Mr. Justice White,

after stating the case, delivered the opinion of the court.

*160 Many questions were discussed at bar which we deem it unnecessary to notice, as we consider that the whole case depends upon the correctness of the judgment of the court below in sustaining the exception to the first defence in the amended answer. That defen be averred that the cotton for which the bills of lading were issued was never delivered. to the carrier; that by a custom or course of dealing Between the carrier and the shipper it was understood by both parties that the cotton was not to be delivered at the time the bills of lading were issued, but was then in the hands of a compress company, which compress company was the agent of the shipper; and that it was the intention of the parties.at the time the bills of lading were issued that the cotton should remain in the hands of the compress company, the agent of the shipper, for the purpose of being compressed, and that this custom-was known to the plaintiffs and transferees of the bills of lading; and that, whilst the cotton was so in! the hands of the compress company, the agent of the shipper, and before delivery to the carrier, it was destroyed by fire.

All of these allegations in the answer were, of course, admitted by the exception, and, therefore, the case presents the simple question of whether a carrier is liable on a bill of lading for property which at the time of the signing of the bill remained in the hands of the shipper for the purpose of being compressed for the shipper’s account, and was destroyed by fire before the delivery to the carrier had been consummated. The elementary rule is that the liability of a common carrier depends, upon the delivery to him of the goods which he is to carry. This rule is thus- stated in the text-books: “ The liability of a carrier begins when the goods are delivered to him or his proper servant authorized to receive them for carriage.” Redfield on Carriers, 80. “ The duties and the obligations of the common carrier with respect to the goods commence with their delivery to him, and this delivery must be complete, so as to put upon him the .exclusive duty of seeing to their safety. The law will not divide the duty or the obligation between the carrier and the owner of the goods. It must rest entirely upon the one or the other; and until it *161 has become imposed upon the carrier by a delivery and acceptance he cannot be held responsible for them.” Hutchinson on Carriers, 82.

This doctrine is sanctioned by a unanimons course of English and American decisions., Schooner Freeman v. Buckingham, 18 How. 182; The Lady Franklin, 8 Wall. 325; The Delaware, 14 Wall. 579; Pollard v. Vinton, 105 U. S. 7; Iron Mountain Railway v. Knight, 122 U. S. 79; Friedlander v. Texas & Pacific Railway, 130 U. S. 423; St. Louis, Iron Mountain &c. Railway v. Commercial Union Ins. Co., 139 U. S. 233; Barron v. Eldredge, 100 Mass. 455; Moses v. Boston & Maine Railroad, 4 Foster, (24 N. H.) 71; Brind v. Dale, 8 Car. & P. 207; Selway v. Holloway, 1 Ld. Raym. 46; Buckman v. Levi, 3 Camp. 414; Leigh v. Smith, 1 Car. & P. 638; Grant v. Norway, 10 C. B. 665; Hubbersty v. Ward, 8 Exch. 330; Coleman v. Riches, 16 C. B. 104. Indeed, the citations might be multiplied indefinitely.

Whilst the authorities may differ upon the point of what constitutes delivery to a carrier, the rule is nowhere questioned that when delivery has not been made to the carrier, but, on the contrary, the evidence shows that the goods remained in the possession of the shipper or his agent'after the signing and passing of the bill of lading, the carrier is not liable as carrier under the bill.

Of course, then, the carrier’s liability as such will not attach on issuing the bill in a case where not only is there a failure to deliver but there is also an understanding between the parties that delivery shall not be made till a future day, and that the goods until then shall remain in the custody of the shipper. Does the fact that the plaintiffs claim to be assignees of the bill of lading without notice of the agreement and course of dealing between the shipper and the carrier confer upon them greater rights as against the carrier than those which attach under the bill of lading in the hands of the parties to whom it was originally issued and who made the agreement %

It is to be remarked, in considering' this question, that the averment of the answer, which was admitted by the exception,, charged that the course of dealing between the parties *162 in accordance with which the goods were not delivered at the time of the issuance of the bills of lading, but remained in the hands of the ■ compress company, which was the agent of the shipper, was known to the plaintiffs, the holders of the bills of lading. It is clear that, whatever may be the effect of custom and course of dealing upon the question of legal liability, proof of such - custom and course of dealing would have been admissible, not in order to change the law, but for the purpose of charging the plaintiffs, as holders of the bills of lading, with knowledge of the relations between the parties.

That a bill of lading does not partake of the character of negotiable paper, so as to transfer to the assignees thereof the rights of the holder of such paper, is well settled. Said this .court in Pollard v. Vinton, 105 U. S. 7, 8:

“ A bill of lading is an instrument well known in commercial transactions, and its character and effect have been defined by judicial decisions. - In the hands of the holder it is evidence of ownership, special or general, of the property mentioned in it, and of the right to, receive said property at the place of delivery. Notwithstanding it is designed to pass from hand to hand, with or without endorsement, and it is efficacious for its ordinary purposes in the hands of the holder, it is not a negotiable instrument or obligation in the sense that a bill of exchange ór a promissory note is. Its transfer does not preclude, as in those cases, all inquiry into the transaction in which it.originated, because it has come into the hands of persons who have innocently paid value' for it. The doctrine of bona fide purchasers only applies to it in a limited sense.

“ It is an.instrument of a twofold character. It is at once a receipt and a contract. In the former character it is an acknowledgment of the receipt of property on board his vessel by the owner of the vessel. In the latter it is a contract to carry safely and deliver. The receipt of the goods lies at the foundation of the contract to carry and deliver. If no goods are actually received, there can be no valid contract to-carry or to deliver.” See also The Lady Franklin, 8 Wall. 325.

*163 The rule thus stated is the elementary commercial rule. Indeed, in the case last cited this court expressed surprise that the question should be raised. These views coincide with • the rulings of the English courts.. The cases of Grant v. Norway, 10 C. B. 665, and Hubbersty v. Ward, 8 Exch. 330, were both cases where bills of-lading were issued and held by third parties. The rule was uniform in England until the passage of. the Bills of Lading Act, 18, 19, Vict. c. 111, § 3, making bills of lading in the hands of consignees or endorsees for value conclusive as to shipment.

Under these elementary principles we think'there was manifest error below in maintaining the exception to the first count in the amended answer. Of course, in so concluding we proceed solely upon the admission which the exception to the answer necessarily imported, and express no opinion as to what would be the rule of law if the compress company had not been the agent of the shipper, or if the goods had been constructively delivered -to the carrier through the compress company, who held them in the carrier’s behalf.

The judgment is

Reversed mid the case remanded for further proceedings in acoordmice with.this opinion.

Mr. Justice Jackson, not having heard the argument, took no part in the decision of this cause.