69 S.W.2d 1081 | Ark. | 1934
Lead Opinion
STATEMENT BY THE COURT.
This appeal is prosecuted from a judgment against appellant insurance company in favor of appellee, the beneficiary in an accident policy for double indemnity alleged to be due under the terms of the policy. *908
Appellee is named beneficiary in the policy issued to George W. Martin by the above insurance company on June 7, 1921, in the amount of $1,000. There was a rider or supplemental agreement attached to and made a part of the policy for the payment of $2,000, double the face of the policy, if the death of insured was accidental as hereinafter defined:
"This double indemnity, payable in event of the accidental death of the insured, shall be due if written affirmative proof shall be furnished the company that such death occurred before the anniversary date of this policy next preceding the sixtieth birthday of the insured and during the premium-paying period of this policy while no premium is in default, and if death results independently and exclusively of all other causes from bodily injuries effected directly from external, violent and accidental means, within ninety days from the happening of such injuries, of which, other than in the case of drowning, there shall be visible contusion or wound on the exterior of the body, except that this double indemnity will not be payable if the insured's death shall result from suicide, whether sane or insane, or any attempt thereat, sane or insane, or directly or indirectly, wholly or in part, from poisoning, infection, or any kind of illness or disease, or from any violation of law by the insured or from bodily injuries received while engaged in military or naval service in time of war, or from participation in aviation or submarine operations, and provided further that, if claim for any total and permanent disability benefits shall be allowed, this provision as to double indemnity shall be null and void."
This suit was brought for $1,000, claimed to be due as double indemnity, under the rider in the policy, the face thereof, $1,000, having already been paid to the beneficiary.
The answer denied any liability under the terms of the policy, and alleged that the accident was not covered by the double indemnity rider or provision in the policy because said provision expressly exempts the company from liability from injuries received "from participation in aviation or submarine operations." *909
A jury was waived, and the case tried before the court on an agreed statement of facts.
The undisputed facts are that, on the morning of the 18th day of April, 1933, George W. Martin was invited by one W. N. Gregory to make a trip by aeroplane from Augusta, Woodruff County, Arkansas, to St. Louis, Missouri, free of expense to said George W. Martin, and as a guest, for a mere pleasure trip with the said W. N. Gregory. At a point approximately 30 miles from the city of St. Louis, in Monroe County, Illinois, the aeroplane, in which Martin was riding as a guest of Gregory, through accident, crashed and struck the ground with such force that the said George W. Martin was instantly killed. Martin at the time was mayor of Augusta, Arkansas, and, in addition thereto, was engaged as a railroad agent at Augusta for the Augusta Transport Transportation Company. Martin had no knowledge of the art of aviation, and did not before this occasion use aeroplanes as a means of transportation, but on this occasion merely accepted the invitation of his friend, W. N. Gregory, to be his guest on a pleasure trip to the city of St. Louis.
Proof of death by accident was made as required by the contract, and, in response thereto, the company issued its check for $1,000, the face of the policy, to the appellee, the beneficiary therein, "for full settlement of all claims under this policy as to the face amount thereof without prejudice to the rights of either party in connection with any claim for double indemnity benefits."
The court declined to make separate findings of fact, and declare the law as requested by appellant, and rendered judgment for $1,000 sued for in favor of appellee, from which judgment this appeal is prosecuted. (after stating the facts). There is but one question involved in this appeal, viz., whether the death of the insured under the circumstances herein resulted from an accident covered by the double indemnity provision of the policy which excepts bodily injuries received *910 "from participation in aviation or submarine operations."
Aviation is defined in Funk Wagnall's Dictionary as follows: "Aviation — is the art of flying, especially the management of aeroplanes."
"Participation" is defined in Webster's Dictionary as follows: 1. The state of sharing in common with others. 2. The act or state of receiving or having a part of something. 3. Distribution or division into shares.
It has been held that it was not necessary for one to have mechanical control over a plane in order to participate in its operation, but, when one imposes and enforces his judgment in the venture or about an undertaking solely for his purpose, he is effectively participating in the operation of the plane. First Nat. Bank of Chattanooga v. Phoenix Mut. Life Ins. Co.,
If appears here, however, that there was no contractual relation between the pilot of the plane and the insured, and no expectation of a fare to be paid and collected for the trip, the insured being an invited guest only, and not a passenger, and it cannot be said that insured received the injuries from which he died "from participation in aviation operations," within the meaning of the terms of the policy, and is thereby excluded from its coverage.
