OPINION OF THE COURT
In this action to recover damages for personal injuries involving a rear-end collision, the substantive issue before us is whether summary judgment was properly awarded to the defendants TBY Inc., and George R. McLaren, Jr. However, the procedural posture of the case presents a threshold issue concerning an essential element of appellate jurisdiction, i.e., the question of aggrievement.
The plaintiffs Katrina Mixon and Sonya Mixon boarded a shuttle van at John F. Kennedy International Airport. The van was operated by the defendant George R. McLaren, Jr., and owned by the defendant TBY Inc. (hereinafter together the van defendants). While en route to their destination, the van was stopped in highway traffic for approximately 30 seconds when it was struck in the rear by a limousine operated by the now-deceased former defendant James A. Robinson, Jr., and owned by the defendant Jonathin Transporter (hereinafter collectively the limousine defendants). The van then struck the car in front of it, and that car, in turn, struck one before it. The plaintiffs commenced this action against, among others, the van defendants and the limousine defendants to recover damages for injuries allegedly sustained in the collision. As is particularly relevant on this appeal, Sonya Mixon alleged that her injuries were proximately caused by a piece of luggage that had been piled to, the ceiling in the back of the van by McLaren, which was propelled forward by the force of the several contacts among the vehicles, and which struck her in the back of her head, resulting in the herniation of two cervical discs.
The van defendants cross-moved for summary judgment dismissing the complaint insofar as asserted against them and,
The plaintiffs filed a brief contending that the complaint should be reinstated against the van defendants on the same ground. The van defendants moved to strike the plaintiffs’ brief because the plaintiffs failed to take an appeal.
The threshold issue raised by these facts is whether the limousine defendants are aggrieved by the dismissal of the complaint against the van defendants. The requirement that an appellant be aggrieved by a judgment or order appealed from is contained in CPLR 5511, which states: “§ 5511. Permissible appellant and respondent^] An aggrieved party or a person substituted for him may appeal from any appealable judgment or order except one entered upon the default of the aggrieved party. He shall be designated as the appellant and the adverse party as the respondent” (emphasis added).
When the revisers of the laws on civil practice were in the process of creating the CPLR, they were unable to formulate a definition for the word “aggrievement” and they determined to leave that definition to case law (see Legislative Studies and Reports, McKinney’s Cons Laws of NY, Book 7B, CPLR 5511, at 129). At that time, the classic attempt at a broad definition of aggrievement was found in the case of Matter of Richmond County Socy. for Prevention of Cruelty to Children (
In the 47 years since the adoption of the CPLR in 1963, developments in case law have helped to narrow' and clarify the definition of aggrievement. In the leading case of Parochial Bus Sys. v Board of Educ. of City of N.Y. (
“[generally, the party who has successfully obtained a judgment or order in his favor is not aggrieved by it, and, consequently, has no need and, in fact, no right to appeal. (CPLR 5511; 10 Carmody-Wait 2d, NY Prac, § 70:54; Siegel, NY Prac, § 525; 7 Weinstein-Korn-Miller, NY Civ Prac, par 5511.05.) The major exception to this general rule, however, is that the successful party may appeal or cross-appeal from a judgment or order in his favor if he is nevertheless prejudiced because it does not grant him complete relief. This exception would include those situations in which the successful party received an award less favorable than he sought (Norton & Siegel v Nolan,276 NY 392 ) or a judgment which denied him some affirmative claim or substantial right (City of Rye v Public Serv. Mut. Ins. Co.,34 NY2d 470 ). But where the successful party has obtained the full relief sought, he has no grounds for appeal or cross appeal (Matter of Bays-water Health Related Facility v Karagheuzoff,37 NY2d 408 , 413). This is so even where that party disagrees with the particular findings, rationale or the opinion supporting the judgment or order below in his favor (Matter of Zaiac,279 NY 545 , 554), or where he failed to prevail on all the issues that had been raised (Matter of Kaplan v Rohan,7 NY2d 884 ; 7 Weinstein-Korn-Miller, NY Civ Prac, par 5511.06)” (see also Pennsylvania Gen. Ins. Co. v Austin Powder Co.,68 NY2d 465 , 472-473 [1986]).
