Missouri Beverage Company (MoBev) appeals the district court’s 1 order denying its motion for partial summary judgment and granting Shelton Brothers, Inc.’s (Shelton’s) motion for summary judgment on MoBev’s claims for violation of Missouri franchise law. 2 Because the plain language of the Missouri franchise statute at issue unambiguously requires that the general definition of “franchise” appliеs to liquor supplier-wholesaler relationships and the relationship between MoBev and Shelton does not satisfy this definition, we affirm.
I.
MoBev, a Missouri corporation with its principal place of business in Missouri, is a wholesale distributor of spirits, wines, beers, juices, and sodas throughout Missouri. Shelton, a Massachusetts corporation with its principal place оf business in Massachusetts, supplies wholesalers with artisanal beers from around the world. In 2004, MoBev and Shelton entered into an oral agreement, the precise terms of which are in dispute. The parties agree, however, that MoBev could purchase beer from Shelton, that MoBev was not obligated to order any particular amount of beer from Shеlton, and that Shelton was not required to supply any particular amount of beer.
Shelton filled beer orders placed by MoBev from 2006 through 2009. As required by Missouri law, Shelton sent the State of Missouri letters from 2004 through 2008 notifying the State of MoBev’s appointment as distributor for different Shelton products in various Missouri counties. See Mo.Code Regs. Ann. tit. 11, § 70-2.270. MoBev also conducted two sampling events focusing on Shelton’s beers in 2008 or 2009. On August 8, 2008, Shelton sent an email to MoBev and other distributors thanking them for their work to build Shelton’s brands and outlining a uniform policy under which Shelton would refund a credit against future invoices for products used for sampling. Although the parties never discussed MoBev’s use of Shelton’s name or logo in promotional literature, Shelton testified that MoBev “сan always use our name if they want to” and could have used the logo had a request been made. 3 Shelton Dep. at 74-75. MoBev did not believe that it was obligated to develop Shelton’s name or goodwill, and MoBev did not focus on developing Shelton. MoBev has had fifty to one hundred suppliers over the years, and MoBev’s sales of Shelton’s beers never еxceeded 1.16% of MoBev’s gross annual sales of all alcoholic products.
*876 In January of 2010, Shelton stopped providing products to MoBev and sent a letter removing MoBev as Shelton’s Missouri distributor. MoBev brought a Missouri state court action against Shelton, claiming that Shelton violated Missouri franchise law by failing to give proper notice of franchise tеrmination, under Mo.Rev.Stat. § 407.405, and by unlawfully terminating a franchise, under Mo.Rev.Stat. § 407.413. Shelton removed the action to federal court under diversity jurisdiction. The district court denied MoBev’s motion for summary judgment and granted Shelton’s motion for summary judgment, concluding that the business relationship between MoBev and Shelton was not that of franchisor-franchisee under Missouri law.
II.
“We review the distriсt court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the same standards as the district court and viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.”
Zike v. Advance Am., Cash Advance Ctrs. of Mo., Inc.,
III.
The threshold issue is whether the business relationship bеtween Shelton and MoBev constituted a franchisor-franchisee relationship under Missouri law. Mo.Rev. Stat. § 407.400(1) contains the definition of “franchise.” A 1975 amendment added an express inclusion of liquor wholesalers and suppliers into the definition. The relevant excerpt of the definition is as follows, with the amended language in boldface:
“Franchise” means a written оr oral arrangement for a definite or indefinite period, in which a person grants to another person a license to use a trade name, trademark, service mark, or related characteristic, and in which there is a community of interest in the marketing of goods or services at wholesale, retail, by lease, agreement, or otherwise, including but not limited to a commercial relationship of definite duration or continuing indefinite duration, between a “wholesaler,” such wholesaler being a person as defined in this section, licensed pursuant to the provisions of chapter 311, to sell at wholesale, intoxicating liquor, as defined in section 311.020, to retailers, duly licensed in this state, and a “supplier,” being a рerson engaged in the business as a manufacturer, distiller, rectifier or out-of-state solicitor whose brands of intoxicating liquor are distributed through duly licensed wholesalers in this state, and wherein a wholesaler is granted the right to offer, sell, and distribute within this state or any designated area thereof such of the supplier’s brands of intoxicating liquor, or all of them, as may be spеcified; except that, the term “franchise” shall not apply to persons engaged in sales from warehouses or like places of storage, other than wholesalers as above described... . 4
Mo.Rev.Stat. § 407.400(1);
see also
Mo. H.B. 810 (1975) (enacted);
Brown-Forman Distillers Corp. v. McHenry,
*877 A. Whether the general definition of “franchise” under § 407.400(1) applies to liquor supplier-wholesaler business relationships
The parties dispute whether only the сriteria outlined in the statutory text specifically referring to liquor wholesalers (the specific definition) need be satisfied to demonstrate the existence of a franchise in the liquor distribution industry, or whether the criteria from the language in the original franchise legislation (the general definition) — which was unchanged by the 1975 amendment — also apply. Under the general definition, which Shelton argues applies, the existence of a franchise requires proof of the following elements: (1) a written or oral arrangement, (2) in which a person grants to another person a license to use a trademark or related characteristic, and (3) in which there is a community of interest in the marketing of goods or services. Mo.Rev.Stat. § 407.400(1). Under the specific definition, one would need to prove only (1) the existence of a commercial relationship of definite duration or continuing indefinite duration between a wholesaler and supplier to sell intoxicating liquor (2) wherein a wholesaler is granted the right to offer, sell, and distribute any of the supplier’s brands. Id.
