(f)(3), which provides:
"On motion filed in the circuit court within 30 days after entry of a judgment dismissing an appeal, the circuit court, for good cause shown, may reinstate the appeal upon the terms it finds proper. On motion of any parly filed more than 30 days after entry of a judgment dismissing an appeal, the court may reinstate the appeal only upon a finding of fraud, mistake, or irregularity. If the appeal is reinstated, the circuit court shall notify the District Court of the reinstatement and request the District Court to return the file.”
. In his reliance on Kim v. State,
. Unless otherwise indicated, all references are to Maryland Code (1973, 2006 Repl.Vol., 2011 Cum.Supp.)
. CJ § 12-305 provides:
"The Court of Appeals shall require by writ of certiorari that a decision be certified to it for review and determination in any case in which a circuit court has rendered a final judgment on appeal from the District Court or has rendered a final judgment on appeal from an administrative decision under Title 16 of the Transportation Article if it appears to the Court of Appeals, upon petition of a party that:
“(1) Review is necessary to secure uniformity of decision, as where the same statute has been construed differently by two or more judges; or
"(2) There are other special circumstances rendering it desirable and in the public interest that the decision be reviewed.”
. CJ § 12-307 provides:
“The Court of Appeals has:
"(1) Jurisdiction to review a case or proceeding pending in or decided by the Court of Special Appeals in accordance with Subtitle 2 of this title;
"(2) Jurisdiction to review a case or proceeding decided by a circuit court, in accordance with § 12-305 of this subtitle; and
"(3) Exclusive appellate jurisdiction with respect to a question of law certified to it under the Uniform Certification of Questions of Law Act.”
. CJ § 12-308 states:
"Except as provided in § 12-307 of this subtitle, the Court of Special Appeals has exclusive initial appellate jurisdiction over any reviewable judgment, decree, order or other action of a circuit court, and an orphans' court.”
. Maryland Rule 8-302(b) provides:
“(b) From Appeal to Circuit Court. If a writ of certiorari is sought pursuant to Code, Courts Article, § 12-305, a petition may be filed not later than 30 days after entry of the judgment of the circuit court, except as follows:
"(1) In a criminal action, when a timely motion for a new trial is filed pursuant to Rule 4-331(a), the petition for a writ of certiorari shall be filed within 30 days after the later of (A) entry of the judgment or (B) entry of a notice withdrawing the motion or an order denying the motion.
“(2) In a civil action tried de novo in the circuit court, when a timely motion is filed pursuant to Rule 2-533 or 2-534, the petition for a writ of certiorari shall be filed within 30 days after entry of (A) a notice withdrawing the motion or (B) an order denying a motion pursuant to Rule 2-533 or disposing of a motion pursuant to Rule 2-534. A petition for a writ of certiorari filed before the withdrawal or disposition of either of these motions has no effect, and a new petition must be filed within the time specified in this section.’’
. In that footnote, we noted what we said in State v. Jefferson,
. Maryland Rule 4-231, as relevant, provides:
"(a) When Presence Required. A defendant shall be present at all times when required by the court. A corporation may be present by counsel.
"(b) Right to he Present — Exceptions. A defendant is entitled to be physically present in person at a preliminary hearing and every stage of the trial, except (1) at a conference or argument on a question of law; (2) when a nolle prosequi or stet is entered pursuant to Rules 4-247 and 4-248.
"(c) Waiver of Right to be Present. The right to be present under section (b) of this Rule is waived by a defendant:
"(1) who is voluntarily absent after the proceeding has commenced, whether or not informed by the court of the right to remain; or
"(2) who engages in conduct that justifies exclusion from the courtroom; or
"(3) who, personally or through counsel, agrees to or acquiesces in being absent."
We have long recognized the right of a defendant to be present at trial. Hughes v. State,
"The right to be present at trial is a common law right guaranteed by Article 5 of the Maryland Declaration of Rights, and is also ‘to some extent protected by the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, and is guaranteed by Maryland Rule [4-231].’ ”
Pinkney v. State,
. Even were the issue preserved, the record is clear that the trial court did not presume waiver from a silent record. It had information bearing on the reason for the petitioner’s non-appearance, but it had no information, when it dismissed the appeals, that the petitioner's failure to appear was neither wilful nor voluntary. See Stone,
. We have further explained:
"We will find an abuse of discretion when the ruling is clearly against the logic and effect of facts and inferences before the court, when the decision is clearly untenable, unfairly depriving a litigant of a substantial right and denying a just result, when the ruling is violative of fact and logic, or when it constitutes an untenable judicial act that defies reason and works an injustice.''
Powell v. Breslin,
. That the petitioner did not seek a modification of sentence, only a reinstatement of his dismissed appeals for “good cause,” militates against, rather than in favor of, the presumption, as the State suggests.
. The misstatement that the Court identified was:
"[I]f subjectively he’s thinking, yeah, he swings out and stabs him in the leg just to get him away but he dies, and he at no time had any intent to kill anybody ... but he uses .. . [what] turns out to be serious bodily harm, even though that wasn’t what he was after ... I mean, isn’t the law that you do something like that, the consequences are yours.”
Thornton v. State,
. We explained:
"To the contrary, ‘using what turns out to be serious bodily harm,’ cannot serve as a substitute for intent to inflict grievous bodily harm. The intent to inflict grievous bodily harm is a life-threatening state of mind. Thus, in order to convict Thornton, the trier of fact was required to find that Thornton’s desire or purpose was to inflict such harm that a reasonable person, under the circumstances, could or should have anticipated that death would likely occur. Consequently, Thornton cannot be held liable, under an objective standard, for the ultimate consequence of death, if death or serious bodily harm "wasn’t what he was after.” Later in his comments, while issuing a ruling as to his findings and conclusions of law, the trial judge stated:
'[W]e are called upon to be responsible for our actions and when you take a knife such as introduced into evidence as State’s Exhibit 7 ... one knows that by thrusting that knife out, even though if it was in the leg, it was going to inflict serious bodily harm on whomever was struck and when you inflict serious bodily harm, one of the possible consequences or probable consequences rather, is death.’
“Here, the trial judge erred by substituting the notion of responsibility for one’s actions and the act of stabbing the victim in the leg for knowledge that death would likely occur. First, use of the knife to stab Taylor in the leg does not necessarily mean that Thornton possessed the intent to inflict grievous bodily harm such that death would be the likely result. Moreover, in this case, no determination was made that the leg or any part of the leg constituted a vital part of the human anatomy or that intent was inferred from the manner in which the knife was used. Next, merely because Thornton may be blameworthy, because of the consequences of his actions, does not mean that he either had a desire to bring about those results or that those results were probable. The trial judge’s explanation, above, on the issue of criminal responsibility does not support a finding that Thornton acted with the intent to inflict grievous bodily harm such that death would be the likely result. In addition, the trial judge's reasoning is inconsistent with his earlier determination that Thornton pulled the knife out ‘expecting] [Taylor] to back off,’ and because Taylor did not back off Thornton stabbed him in the leg. Likewise, that finding does not support a conclusion that Thornton stabbed Taylor with the intent to inflict grievous bodily harm. Essentially, the trial judge found that because Thornton caused the injury to Taylor and death resulted, Thornton was guilty of murder. This determination resulted in a presumption that Thornton intended the consequences of his actions and a modification of the mens rea requirement for specific intent-to-inflict-grievous-bodily-harm murder.”
Thornton,