66 P. 1050 | Kan. | 1901
Lead Opinion
The opinion of the court was delivered by
This case was first decided and affirmed January 5, 1901. (63 Pac. 444.) A rehearing was granted later, and the questions involved have been fully reargued before the whole court, since it was enlarged by the addition of four justices, elaborate briefs being filed covering the points discussed by counsel.
Judge Sturges, of the twelfth judicial district, Was called upon to try this case, after a mistrial before' Judge C. W. Smith, of the thirty-fourth district, and he acted as judge pro tern. At the May term, 1899, Judge Sturges was duly selected by the bar as judge pro tern., and took the prescribed oath that he would' faithfully perform the duties of such judge at that term. Upon application of the railway company, the trial of the case was continued to the October term, 1899, “both plaintiff and defendant agreeing thereto, and consenting to the trial thereof by said judge,”' according to the record.
“When a person has an appointment to act as judge of a court, which he and the officers of the court adjudge to be valid; and he takes possession of the court and acts, supported by the power of the state, he is a judge de facto.”
In the present case, Judge Sturges was recognized by the sheriff, clerk, and attorneys, including the counsel for the parties to this action, who consented to his trial of the cause, and no challenge of his authority or right to sit was made until long after his tei’m of office as judge pro tem. had expired, and then, for the first time, in this court. ■
“An officer defacto is one whose acts, though not those of a lawful officer, the law, upon principles of policy and justice, will hold valid, so far as they involve the interests of the public and third persons, where the duties of the office were exercised:
“1. Without a known appointment or election, but under such circumstances of reputation or acquiescence as were calculated to induce people without inquiry to submit to or invoke his action, supposing him to be the officer he assumed to be.
“2. Under color of a known and valid appointment or election, but where the officer had failed to conform to some precedent requirement or condition, as to take an oath, give a bond, or the like.
“3. Under color of a known election or appointment, void because the officer was not eligible, or because there was a want of power in the electing or appointing body, or by reason of sdme defect or irregularity in its exercise, such ineligibility, want of power or defect being unknown to the public.”
The application of this decision to the case at bar is found in the second and third subdivisions.
The constitution of Vermont provides that no person holding any office of profit or trust under the authority of congress shall be eligible to any appointment under the legislature, or to hold any executive or judicial office under the state. A postmaster was elected justice of the peace, and in a suit before him the defendants pleaded to the jurisdiction, alleging that at the time the summons issued he was a postmaster under the authority of congress and ineligible to hold a judicial office. The court held that a demurrer to this plea was rightfully sustained; that the justice was, an
In the late case of The State v. Williams, 61 Kan. 739, 740, 60 Pac. 1050, it was said:
“It is a general rule of universal application that a person who receives an appointment to an existing office from those having authority to appoint, and qualifies and enters upon the discharge of the duties of the office, is a de facto officer, although he may be ineligible by reason of being a non-resident, a minor, or an alien. The acts of an officer who comes into-possession of an office under the forms o.f law, and who assumes to act under such an appointment as-Chapman had, are deemed to be legal and binding as-to the public and all persons who have any interest in the things done by him. The acts of a de facto judge 'cannot be collaterally attacked, and his right to, the-office is not open to question except in a direct proceeding brought by the state ; and this is true in a case where the officer is incapable of holding the office.” (See, also, Hunter’s Adm’r v. Ferguson’s Adm’r, 13 Kan. 462; Hale v. Bischoff, 53 id. 301, 36 Pac. 752.)
The decision quoted completely covers the question under discussion here. Judge Sturges was not a usurper in any sense. He was selected in the manner prescribed by the statute, by the members of the bar present. He took the statutory oath of office, and thenceforth was recognized by all the officers of the court, and by the parties litigant, as having such authority as the regular judge might have exercised had he presided in the case. The difference between a usurper and an officer de 'facto is pointed .out in Hamlin v. Kassafer, 15 Ore. 456, 15 Pac. 778, 3 Am. St. 176.
Counsel for the railway company assert that they recognized Judge Sturges as a “called-in” judge, under chapter 108 of the Laws of 1897, and hot as a judge pro tem. In the case of In re Hewes, supra, it was held that when a district judge is called from his own district to hold court in a county within another district, and is then selected by the members of the bar as a judge pro tem., his authority to hold court in the latter district is derivable from his election as judge pro tem. * When discussing the right of Judge Sturges to sit at the October term, counsel are strenuous in their insistence that their consent for him to do so could not confer jurisdiction, and that such consent did not cure the errors committed by the regular judge in his refusal to grant the railway company a change of venue to another county in February, 1899. Apart from the question whether jurisdiction can be conferred by consent, errors committed in the progress of a trial are often waived. Parties may conduct themselves in a manner which shows .that a previous objection to an erroneous ruling has been withdrawn or waived. A demurrer to the evidence may be improperly overruled for lack of testimony to sustain the plaintiff’s case, yet, when the defect is supplied by the defendants, the error is cured. (Simpson v. Kimberlin, 12 Kan. 579.) So, if a change of venue be improperly granted, if the parties appear and proceed to trial without objection, the error is waived, no matter how valid were the objections made to the change in the first instance.