Under Missouri law, “[t]he seminal rule of statutory construction is to ascertain the intent of the legislature from the language used and to consider the words used in their plain and ordinary meaning.”
St. Louis Cnty. v. Prestige Travel, Inc.,
The district court correctly concluded that a plain reading of § 407.400(1) makes clear that the general definition indeed' applies to franchise relationships within the liquor industry the same as it applies to all other businesses. This is apparent from the statute’s use of the word “including” after the general definition of “franchise,” as opposed to “or,” “except,” or some other language denoting that liquor sales relationships were to be analyzed differently from relationships in other industries. This interpretation is supported by the Missouri Supreme Court’s explanation that § 407.400(1) “contains both аn original, general definition of ‘franchise,’ applying to
all types of businesses
and not limited to liquor franchises, as well as a specific definition added by the legislature in [1975] to specifically include liquor franchises,” and “[t]he statute first contains a general definition of ‘franchise’ applicable generally to
all types of businesses;
it then contains a specific definition of liquor distribution agreements thаt are included.”
High Life Sales Co. v. Brown-Forman Corp.,
MoBev counters that
High Life Sales
actually supports its position, because the case included an analysis only of the specific definition in determining whether the relationship at issue constituted a franchise. When read in its entirety, however, the case suggests that the Missouri Supreme Court confined its analysis to the language of the 1975 amendment because the disputed issue concerned whether a
*878
liquor wholesaler’s business satisfied the specific definition.
See High Life Sales,
Even had § 407.400(1) been ambiguous concerning whether the general definition applies to liquor supplier-wholesaler relationships, examination of the statute’s context further demonstrates that the general definition applies to such relationships. Before the 1975 amendment, one could have read § 407.400(1) as ambiguous with respect to whether a liquor supplier-wholesaler relationship could be a franchise, because of the text stating that “the term ‘franchise’ shall not apply to persons engaged in sales from warehouses or like places of storage.” The 1975 amendment’s explicit inclusion of language pertinent to the liquor industry served to clarify that certain business relationships in the liquor industry are not precluded from being deemed a franchise еven though liquor wholesalers generally are “engaged in sales from warehouses.”
See McHenry,
MoBev and amici devote large shares of their briefs to discussion of the 21st Amendment to the United States Constitution and the history of the three-tiered liquor distribution system between suppliers, wholesalers, and retailers in the United States, apparently to argue that the Missouri legislature, cognizant of this history, intended to create special franchise privileges for those in the liquor industry. Howеver interesting that historical account may be, we do not find it relevant to the interpretation of the statutory provision at issue. We conclude that the plain language of § 407.400(1) requires liquor supplier-wholesaler relationships to satisfy the general definition to be deemed a franchise.
B. Whether the business relationship between MoBev and Shelton satisfies the general definition of “franchise” under Missouri law
Because the general definition of “franchise” applies to liquor supplier-wholesaler business relationships, it remains to be determined whether MoBev and Shelton’s relationship satisfies that definition. It is undisputed that an oral agreement existed between the parties (though the terms of that agreement are in dispute), thus satisfying the first element of the general definition. The parties dispute the remaining two elements: whether Shelton granted MoBev a license to use a trademark or related characteristic, and whether a community of interest exists.