Thus, at least with respect to persons who ask for relief in the court that made the order or judgment from which the appeal is taken, the rule seems clear. If they received all the relief they requested, they are not aggrieved, even though the court may have made some finding of fact or ruling of law with which
But what about a situation different from that in Parochial Bus, namely, one in which relief was requested in the trial court by someone other than the appellant, but the appellant is dissatisfied with the outcome of that request? It is fairly clear that where someone asks for relief against the appellant, which the appellant opposes, and the requested relief is granted in whole or in part, the appellant is aggrieved. The difficulty arises where someone seeks relief against a person other than the appellant, but on the appeal, the appellant challenges the outcome of that request for relief against the third person. Is aggrievement exclusively concerned with relief in that situation, or are we to consider the rationale or reasoning as well in order to determine whether a person is aggrieved? Can a person be aggrieved where the relief granted was not sought against that person but was sought against a third person? Alternatively, can a person be aggrieved only by the rationale used in that same situation where the relief granted was not sought against that person but was sought against a third person? This issue has been engaged by a series of conflicting cases dealing with joint tortfeasors.
When the contributory negligence doctrine was in effect, it was long the rule that a defendant in a tort action was not aggrieved by the dismissal of the plaintiffs complaint against a codefendant (see Baidach v Togut,
In 1972 this Court had before it an appeal in a case called Stein v Whitehead (
In Stein, this Court was faced with the question of whether the defendant Whitehead, as the appellant, could argue that the judgment in favor of her codefendant Pavlatos should be reversed; that is, whether Whitehead was aggrieved by the dismissal of the plaintiffs complaint against her codefendant Pavlatos even though Whitehead did not assert, nor could she have asserted, a cross claim for contribution at the time the case went to trial. In those particular circumstances, this Court held, in an opinion by Justice Benjamin, that the defendant Whitehead was aggrieved by the dismissal of the plaintiffs complaint against her codefendant Pavlatos because, in effect, Whitehead’s right of contribution against her codefendant Pavlatos was adversely affected by the dismissal of the plaintiffs complaint against Pavlatos (see Stein v Whitehead,
In Stein, it is apparent that the Court was concerned with whether the trial judge’s holding that codefendant Pavlatos was not at fault, as a matter of law, acted as a bar to a contribution claim by the defendant Whitehead. In short, Stein was focused on the reasons the plaintiffs complaint was dismissed against codefendant Pavlatos because, as aforesaid, the defendant Whitehead had not asserted, and at the time the case was tried could not have asserted, a claim for contribution against her co-defendant Pavlatos in the trial court. The only way this Court was able to provide the defendant Whitehead with the opportunity to determine her codefendant Pavlatos’s degree of
In 1974 the Legislature adopted CPLR article 14, which codified the comparative negligence rule of Dole and which now requires that a claim for Dole contribution be asserted either in a separate action or by counterclaim, cross claim, or third-party claim in a pending action (see CPLR 1403).