The contract of insurance was ambiguous and susceptible to more than one reasonable construction, and the one most favorable to the insured should be adopted. Travelers' Protective Ass'n v. Stephens,
No error was committed in allowing attorney's fee and the statutory penalty, since the entire sum contracted to be paid under the rider in the policy was recovered herein, and the appellee was therefore entitled to a judgment for the penalty and a reasonable attorney's fee, "and the fact that the company believes if has a meritorious defense, and in good faith defends the case does not *911
excuse it from the application of the statute." Life
Casualty Ins. Co. of Tenn. v. McCray,
We find no error in the record, and the judgment is affirmed.
BUTLER, J., (supplemental opinion on rehearing). To sustain the contention that the death of the insured resulted from an accident within exemption from liability within the meaning of the terms of the policy, counsel for appellant refer us to the following cases: Bew v. Travelers' Ins. Co.,
Counsel for the appellant admit that where the words "engaged in aviation" are used in the exempting clause of a policy, the exemption from liability will not apply to the case of a mere passenger, but they contend, on the authorities cited, that the words "participate in aviation" are to be distinguished from "engaged in aviation" and are sufficiently broad in their meaning to include any one riding in an aeroplane whether as a pilot or a passenger only. Upon an examination of the cases cited, we find those most nearly sustaining the contention *912 are Bew v. Travelers' Ins. Co.; Travelers' Ins. Co. v. Peek, and Meredith v. Bus. Men's Acc. Co., supra. In the first mentioned case the applicable clause is as follows: "The insurance hereunder shall not cover * * * injuries, fatal or non-fatal, sustained by the insured while participating in, or in consequence of having participated in, aeronautics." The insured was killed while a passenger in an airplane. After quoting the definition of the word "aeronautics" given by the Ency. Britt, "aeronautics is the art or practice of sailing in, or navigating, the air," the court held that there was nothing in the definition to confine it to those active in piloting air vessels and to exclude those who are inactive users thereof. The court also quoted from the Standard Dictionary the definition of the word "participate" as meaning, "to receive or have a part or share of; to partake of; experience in common with others; to have or enjoy a part or share in common with others; partake; as to participate in a discussion; to take a part in; as to participate in joys or sorrows." From these definitions it was the conclusion of the court that one who is a passenger in an aeroplane partakes of the pleasure and benefits of the art or practice of sailing in the air and thereby participates in aeronautics. In reaching this conclusion, the court, however, appears to have given no effect to one of the definitions, supra, viz, "to take part in."
In Travelers' Ins. Co. v. Peek, supra, the court had before it a contract similar to that in the Bew case and based its decision solely on the authority of the latter case. In Meredith v. Bus. Men's Acc. Co., supra, the court followed the views expressed in the Bew and Peek cases without any further elucidation.
A number of cases discussing the meaning of the words "engaged in aeronautics" used in the policies under consideration profess to find a distinction between the meaning of that term and "participating in aeronautics," but give no particular reason for the discovery of the difference. Thus, in Price v. Prudential Ins. Co., supra, the court merely says, "Being engaged in aviation operations means taking part in the operations of an *913
airplane in some direct way other than merely participating in aeronautics by being in an airplane while it is in the air"; and, in Flanders v. Benefit Ass'n,
The distinction thought by the courts to exist between "engage in aeronautics" and "participation in aviation" may be apparent to, and approved by, those learned in the niceties of the language and accustomed to its precise use, but it is to be doubted whether these hair-splitting and subtle distinctions would occur to, or be understood by, the majority of the thousands of persons who seek insurance against the many hazards to life and limb which are likely to occur to the most prudent and fortunate. Words and phrases used in insurance policies should be construed by their meaning as used in the ordinary speech of the people and not as understood by scholars.
