706 N.W.2d 420 | Mich. | 2005
Kenneth MITAN, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Maura CAMPBELL, Defendant-Appellant.
Supreme Court of Michigan.
Mitan & Associates, P.C. (by Keith J. Mitan), West Bloomfield, MI, for the plaintiff.
Michael A. Cox, Attorney General, Thomas L. Casey, Solicitor General, and Patrick J. O'Brien and Mark E. Donnelly, Assistant Attorneys General, Lansing, MI, for the defendant.
OPINION
PER CURIAM.
The question before us in this defamation case is whether the period of limitations[1] runs from the date of the alleged defamatory statement made by defendant *421 or the date the statement was republished by a third party. We conclude that the limitations period ran from the date of the original alleged defamatory statement. Therefore, we reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals and reinstate the circuit court's judgment of summary disposition.
I. Facts and Procedural History
Defendant was the public relations director of the Department of Consumer and Industry Services. On February 22, 2000, she was interviewed by a reporter from WXYZ-TV regarding employment claims made by plaintiff's employees. During the interview, defendant stated that plaintiff was a "bad egg," a statement that plaintiff claims was defamatory. The statement was broadcast by WXYZ-TV on February 25, 2000. Plaintiff filed a defamation complaint on February 26, 2001 (February 25 was a Sunday), more than a year after defendant made her statement but within a year from the date it was republished by WXYZ-TV.
The limitations period for a defamation claim is one year. M.C.L. § 600.5805(9). The circuit court granted defendant summary disposition based on the statute of limitations, MCR 2.116(C)(7), ruling that defendant's statement to the reporter started the limitations period running, and that defendant could not be held responsible for the republication by WXYZ-TV. The Court of Appeals reversed and remanded.[2] It concluded that defendant could be liable on the basis of the republication because it was plausible that the broadcast was the natural, and possibly intended, result of the interview. The Court found this was a factual issue to be considered on remand.
Defendant applied for leave to appeal to this Court. In lieu of granting leave to appeal, the Court heard oral argument on the application for leave to appeal pursuant to MCR 7.302(G)(1).[3]
II. Standard of Review
We review a summary disposition ruling de novo to determine whether the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Maiden v. Rozwood, 461 Mich. 109, 118, 597 N.W.2d 817 (1999). Questions of statutory construction are also reviewed de novo. Roberts v. Mecosta Co. Gen. Hosp., 466 Mich. 57, 62, 642 N.W.2d 663 (2002). In construing a statute, courts are to effect the intent of the Legislature, and if a statute is clear and unambiguous it should be enforced as written. Id. at 63, 642 N.W.2d 663.
III. Analysis
The elements of a defamation claim are: (1) a false and defamatory statement concerning the plaintiff, (2) an unprivileged communication to a third party, (3) fault amounting at least to negligence on the part of the publisher, and (4) either actionability of the statement irrespective of special harm (defamation per se) or the existence of special harm caused by publication. Rouch v. Enquirer & News of Battle Creek (After Remand), 440 Mich. 238, 251, 487 N.W.2d 205 (1992) (libel); Ledl v. Quik Pik Food Stores, Inc., 133 Mich.App. 583, 589, 349 N.W.2d 529 (1984) (defamation).
The one-year limitations period for defamation claims is found in M.C.L. § 600.5805(1), (9):
(1) A person shall not bring or maintain an action to recover damages for injuries to persons or property unless, after the claim first accrued to the plaintiff *422 or to someone through whom the plaintiff claims, the action is commenced within the periods of time prescribed by this section.
* * *
(9) The period of limitations is 1 year for an action charging libel or slander. [Emphasis added.]
A defamation claim accrues when "the wrong upon which the claim is based was done regardless of the time when damage results." M.C.L. § 600.5827.
M.C.L. § 600.5805(1) and (9) are clear and unambiguous. Our Legislature has clearly provided that a defamation claim must be filed within one year from the date the claim first accrued. The claim first accrued when the defamatory statement was made on February 22, 2000. The statute does not contemplate extending the accrual of the claim on the basis of republication, regardless of whether the republication was intended by the speaker.[4] Because plaintiff filed suit against defendant more than a year after his claim first accrued, his cause of action is barred by the statute of limitations.
The plain language of M.C.L. § 600.5805 is inconsistent with plaintiff's claim that a third party's expected republication of a defamatory statement affects the running of the limitations period for the initial statement. The statute provides a relatively short limitations period of one year; there is nothing in the statute suggesting that the period can effectively be lengthened where republication is anticipated. Rather than a rule of first accrual, the reasoning of the Court of Appeals changes the statute to a rule of last accrual. Such reasoning undermines the principles of finality and certainty behind a statute of limitations. See Stephens v. Dixon, 449 Mich. 531, 536 N.W.2d 755 (1995).[5]
IV. Conclusion
The judgment of the Court of Appeals is reversed and the circuit court's judgment of summary disposition is reinstated.[6]
TAYLOR, C.J., and MICHAEL F. CAVANAGH, WEAVER, MARILYN J. KELLY, CORRIGAN, YOUNG and MARKMAN, JJ., concur.
NOTES
[1] Currently the statute of limitations is M.C.L. § 600.5805(9). Amendments to M.C.L. § 600.5805 since the alleged defamation occurred in this case have no effect on this case.
[2] Mitan v. Campbell, unpublished opinion per curiam issued May 20, 2004 (Docket No. 242486), 2004 WL 1124031.
[3] 471 Mich. 938, 690 N.W.2d 99 (2004).
[4] The republisher of the statement, WXYZ-TV, is not a party to this action. We are concerned only with defendant's liability for WXYZ-TV's republication of her statement.
[5] The Court of Appeals relied on Tumbarella v. Kroger Co., 85 Mich.App. 482, 496, 271 N.W.2d 284 (1978), for the proposition that the "general rule is that one who publishes a defamatory statement is liable for the injurious consequences of its repetition where the repetition is the natural and probable result of the original publication." We neither accept nor reject that proposition because plaintiff neither alleged nor claimed damages for natural and probable consequences in his complaint. His sole allegation was that an injurious, defamatory statement was published on February 25, 2000, the date of the broadcast. Further, even if we were to accept the natural and probable consequences rule, no case from our jurisdiction has held that the rule extends the one-year period of limitations. The Tumbarella Court held merely that the original publisher was liable for the natural and probable consequences of his remarks. Because the Court of Appeals misinterpreted Tumbarella as extending the period of limitations, its reliance on Tumbarella was misplaced.
[6] Our decision renders moot the remaining arguments raised by plaintiff.