In 1975, in Robert T. Donaldson, Inc. v Aggregate Surfacing Corp. of Am. (
Upon dismissing that portion of ASCA’s appeal which was from the portion of the judgment in favor of codefendant Giles and against the plaintiff, the Court concluded that ASCA was not aggrieved by the dismissal of the plaintiff’s complaint against its codefendant Giles. In so doing, this Court did not simply distinguish Donaldson from Stein on the ground that the former involved a claim for indemnification only, but also opined that Stein was “not applicable to a case such as this in which no claim for an apportionment of damages was made under the holding in Dole v Dow Chem. Co. (
While the reasoning in Stein may have been warranted in 1972 by the uncertain state of the law caused by the then-recent decision in Dole v Dow Chem. Co. (
Stein apparently was based on the notion that it . would be repugnant to reason that a tortfeasor did not owe a duty to a plaintiff or, if a duty were owed, such tortfeasor did not breach that duty, while at the same time concluding that such tortfeasor was guilty of negligence warranting recovery on another tortfeasor’s cross claim for Dole contribution against it (Stein v Whitehead,
For these reasons, this Court has not followed Stein in recent years. In a long series of cases beginning in 1988 with Nunez v Travelers Ins. Co. (
As far as our research reveals, Stein has been cited for the proposition that a defendant is aggrieved merely by the dismissal of a plaintiffs complaint against a codefendant only in an early case from this Court, Doundoulakis v Town of Hemp-stead (
On cross appeals by the plaintiffs and the driver defendants, respectively, to the Court of Appeals from this Court’s order, the plaintiffs argued that the driver defendants were not aggrieved because, under the judgment as originally formulated, they were responsible for 80% of $200,000, or $160,000, and now they were only responsible for 100% of the reduced damages award, or $100,000. Although the Court of Appeals cited Stein for the proposition that “[a] defendant consequently has standing to appeal from the dismissal of the complaint against his codefendant, since such a determination deprives him of his right to recover a pro rata share of the award based on the codefendant’s liability” (
On the present appeal, this Court is called upon either to follow Stein, which seems to conflict with the holding in Parochial Bus that aggrievement is about relief, not reasoning, or to follow the long line of cases stemming from Nunez and Hauser, which follow Parochial Bus. To resurrect Stein would throw any meaningful attempt to comprehensively define the concept of aggrievement into disarray. Moreover, there also is a reason not to resurrect Stein which is clearly revealed in the case at bar. In the leading case of Hecht v City of New York (
“[t]he power of an appellate court to review a judgment is subject to an appeal being timely taken (see CPLR 5513, 5515; see, also, Matter of Haverstraw Park v Runcible Props. Corps.,33 NY2d 637 ; Ocean Acc. & Guar. Corp. v Otis El. Co.,291 NY 254 ; Roy v National Grange Mut. Ins. Co.,85 AD2d 832 , 832-833). And an appellate court’s scope of review with respect to an appellant, once an appeal has been timely taken, is generally limited to those parts of the judgment that have been appealed and that aggrieve the appealing party (see CPLR 5501, subd [a]; 5511; see, also, Segar v Youngs,45 NY2d 568 ; Stark v National City Bank,278 NY 388 , 394; St. John v Andrews Inst, for Girls,192 NY 382 , 386-389; Kennis v Sherwood,82 AD2d 847 , 848; Finder v Gromet,10 AD2d 977 , 978; Frankel v Berman,10 AD2d 838 ; Strecker v Kew Gardens Realty Assoc.,230 App Div 714 ; cf. Matter of Burk,298 NY 450 , 455). The corollary to this rule is that an appellate court’s reversal or modification of a judgment as to an appealing party will not inure to the benefit of a nonappealing coparty (see St. John v Andrews Inst, for Girls,192 NY 382 , 386-389, supra; Bonat v Crosswell,241 App Div 230 ; Kohlmetz v Amdoursky,227 App Div 758 ; San Lucas v Bornn & Co.,173 App Div 703 ; Orr v Wolff,71 App Div 614 ) unless the judgment was rendered against parties having a united and inseverable interest in the judgment’s subject matter, which itself permits no inconsistent application among the parties (see Matter of Win-burn,270 NY 196 , 198; United States Print. & Lithograph Co. v Powers,233 NY 143 , 152-155).”
Again, the plaintiffs here did not take an appeal. However, on the appeal taken by the limousine defendants, the limousine defendants contend that both the plaintiffs’ complaint and their cross claim for contribution against the van defendants should be reinstated. The nonappealing plaintiffs also filed a brief in which they contended that their complaint should be reinstated against the van defendants. The van defendants moved to strike the plaintiffs’ brief on the ground that the plaintiffs did not take a timely appeal.