It might well be imagined that if the average tradesman, artisan or farmer, although he had many times taken passage on a railroad train and intended again soon to do so, if asked if he had participated, or intended to participate, in railroading, would at once answer, "No"; and, if then asked if he had engaged in, or intended to engage in, railroading, would reply, "I have just told you, `No'." It might well be assumed that to his mind the word "participate" in the connection used in the question would imply some action, some "taking part in" the movement of the trains, the upkeep of the property, or management of its business. He likely would not think that by the question was meant to learn if he had, or intended merely "to have, enjoy, or share in common with others" the privilege of being transported as a passenger on the lines of railway companies. *914
It is interesting, however, to note that in these cases and others which discover a distinction between "engaged in" and "participate in," the courts, when they abandon the role of the "precisian" and discuss the case in the language of the ordinary person, they sometimes use the words "engaged" and "participate" or "participation" as conveying a similar idea. In the case of Peters v. Prudential Ins. Co., supra, in discussing the word "engaged" the court said: "It gives the impression of participation as an occupation." In Benefit Ass'n v. Hayden, supra, the court found for the beneficiary, saying: "The proper construction of those words (engaged in) is that actual employment or participation was contemplated and not merely riding as a passenger." This case followed the case of Benham v. Insurance Co.,
As defined by the leading lexicographers, "aviation" is a more exact and specific term than "aeronautics" and means "the art or science of locomotion by means of aeroplanes." Webster. It might appear that if aviation is the science of locomotion by aeroplane and the word "participate" means "to take part in," the phrase "participate in aviation" would connote an active share in its management; as, where a person of First Nat. Bank v. Phoenix, supra, where he owned the plane and had authority to, and did, direct the pilot as to when he should make the flight. It would seem that this interpretation of the phrase "participate in aviation" is not wholly unjustified. We pass this question, however, without deciding it because it is unnecessary to do so under the language of the exemption clause in the contract before us which is dissimilar to that of any of the cases denying the right to recover relied on by learned counsel. *915
As noted in the Bew, Peek and Meredith cases, the phrase in the exemption clause was "participating in aeronautics." In Benefit Ass'n v. Hayden, and Flanders v. Benefit Ass'n, supra, the phrase was "engaged in aeronautics." In Peters v. Prudential Ins. Co., supra, it was "engaged in aviation." In Wendorff v. Mo. State Life Ins. Co., supra, the applicable exemption phrase is "while on or in any mechanical device for aerial navigation." In Gits v. N.Y. Life, supra, the phrase was, "engaged in submarine or aeronautic operations," and in First Nat. Bank v. Phoenix, supra, it was "participation in aeronautic operations."
In the cases cited, the phrase quoted above from the last case named is the one most similar to the phrase used in the contract involved in the instant case, but in that case the insured, when killed, was not a mere passenger. The court thus found his relationship to the flight: "Though the insured was not personally piloting the plane, the venture was his, initiated and undertaken solely for his purposes. He owned the plane, employed a pilot to operate it, determined whether weather conditions would permit of the flight and when it should be made. We agree with the lower court that one who interposes and enforces his judgment in matters so vital as these to the flight of an aeroplane is participating in aeronautic operations."
We have examined the additional authorities cited by counsel in their brief on rehearing, except that of Goldsmith v. New York Life Ins. Co., supra, to which we do not have access. In Irwin v. Prudential Ins. Co., supra, the exempting phrase is, "from having been engaged in military or naval service, or in aviation, or submarine operations." The facts were that the insured was killed by the crash of a glider, a device for aerial transport, while he was riding as a pilot and the sole occupant. While the operation of gliders was not his regular business, it was an avocation in which he frequently indulged. He was killed on October 23, 1931, and had flown a glider during the two preceding years approximately 203 times. Under these facts, the court *916 held that he was engaged in aviation within the meaning of the policy and denied recovery.
In the page of Couch's Cyc. Ins. Law, cited supra, there is this statement: "A passenger in an aeroplane flying in the air, whether he takes part in the operation of the plane or not, is participating in aeronautics with in the intent and meaning of a provision in an insurance policy specifically excepting such a risk." For authority for this statement the author cites one Arkansas case — that of Sov. Camp W. O. W. v. Compton,
The doctrine announced in Cooley's Brief, supra, was that under a policy exempting from liability while "engaged in aviation" excluded recovery where the insured was killed while flying in the air, whether piloting or riding as a passenger, and for authority for this the author cites Masonic Acc. Ins. Co. v. Jackson, a case from one of the Indiana courts of appeal, reported in 147 N.E. at page 156. This case is against the weight of authority and also is not authority in Indiana, as it was superseded in the same case by a decision of file supreme Court of Indiana, reported in
The double indemnity clause in the instant case excepts the insurance company from liability for "bodily injuries received while engaged in military or naval service in time of war, or for participation in aviation or submarine operations." It is the word "operations" which distinguishes this exemption from those relied upon by counsel for the appellant and which creates the ambiguity referred to in the original opinion. Counsel for appellant erroneously contend that because the language relied upon does not create a forfeiture of the policy, but simply states a risk which was never assumed, the *917
rule that the language of the phrase involved should be strictly construed — and, where ambiguous, against the insurance company — has no application. The rule of strict construction applies to exemption from liability as well as to forfeitures. Irwin v. Prudential Ins. Co.; Wendorff v. Mo. State Life Ins. Co., supra; Wilson v. Trav. Ins. Co.,
It may be, as argued by counsel, that if the word "aviation" is intended to qualify the word "operations," the phrase is not in accord with grammatical rules, and, to be correct under those rules, some adjective form of the word aviation should have been used. The word "aviation" is of comparatively recent origin, and we know of no adjective term for it yet formulated. It is used indiscriminately as a noun and as an adjective, just as the word "submarine." The use of the word "either" after "or" is frequently implied (see Webster's Dict.) and it is not an unreasonable construction to say that "operations" is limited by both aviation and submarine participation. At least, this is an interpretation which the ordinary person, not skilled in the niceties of grammatical construction, might give to it. It will be noticed that no comma is used after the word "aviation," and this is an additional reason for concluding that it as well as submarine was intended to refer to and limit the word operations.