The motion for a change of venue presented to the regular judge in February, 1899, set forth two grounds : (1) That Judge Glass was interested, having been of counsel in the case ; (2) that the inhabitants and taxpayers of Marshall county were prejudiced against the railway company to such extent that it could not
“In all causes heretofore or hereafter tried, when the term of office of the trial judge shall have expired, or may hereafter expire, before the time fixed for making or settling and signing a case, it shall be his duty to certify, sign or settle the case in all respects as if his term had not expired.” (Gen. Stat. 1901, §5035.)
In Manufacturing Co. v. Stoddard, 61 Kan. 640, 60 Pac. 320, after quoting from K. & C. P. Rly. Co. v. Wright, 53 id. 272, 36 Pac. 331, the court said:
“The above case is, in effect, a holding that the term of office of a judge pro tern, is limited to such specific periods as he sets for the making and service of the case and the suggesting of amendments thereto, and the settlement of the case, and that, if within such term of office no time is fixed for the settlement of the case, such term cannot be prolonged by specifying an indeterminate period within which the parties may come before him for the settlement of the case.”
In K. & C. P. Rly. Co. v. Wright, supra, it was said :
“The only contingency which warrants an ex-judge in settling and signing a case is that at the expiration of his term the time was actually fixed for making or settling and signing the case.”
It is contended that the writer of the opinion in the latter case, in referring to the section of the statute in question, misstated the language of the law by saying that, when the term of office of a trial judge shall expire during the time fixed for making or settling and
‘ ‘ There seems to be running through the entire body of judicial decisions the doctrine that judges ought not to disturb prior rulings of the same court except for cogent reasons; as some express it, ‘only where the decision is flatly absurd or unjust,’ as the certainty of the rule is often more important than the reason of it.”
The judgment will be affirmed.
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting): Recognizing to the fullest extent the importance of uniformity and harmony in the decision of this court, and especially in the matter of practice, I dissent from the doctrine announced in the fourth paragraph of the syllabus and the corresponding portion of the opinion.
Realizing the effect of this decision to be forever to put at rest the question of the power of a judge pro teto. in the settling of a case-mad.e for this court, in the absence of further legislation, yet I deem the decision made so utterly and entirely at variance with a correct interpretation and construction of the constitution and statute law of the state with regard to the power conferred on a judge pro tern, that I refuse to sanction the authority of it by my concurrence. In so doing I' attach but little importance to the argument made by some of my associates, that it is better to
The decision in this case unhesitatingly and without question follows the former decision of Manufacturing Co. v. Stoddard, 61 Kan. 640, 60 Pac. 320, which was rendered in March, 1900, after the judgment in the case at bar and the order for the making, serving and settling of the record had been entered. That ■opinion is directly in point, but it is the first and onlyi case reported from this court that in any manner sanctions or upholds the decision rendered in this. With that decision I do not agree. It is a decision per curiam, evidently rendered without serious reflection or mature consideration, and, on account of its recent announcement, has not been so long followed, or become so hoary with age, or so sacred from precedent, as to render it invulnerable, or, as the reputed lawb of the Medes and Persians, unalterable and unchangeable, though wrong.
The only case cited, referred to or relied upon as authority for the doctrine announced in Manufactur
“The above case is, in effect, a holding that the term of office of judge pro tem. is limited to such specific periods as he sets for the making and service of the case, and the suggesting of amendments thereto, and the settlement of the case, and that, if, within such term of office no time is fixed for the settlement of the case, or, at least, that if the time for its settlement has been left indeterminate, it-must be determined by a notice given within the' term fixing a definite date for the settlement of the case.”
An examination of the opinion in K. & C. P. Rly. Co. v. Wright will show an utter want of analogy between them. It was not tried by a judge pro tem.; it had no reference to a judge pro tem.; it was nowise connected with or applicable to any act done or power exercised by a judge pro tem.; and in the attempt,to liken the former case to the latter, in which no likeness exists, but which is essentially, inherently and unalterably unlike it, arose the error existing in the decision of Manufacturing Co. v. Stoddard.
The authority for the selection of a judge pro tem. is derived from the constitution. Section 20 of article 3 provides:
“ Provision shall be made by law for the selection, by. the bar, of a pro tem. judge of the district court, when the judge is absent or otherwise unable or disqualified to sit in any case.”