1. Whether Shelton granted MoBev a license to use a trademark or related characteristic
“Courts have referred to interpretations of New-Jersey’s very similar statutory definition of ‘franchise’ in interpreting the Missouri statute.”
Am. Bus.
*879
Interiors, Inc. v. Haworth, Inc.,
Shelton never granted MoBev a license to use its trademark or any related characteristic. MoBev never used Shelton’s name in any marketing efforts, never requested to use Shelton’s name, and never received Shelton’s express permission to call itself an authorized Shelton deаler or otherwise use Shelton’s name. Shelton’s testimony that it would have given MoBev permission to use Shelton’s name had a request been made plays no part in the analysis. Moreover, MoBev stated in its district court motion papers that rather than relying on or cloaking itself with the goodwill inherent in Shelton’s name, MoBev relied on its own reputation to sell Shelton’s products. Pl.’s Suggestions in Opp. of Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J. ¶ 26 (“[Cjustomers do business with MoBev because they associate MoBev with good products. MoBev salespeople mention the supplier if the supplier has a reputation of carrying good quality products, with the goal of promoting the product.”) (citation omitted). Thus, it is clear that Shelton did not grant to MoBev a “liсense to use a trade name, trademark, service mark, or related characteristic” as a matter of Missouri law.
2. Whether Shelton and MoBev engaged in the same “community of interest”
In the absence of any discussion by the Missouri courts regarding the community of interest requirement, for guidance we consider interpretations of similar statutes. Looking again to interpretation of the very similar New Jersey franchise law:
The community of interest signalling a franchise relationship does not imply a sharing of profits. Rather it is based on the complex of mutual and continuing advantages which induced the franchisor to reach his ultimate consumer through entities other than his own which, although legally separate, are nevertheless economically dependent upon him.
Neptune, 462 A.2d
at
600-01
(internal citation omitted). From
Neptune
and its progeny, the Third Circuit distilled the following two-part test for determining whether a community of interest exists: “(1) the distributor’s investments must have been substantially franchise-specific, and (2) the distributor must have been required to make these investments by the parties’ agreement or the nature of the
*880
business.”
Cooper Distrib. Co. v. Amana Refrigeration, Inc.,
Applying either the Cooper Distributing or Frieburg standard, no community of interest existed betweеn the parties in the marketing of Shelton’s products. MoBev’s sales of Shelton’s products never exceeded 1.16% of MoBev’s annual sales throughout the parties’ relationship, 7 MoBev did not use Shelton’s name in marketing during the parties’ relationship, and MoBev was not required to make — and did not make — any sizeable investments particular to Shelton. In light of these cirсumstances, MoBev’s investments cannot reasonably be deemed substantially franchise-specific, and MoBev cannot reasonably be deemed economically dependent on Shelton or to have unequal bargaining power in the relationship. In sum, then, we conclude that Shelton and MoBev’s relationship was not that of franchisor-franchiseе under Missouri law.
IV.
The judgment is affirmed.
Notes
. The Honorable Nanette K. Laughrey, United States District Judge for the Western District of Missouri.
. The Missouri Beer Wholesalers Association and Missouri Wine and Spirits Association filed an amicus brief in support of reversal and participated in oral arguments.
. MoBev did use sales materials containing logos of various imported beers supplied by Shelton. There is no indiсation in the record, however, that MoBev ever used Shelton’s name or logo in marketing its brands or products, and MoBev does not argue that it used Shelton's name or logo in such manner.
. One difference exists between the language of the 1975 amendment and the current text quoted above — in 1998 the Missouri Legislature changed "spiritous liquor and wine(s)” to "intoxicating liquor” throughout the stаtute. Mo. H.B. 957 (1998) (enacted).
. One unpublished district court opinion, without including any analysis or citing any authority, ruled that § 407.400(1) applies “to a wholesaler/supplier relationship for the distribution of spirituous liquor and wines, without the need to independently establish the existence of" a license or a community of interest.
Missouri Conrad Liquor Co. v. Brown-Fonnan Corp.,
No. 89-0141-CV-W-6,
. The Frieburg court also "suppose[d] that some combination of revenues and investments could manifest a community of interest, even if neither could standing alone.” Id.
. In contrast, the alleged franchisee in
High Life Sales
derived "approximately 98%” of its sales from the alleged franchisor.
High Life Sales,