In Peters v. Prudential Ins. Co., supra, the phrase. "from having been engaged in aviation or submarine operations or military or naval service in time of war" was held to be ambiguous, and that it might not include death resulting to a passenger in an airplane in time of peace. It was the contention of the plaintiff that the exception intended to apply only to an accidental death occurring while engaged in aviation in time of war. The court found this construction a reasonable one when the punctuation employed was considered. It pointed out that the use of a comma after the word "aviation" and one after the word "operations" would clearly show that the insurer intended to limit the expression "in time of war" to the last antecedent, but, having omitted it, it *918 might be inferred that the danger from aviation excepted from the risk was only that occurring in time of war, and, as the phrase was ambiguous, the construction most favorable to the insured should be placed upon it, since the insurer chose the language and was responsible for its ambiguity.
The ambiguity and doubt as to the exact meaning of the phrase involved in the instant case is emphasized by the ease with which the insurer could have made its meaning clear, as was done in the contracts under consideration in Head v. New York Life Ins. Co.; Pittman v. Lamar Life Ins. Co., and Tierney v. Occ. Life Ins. Co., supra. In these cases the limitation was for injury while "participating as a passenger or otherwise in aviation or aeronautics." It would not have been difficult for the insurer to have clearly informed the insured that it would not be liable for his death while riding or being in a plane either as a passenger or otherwise; but, having elected to use general expressions which might mean one thing or another, the ambiguity thus created must be resolved against it.
The effect of the word "operations" in connection with the phrase "participation in aviation" necessarily limits the scope of the meaning of the word "participation," and, though the word "participate," standing alone, might denote activities not included in the narrow compass of "engaged in," when the effect of the word "operations" is considered, (which can only mean the management and control of the airplane) it becomes more apparent that "participation" is to be considered in its active sense and viewed as the equivalent of, "engaged in."
The question of penalty and attorney's fees is ruled by the recent case of Life Casualty Ins. Co. of Tenn. v. McCray,
Dissenting Opinion
The original opinion states that the facts in this case are undisputed. And so they *919 are. The insured, who paid no fare, was invited by an amateur aviator to fly with him from Augusta, Arkansas, to St. Louis, Missouri. They did not reach their destination, as the plane "crashed and struck the ground," killing the insured. The insured had no control over the plane, but it occurs to me that neither this fact nor the failure to pay fare affected the hazard of the journey.
The original opinion cited only one case to support the conclusion announced that the insured was not participating in aviation at the time of his death, this being the case of First National Bank v. Phoenix Mutual Life Ins. Co.,
The labored supplemental opinion on rehearing is equally unconvincing to me, and I therefore respectfully dissent. Quotations appearing in this opinion from a number of cases there cited show clearly that they do not support the conclusions which the majority have reached. These cases are brushed aside with the observation that they are hair-splitting and appeal only to the grammarian and the precisian.
It is a wise and just rule of construction, and one of universal application, that all doubt, or any ambiguity, as to the meaning of an insurance policy is resolved against the insurer, for the reason, often stated, that the language expressing or limiting the liability insured against is carefully chosen by the insurer. But the rule is equally as well established, and is equally as wise and as just, that courts may not create ambiguities by strained constructions which would not otherwise be found to exist. Insurance policies are to be construed like other contracts, where their meaning plainly appears, and it has never been questioned that insurers may assume and insure against some risks and exempt themselves from liability for others. *920
The courts — all of them — are reluctant to permit insurance companies to forfeit their policies, upon which premiums have been paid, especially upon purely technical grounds, but there is no question of forfeiture in this case. The question is rather whether we shall search for an ambiguity whereby, when if has been found, the insurer may be held liable for a risk from which, in my opinion, if has expressly exempted itself.
