[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *47 An action to recover sums paid by appellant for certain real property sold by California-Pacific Title Insurance Company, a corporation, as trustee under a deed of trust executed by one Howard to secure the payment of a promissory note to respondent Frederica Meyerstein, title to the property at the time of the sale being vested in another, and for the recovery of damages against respondent Bakersfield Abstract Company.
The complaint, which was filed on December 6, 1922, alleged that at the time of the execution of the note and deed of trust there was prepared and delivered to respondent Meyerstein by Bakersfield Abstract Company a certificate of title showing the title to the property to be vested in Howard, subject only to the deed of trust and certain taxes a lien thereon; that in fact the property was also subject to the lien of an attachment issued in an action then pending in the superior court of the county of Kings, in which action Howard was the defendant; that subsequent to the execution and recording of the deed of trust judgment was entered against Howard in the action mentioned, upon which execution was issued and the property sold to one Saulsbury subject to redemption; that thereafter the property not having been redeemed, the sheriff of Kern County executed his deed to the purchaser conveying to the latter all the interest therein of Howard and respondent California-Pacific Title Insurance Company; that Howard subsequently made default in the payment of the note to respondent Meyerstein, upon whose demand the trustee, pursuant to the provisions of the deed of trust, gave notice that it would sell at public auction to the highest bidder the land described therein; that at the time and place of sale appellant, believing that he was purchasing the land described and would receive a good title thereto, bought the same at the auction sale for the sum of $2,386 "then and there paid by him to the trustee for said lands"; and thereupon the trustee executed to appellant a grant, bargain, and sale deed to the property, the deed being dated January 8, 1920. It was *49 further alleged that on January 30, 1920, appellant through his agent delivered the deed to respondent Bakersfield Abstract Company, to be recorded when the latter should ascertain that the deed when recorded would show title to the property to be vested in appellant free of encumbrances, whereupon the latter should issue its certificate of title accordingly; that respondent Abstract Company subsequently recorded the deed and issued its certificate to appellant, showing the title to be vested in the latter free of encumbrances, and that "upon receipt of said certificate said appellant Mitchell caused the amount of money which had been paid by him at said sale for said property to be paid over for said property"; that thereafter one Hall, the successor in interest of Saulsbury, brought suit to quiet title to the property as against appellant, who notified respondent Abstract Company of the fact and requested its assistance in defending the title; that a decree was subsequently entered therein adjudging Hall to be the owner thereof and that appellant had no title thereto; that in addition to the amount paid to the trustee as stated appellant expended sums for taxes and in defense of the title, all of which with interest thereon he seeks to recover from respondents. It was further alleged "that at the time said plaintiff made his said bid to said California-Pacific Title Insurance Company, said trustee for said property, said plaintiff believed, and plaintiff is informed and believes and therefore alleged the fact to be, that said trustee believed and said Frederica Meyerstein believed that said trustee was selling and would convey to said S. Mitchell the title to said real estate clear of encumbrances, and that they were all mutually mistaken in that regard, and were all at said time ignorant of the fact that there was an encumbrance on said property prior to said deed of trust, and that said sale would not have been made by said trustee, and said purchase would not have been made by plaintiff, except by reason of said mutual mistake. . . ."
The demurrers of respondents having been sustained appellant declined to amend, whereupon judgment was entered, from which the appeal was taken.
[1] The action as against respondents Meyerstein and California-Pacific Title Insurance Company is not one to *50
recover damages for a breach of the covenants of the deed executed to appellant, but to recover benefits alleged to have been conferred in reliance upon the erroneous belief of these parties that the title to the land at the time of the sale by the trustee and the execution of its deed was vested in the latter. The obligation to make restitution under such circumstances not being contractual, but one imposed by law, the benefit conferred would be the measure of appellant's right to relief. [2] As against respondent Bakersfield Abstract Company, whose obligation was contractual (1 Cor. Jur., p. 368; Russell Co. v. PolkCounty Abstract Co., 87 Iowa, 233 [43 Am. St. Rep. 381, 54 N.W. 212]; Equitable B. L. Assn. v. Bank of Commerce, etc.,
[4] "Wherever a person is ignorant or mistaken with respect to his own antecedent and private legal rights, interests, estates, duties, liabilities or other relations, either of property or of contract or personal status, and enters into some transaction, the legal scope and operation of which he correctly apprehends and understands, for the purpose of affecting such assumed rights, interests or relations, or of carrying out such assumed duties or liabilities, equity will grant its relief, defensive or affirmative, treating the mistake as analogous, if not identical, with a mistake of fact," (2 Pomeroy's Equity Jurisprudence, 4th ed., sec. 849, p. 1734). As affected by the question of a mistake as to title there are authorities supporting a rule that where there is a mutual mistake as to the vendor's title the vendee may rescind the contract, even where executed, and recover the price (Houston v. Northern Pac. R.R.Co.,
It is averred that the mistake as to title was mutual; and no facts are alleged from which it may be inferred that respondents mentioned had knowledge or notice of the mistake prior to the filing of the complaint. [7] The right of one who confers a benefit in misreliance on a right or duty is equitable in character, and should be held to arise only when the recipient of the benefit is notified or learns that a mistake has been made in consequence of which he ought to make restitution (Woodward on Quasi-Contracts, sec. 32; 17 Cal. Jur., Money Received, sec. 19, p. 624). As said in Dunham v. McDonald,
In the cases cited the distinction between the duty to perform without demand a true contract, express or implied, and the obligation imposed by law to make restitution where the recipient of the benefit conferred through mistake remains in ignorance of the fact, is observed, this *53
distinction being recognized and the latter rule applied in the following cases: Bledsoe v. Stuckey,
[8] It is further urged that the action as against respondent Bakersfield Abstract Company, being upon contract not founded on an instrument in writing (Lattin v. Gillette,
In view of the character of the service rendered by those engaged in the business of examining and certifying titles, the reliance necessarily placed on their reports, and the effect of such reliance in preventing independent investigation, the classification contained in the section is based on intrinsic differences between such contracts and others which reasonably justify a different regulation as to the time when a cause of action thereon shall accrue, and is not in conflict with the constitutional provision mentioned (Rode v. Siebe,
[9] The complaint alleges that the deed from the trustee was executed prior to the issuance of the certificate of title, and contains no allegation that appellant relied on the certificate either in making the purchase or paying the price. It is essential to the statement of a cause of action that the plaintiff relied and acted upon the abstract or certificate furnished (1 Cor. Jur. 371), this rule being recognized in all the cases involving actions on similar *54
contracts which have been brought to our attention (Batty v.Font,
[10] It is alleged that upon the receipt of the certificate appellant "caused the amount of money which had been bid by him at said sale for such property to be paid over for such property." If an averment can be held clearly to imply a fact essential to the statement of a cause of action it will be held sufficient as against a general demurrer; but where, as here, the fact of reliance upon the certificate does not follow as a necessary implication from the allegation of payment, the latter not being inconsistent with nonreliance, the facts essential to the statement of a cause of action are wanting, and the demurrer was properly sustained.
It being our conclusion that the complaint failed to state a cause of action against the respondents, it is unnecessary to consider other grounds of objection thereto presented by the demurrers.
The judgment is affirmed.
Tyler, P.J., and Knight, J., concurred. *55