The legislature, in pursuance of its constitutional authority, enacted section 1927, General Statutes of 1901, which provides:
“A judge pro tem. of the district court may be selected in the following cases : First, when the judge shall be sick or absent at the commencement of the*835 term; second, when the judge shall be sick or absent himself during or at the close of any term before all the cases pending in the court at the commencement of the term shall have been reached for trial; third, when the judge is interested or has been of counsel in the case or subject-matter thereof, or is related to either of the parties, or otherwise disqualified to sit.”
As shown by the record, the contingency provided against by the third clause in the above act having arisen, the judge pro tem. who presided at the trial of this cause was selected. -In other words, Judge Sturges was selected judge pro tem. on account of a perpetual disqualification of the regular judge in a particular case, and not as a judge pro tem. to preside at a term, or portion of a term, in all cases, on account of the temporary absence, sickness or other disqualification of the regular judge. As to the authority of such judge pro tem. to act after selection, the legislature expressly and ■ in positive terms conferred the same power over the case in which he was selected to .preside, not only while holding court, but in the doing of all other acts connected with the complete and final determination of the case, as the regular judge would have possessed had he not been disqualified. Section 1931, General Statutes of 1901, provides:
“The judge pro tem. shall have the same power and authority as the regular judge, while holding court, and in respect to cases tried before him, or in which he may have been selected to act.”
No process of reasoning, no argument, however labored, no repetition of decisions, no logic, no sophistry will convince the mind that Judge Sturges, having been duly chosen by the bar as judge pro tem. to try the case, did not, by virtue of the foregoing constitutional, and statutory provisions, have exactly the same judicial power over the case, both in open court
“Under section 1, chapter 85, of the Laws of 1870, a judge pro tern, may, after the expiration of the term at which a case has been tried before him, if within the time allowed by law or the order of the court, settle and sign a case-made.”
In the case of Lerch, Adm’r, v. Emmett et al., 44 Ind. 331, it was held :
‘ ‘An attorney properly called to try a cause, in which the judge of the court is disqualified, has the same power over the case as the regular judge would have had if not disqualified. Hence, as the regular judge might have given time and signed the bill of exceptions after the term, the called or appointed judge may and ought to do so in a proper case.”
In the opinion it was said :
“When a judge is disqualified to try a case, he may, by law, call an attorney to take his place in the trial of the cause. The attorney takes the bench, the judge goes to the bar and tries the case. In such a case, the attorney, or judge pro tern., has all the power of the regular judge over or in the case.”
In Edmond P. Bacon et al. v. The State of Florida, 22 Fla. 46, it was held:
“When a judge of one circuit holds a term'of court*837 in another circuit, and during the term an order is entered upon the minutes allowing time after the adjournment for settling a bill of exceptions in a case tried by him, he is authorized to settle a bill after the adjournment of the term and within the time allowed by the order.”
In the case of The State, ex rel. Sansone, v. Wofford, 111 Mo. 526, 20 S. W. 236, it was said :
. “The current of decisions of this court shows that the right of the special judge to hear and determine all motions, grant appeals,- sign bills of exceptions, and in general to make all orders and hear all matters that come before it in the trial and disposition of such case, has always been recognized. (State v. Davidson, 69 Mo. 509; State v. Sneed, 91 id. 553, 4 S. W. 411; State v. Bulling, 105 id. 204, 15 S. W. 367, 16 S. W. 830.)”
In Bank v. Graham, 147 Mo. 250, 48 S. W. 910, it was held:
“A special judge, who had been agreed on and has qualified, retains exclusive jurisdiction of the case, notwithstanding an election of, a successor to the regular, disqualified judge.”
In the case of Staser et al. v. Hogan et al., 120 Ind. 207, 21 N. E. 911, 22 N. E. 990, it was held:
’ “Where a cause is tried before a special judge, and a verdict returned on the last day of the term of court, such special judge has authority to hear a motion for a new trial filed on the first day of the next term, and to make a final disposition of the cause.”
In the case of Hyllis et al. v. State, etc., 45 Ark. 476, it was held:
“The judicial power of a special judge, elected by the bar under article 7, section 21, constitution of 1874, where there is a vacancy in the office, or where the regular judge fails to appear, terminates when the regular judge appears and takes the bench; and he*838 has no power after that to try a cause, even by consent, and though the regular judge be disqualified. Consent cannot impart judicial power. But where the regular jqdge is disqualified in a cause, or during the term falls ill, or dies, or becomes unable from any cause to hold the Court, the authority of the special judge elected in his place continues for. the remainder of the term of his election.”