Insurance companies first undertook to exempt themselves from liability to persons "engaged in aviation or aeronautics," but when some of the courts followed our opinion in the case of Benefit Ass'n v. Hayden,
The exemption existing in the policy here sued on is not merely against the aviator flying the machine, but if is against all persons participating in aviation. Can it be true that the aviator is in any more danger than his passenger? Is not the hazard as great in the one case as in the other? Now, the majority say that a different result would have been reached had the exemption from liability read "while participating as a passenger or otherwise in aviation or aeronautics." Why so? This is not broader than file language employed. The insurer attempted to exempt itself from liability to the insured from injuries received "from participation in aviation or submarine operations," not merely as a passenger, but at all. There is no qualification as to the extent of the participation. If the tradesman, artisan or farmer, to whom the majority refer, had promised his wife, before leaving home, that he would not participate in aviation while gone, he would probably have had trouble convincing her, upon his return, that he had kept his word. If he admitted that a part or all of his *921
journey had been made in a flying machine. But the cases uniformly distinguish between engaging in aviation and participating in aviation. In pointing out this distinction the Supreme Court of Indiana, in the case of Masonic Accident Insurance Co. v. Jackson,
I might defer to the majority if the text writers on insurance had not construed the numerous cases on the question here under consideration just as I do.
For instance, at 1252 of Couch's Cyclopedia of Insurance Law, vol. 6, the author says: "Section 1252. Death or injury while participating or engaging in aeronautics, aviation, etc. A passenger in an aeroplane flying in the air, whether he takes part in the operation of the plane or not, is `participating in aeronautics,' within the intent and meaning of a provision of an insurance policy specifically excepting such a risk."
The majority inadvertently say that Sovereign Camp W. O. W. v. Compton,
The majority quote from Cooley's Briefs on Insurance, but treat the quotation as being without authority because it was based upon the decision of an inferior court of Indiana, which has been superseded by a later decision of the Supreme Court of that State. This statement is as unfortunates as was the reference to Couch's Cyclopedia of Insurance Law, supra. I give the exact statement from Cooley's Briefs on Insurance, (vol. 6, 2d ed., page 5309). It reads as follows: "Where insured *922
died from injuries received while riding as passenger in aeroplane, there could be no recovery on a policy which excepted death or disability while `engaged in aviation,' that phrase meaning the act of flying in the air in machine heavier than air, whether piloting or riding as passenger (Masonic Acc. Ins. Co. v. Jackson, (Ind.App.)
This Indiana case was first decided by "Appellate Court of Indiana," and is reported in 147 N.E. 156. The headnote — and the only one — to that case reads as follows: "Where insured died from injuries received while riding as passenger in aeroplane, beneficiary held not entitled to recover on policy which excepted death or disability while `engaged in aviation,' that phrase meaning the act of flying in the air in machine heavier than air, whether piloting or riding as passenger." If will be observed that the exemption contained in the policy there construed was from death or disability while "engaged in aviation." This case reached the Supreme Court of Indiana and is the case to which I have previously referred to as being reported in 61 A.L.R. 840. The Supreme Court of Indiana quoted at length from our case of Benefit Ass'n R. R. Employees v. Hayden,
In the late work of Richards on the Law of Insurance (4th ed.), at page 660, it is said: "A construction urged upon the courts, but consistently refused is, that one participates only when he is physically active in the management and control of an instrument or agency and that the word `aeronautics' is necessarily descriptive of an occupation. Such a construction would give too narrow a meaning to both words. The Standard Dictionary defines `participate' as meaning `to receive or have a part or share of; to partake of; experience in common with others; to have or enjoy a part or share in common with others; partake; as to participate in a discussion.' Nothing in the definition, or in the common use of the word confines it to those who are active in navigating balloons or aeroplanes and to exclude those who are inactive occupants of such vessels."
In Vance on Insurance, (2d ed.). page 901, 269, it is said: "If the policy excepts the risk of the insured `while participating in aeronautics,' his injury or death on account of riding as a passenger in an aeroplane is generally held to be within the exception, but not so if the language of the exception is `while engaged in aviation'."
In the case of Pittman v. Lamar Life Ins. Co.,
Inasmuch as the text writers on the subject of insurance construe the adjudged cases as I do, I am constrained to register my dissent. *924