After considering all of the above, it is apparent that it is time to explicitly hold that Stein should be limited to its own unique facts and, to the extent it holds that a defendant is aggrieved solely by the dismissal of the plaintiffs’ complaint against a codefendant, it effectively has been overruled by the passage of article 14 of the CPLR and the holdings of the Court of Appeals in Parochial Bus and Hecht.
This case also permits us to set forth a two-pronged definition of the concept of aggrievement which, although it might be subject to some rare exceptions, should cover the broad majority of cases. First, a person is aggrieved when he or she asks for relief but that relief is denied in whole or in part. Second, a person is aggrieved when someone asks for relief against him or
One who is aggrieved by a judgment or order and who appeals may then seek review of errors that it claims affected the result and that, if reversed, would entitle it to relief (see Parochial Bus Sys. v Board of Educ. of City of N.Y.,
We now turn to a consideration of the merits of the substantive contention of the limousine defendants on their appeal, namely, that the record presents a triable issue of fact as to whether the negligence of McLaren, the van driver, contributed
Sonya Mixon’s affidavit raised a triable issue of fact as to whether McLaren’s failure to properly stack and secure the luggage constituted negligence and whether that failure constituted a proximate cause of the cervical injuries allegedly sustained by her in the subject accident. Contrary to the contention of the van defendants, the determination of whether the injury to Sonya Mixon’s neck could have resulted from being struck in the back of the head by a piece of luggage during the accident does not require professional or scientific knowledge or skill outside the range of ordinary training or intelligence (see Fortunato v Dover Union Free School Dist.,
Consequently, the Supreme Court should have denied that branch of the van defendants’ cross motion which was for summary judgment dismissing the cross claim asserted against them by the limousine defendants insofar as it sought indemnification and/or contribution for damages sustained by Sonya Mixon.
Accordingly, that branch of the motion of the defendants TBV¡ Inc., and George R. McLaren, Jr., which was to strike the plaintiffs’ brief is granted, the appeal from so much of the order as granted that branch of the cross motion of the defendants TBV, Inc., and George R. McLaren, Jr., which was for summary judgment dismissing the complaint insofar as asserted against them is dismissed, as the appellants are not aggrieved by that portion of the order (see CPLR 5511), and the order is modified, on the law, by deleting the provision thereof granting that branch of the cross motion of the defendants TBV, Inc., and
Covello, Leventhal and Roman, JJ., concur.
Ordered that, upon the papers filed in support of the motion of the defendants TBY Inc., and George R. McLaren, Jr., inter alia, to strike the plaintiffs’ brief, the papers filed in opposition and in relation thereto, and upon the argument of the appeal, that branch of the motion which is to strike the plaintiffs’ brief is granted; and it is further,
Ordered that the appeal from so much of the order as granted that branch of the cross motion of the defendants TBY Inc., and George R. McLaren, Jr., which was for summary judgment dismissing the complaint insofar as asserted against them is dismissed, as the appellants are not aggrieved by that portion of the order (see CPLR 5511); and it is further,
Ordered that the order is modified, on the law, by deleting the provision thereof granting that branch of the cross motion of the defendants TBY Inc., and George R. McLaren, Jr., which was for summary judgment dismissing the cross claim asserted by the appellants against them insofar as it sought indemnification and/or contribution for damages sustained by the plaintiff Sonya Mixon, and substituting therefor a provision denying that branch of the cross motion; as so modified, the order is affirmed insofar as reviewed; and it is further,
Ordered that one bill of costs is awarded to the appellants payable by the defendants TBY Inc., and George R. McLaren, Jr.
Notes
. This case does not fall within the limited exception to Hecht’s rule that relief may not be awarded to a nonappealing party created by CPLR 3212 (b) and discussed in the case of Merritt Hill Vineyards v Windy Hgts. Vineyard (
. In rare instances a person against whom no relief was" sought may be aggrieved by the granting of relief to an adversary against a party with whom he or she is united in interest (see Tymon v Linoki,
. A person who consents or fails to oppose relief requested by another is deemed to have acquiesced in that relief and cannot be said to be aggrieved (see e.g. Flake v Van Wagenen,