Judge Sturges was selected judge pro tem. in this cause to' preside in the place of the regular judge on account of the disqualification of the regularly elected judge to try it, and not to preside generally at the term on account of the absence or sickness of the regular judge. The disqualification of the regular judge in the case at bar was absolute and unending, and, by force of necessity, the jurisdiction and power of the judge pro tem., chosen for this reason, terminated only with a final disposition of the case. Must we not then look to the power of a trial judge remaining in office as the measure Of the power of a judge pro tem. to settle a case by him tried, rather than to the power of a trial judge whose term of office has-expired? And must we not so measure his power for two reasons, either of which is amply sufficient: (T) Because the statute so declares ; (2) because the legislature has expressly dealt with the power of a judge whose term of office' has expired to settle and sign a case?
Section 549 of the code (Gen. Stat. 1901, §5035) provides:
“In all causes heretofore or hereafter tried, when the term of office of the trial judge shall have expired, or may hereafter expire, before the time fixed for making or settling and signing a case, it shall be his duty to certify, sign or settle the case im all respects as if his term had not expired.”
This provision has reference to one subject and but
Upon the trial, the court, in entering judgment, made the following order :
“And thereupon, and upon application of the defendant, the court for good cause shown and by order extended the time until and including the 15th day of March, 1900, within which said defendant may prepare and serve a case-made herein for the supreme court in the above-entitled case on said plaintiff or her attorneys; and the plaintiff was allowed twenty days thereafter within which to suggest and serve amendments thereto ; said case-made to be settled on ten days’ notice-in writing by either party.”
The case was made and served within the -time so
By what statute, upon what authority in the law, written or unwritten, by what process of reasoning, do my associates determine that Judge Sturges, as judge pro tem. in this particular case, selected on account of the disqualification of the regular judge to try it by reason of his interest in the action, not only had a term of office, but the precise day of the expi
The foregoing decision, following the case of Manufacturing Co. v. Stoddard, supra, is based upon the erroneous assumption that Judge Sturges, as judge protem., had a term of office, and that such term of office expired on the last day fixed by him for the suggestion • of amendments to the case-made. There being ample power granted by the organic and statutory law of the state for the selection of Judge Sturges as judge. pro tem. in this case to hear and finally determine the case and all matters connected therewith, and there being no law, constitutional or statutory, fixing a term of office for such judge pro tem., or prescribing the length of such term, the proviso in section 549 of the code, prescribing the conditions upon which a trial judge whose term of office has expired may settle a case-made, earn have, and does have, no possible application to this case. This court could, in my judgment, with just as much propriety, and the same sanction of law, hold his jurisdiction and authority over the case to- have ended at the return of the verdict, or the rendition of the judgment, or other step in the progress of the case, as at the point designated, for any determination short of the full and complete disposition of the entire case and all necessary orders therein must of necessity result in hardship to some party litigant and be equally violative of the law.
I am fully convinced and satisfied that, under the constitutional and statutory authority conferred upon Judge Sturges by his selection as judge pro tem. in this case, the order by him made with regard to the making," serving and settling of a case-made for review of
Concurrence Opinion
(concurring): I now concur in the decision of this case. I dissented on the former hearing because the proposition then advanced was that the authority of a judge pro fern, did not cease with the expiration of the term at which he was chosen, but might be resumed at the succeeding and subsequent terms, and continuously exercised until the final disposition of all the cases which the regular judge was disqualified to try. I also said that, so far as the consent of the parties to the trial by the judge pro tern. was concerned, it was ineffectual to bind them', and in that connection I criticized the decision in Higby v. Ayres and Martin, 14 Kan. 331. The view then taken I still have and the criticism then expressed I still make. Now, however, a different proposition is made. It is that, admitting the lack of power de jure in the judge pro tern., he was, nevertheless, a judge defacto, and his acts are unassailable collaterally. With that I agree, but insist that consent, as mere consent — that and nothing more — cannot authorize the exercise of judicial power. The syllabus in Higby v. Ayres, supra, seems to rest the decision on the mere consent of the interested parties, although some remarks are made in the opinion about the de facto character of the judge trying the case which indicate a broadening of the grounds upon which it was thought the authority of the judge might be based. They are, however, apart from the point which appeared in the syllabus as the ,one for determination.
Concurrence Opinion
(concurring): As to the fourth paragraph of the syllabus and corresponding portion of the opinion of the majority, I base my concurrence upon the ground that this court haying years ago, and not without reason, determined the period within which a judge pro tern, may settle and sign a case-made, and its ruling in that respect having been followed andi applied in many cases, so that it is generally known and accepted as the law, it is now much better to follow than to overrule such decisions, even though, as an original proposition, I should incline to hold that a judge pro tern, may settle and sign a case-made at any time within a year of the trial. In matters of practice, rules long acquiesced in should not be regarded as subject to alteration whenever there is a change in the membership of the court.