3 F.2d 514 | 6th Cir. | 1925
Mitchell, who was a physician, was convicted under five counts for selling narcotics in violation of the Harrison Act (Comp. St. §§ 6287g-6287q). He was sentenced to imprisonment for two years upon each count; but the sontenecs were to run concurrently. It follows that if the sentence upon any one count is sustained, it is practically immaterial whether it is good under another count. However, for such effect, if any, as it may have, we point out that we think counts 1 and 2 are insufficient, and that the convictions and sentences on both these counts must he set aside. They expressly allege that Mitchell was a physician, and was duly registered as such under the Harrison Act, and do not allege that his disposition of the narcotic stated was not made to a patient and in the course of the doctor’s professional practice. While it would not he neeessary to negative this matter of lawfully dispensing in the course of professional practice, if the counts had not already carefully shown that the respondent was a registered physician, yet, when this was made to appear, it then became neeessary to negative, not an exception to something already stated, or an exception found in the act, but an inference naturally to be drawn from the facts which had been stated; and, as it has been decided that the giving of a prescription is participating in the sale made by the filler, we cannot draw the necessary -inference of nonpreseription from the mere fact that the count alleged selling.
The other three counts are not open to this objection; nor are they defective because they do not allege that the prescriptions were filled. They say that respondent, being a physician, sold, dispensed, and distributed morphine in the following manner: That he issued a prescription therefor, not in the course of his professional practice. A doctor who issues a prescription, which is filled, thereby participates in or aids and abets a sale. The allegation of sale or delivery implies a completed act, and when it is said that there was _ a sale through a prescription, it is, in effect, said that the prescription was filled.
A violation of the law, as it has now been authoritatively construed in the Behrman Case, 258 U. S. 280, 42 S. Ct. 303, 66 L. Ed. 619, appears without dispute, by Dr. Mitchell’s own statement as a witness for himself. (See our recent decisions in the nobaxt and Simmons Cases, 299 F. 784, and 300 F. 321.) At the time of the passage of the Harrison Act, it was believed by at least some reputable physicians that morphine addiction was a disease; that it was proper, in the treatment of this disease and to relieve pain and suffering, to prescribe morphine in limited quantities for these addicts; that to furnish the addict with a limited quantity of morphine for recurrent self-administration, even when -the patient was not confined, was within the discretion of the physician; and that for a physician to furnish morphine in this way to an addict, when the physician in good faith believed it was necessary thus to treat the disease and relieve suffering, was a practice which was intended to be permitted by the express exemption found in the Harrison Act. In accordance with this idea, the Tennessee Legislature passed the law referred to in our former opinion (Simmons v. United States, 300 F. 322), intending to provide a system by which .physicians who desired to do this kind of professional business, would be measurably protected by what was, in effect, an official certificate that the morphine was necessary.
As the construction of the Harrison Act was developed by successive Supreme Court decisions, it became apparent that this method was not within the stated exception, and that the practices approved of by some reputable physicians and expressly contemplated by the Tennessee statute were ipso facto violations of the Harrison Act. Though the acts charged in the indictment were done some months after such ambiguity as there was in the statute had been finally clarified by the Supreme Court, this situation would seem not to have been generally understood in Nashville, as there were offers to show by many of the leading physicians of Nashville that the methods claimed by Dr. Mitchell to have been his methods under the theory of the Tennessee statute were then considered by the medical profession to he lawful and reputable. On the other hand, there is evidence which, if believed, would have justified the jury in
In the Loewenthal Case, 274 F. 563, 565, our opinion does not show whether the indictment alleged respondent to be a physician.