20 F.2d 14 | 9th Cir. | 1927
(after stating the facts as abov.e). Error is assigned to certain of tho findings of fact and the refusal of the trial court to make certain findings as requested by the plaintiff. The defendant denies the power of this court to review the findings of fact, and contends that where by a written stipulation a jury is waived and the cause is tried before the court
It is true that in such a case there can be no review of findings of fact which depend upon conflicting testimony; But the rule of practice applicable here is stated by Judge Taft in Humphreys v. Third Nat. Bank (C. C. A.) 75 F. 852, as follows: “When a party in the Circuit Court yaives a jury, and agrees to submit his ease to the court, it must be done in writing; and if he wishes to raise any question of law upon the merits in the court above he should request special findings of fact by the court, framed like a special verdict of a jury, and then reseiwe his exceptions to those special findings, if he deems them not to-be sustained by any evidence; and if he wishes to except to the conclusions of law drawn by the court from the facts found he should have them separately stated and excepted to. In this way, and in this way only, is it possible for him to review completely the action of the court below upon the merits.”
What was there said was reaffirmed in Fleischmann Co. v. United States, 270 U. S. 349, 356, 46 S. Ct. 284, 70 L. Ed. 624. The plaintiff in the instant ease complied with the rule thus declared, and he thus brings for review findings of fact which he contends are unsustained by - evidence.
We are not convinced that the trial court was in error in holding that the three-months provision of the plaintiff’s contract for the installation of the marble began to run from the date of the first delivery of marble, which was April 26, 1926. We think that the contractual provisions are susceptible of that construction, especially in view of the interpretation placed thereon in the dealings and correspondence between .the plaintiff and the defendant concerning the plaintiff’s alleged delay in performing its contract.
We are of the opinion that there was lack of requisite pleading and proof to sustain the defendant’s counterclaim for damages. The counterclaim contains no allegation that the bank suffered damage by reason of the plaintiff’s delay in furnishing marble. It alleged only that the 'architect refused to approve the final payment of $6,000 due the defendant on its contract with the bank until the defective marble was replaced and the bank’s damages for delay were paid. There was no evidence that the bank claimed damages for delay in construction.
Ordinarily the damage for delay in constructing a building is measured by its rental value for the period of that delay. 9 • C. J. 790; 3 Sutherland Damages (4th Ed.) § 703; Hutchinson Mfg. Co. v. Pinch, 91 Mich. 156, 160, 51 N. W. 930, 30 Am. St. Rep. 463. “Where a builder delays the construction of a building, and the owner is thereby compelled to continue his occupancy of, and to pay rentals for, leased premises, the amount of such payments may well constitute the real injury arising from the breach of contract, and, if so, they would be properly recoverable. If it be shown that the continued occupancy of the leased premises resulted in savings to the defendants in the expenses of operating their business, such savings should be offset.” Mazzotta v. Bornstein, 104 Conn. 430, 133 A. 677.
The architect estimated the damages through defective marble to be $2,500, and the damage through delay to be $4,500; the latter representing rent incurred by the bank for one month beyond the stipulated period of construction. But there was no evidence that the bank paid rent for quarters during that period, and no evidence of the rental value of the' banking building per month. It is true that the opinion of the trial court mentions as an item of the damages which the bank sustained while being kept out of its rooms the injury resulting from conducting its business in unfinished quarters where workmen were still engaged.
But there was no proof of any such damage, and no pleading to sustain it. In brief, there is no proof of damages suffered by the bank through delay, and the counterclaim therefor rests upon the architect’s bare statement that, of the $6,000 which he withheld from the defendant, $4,500 was for the delay in the completion of the building. It is well settled that proof of damages must be reasonably definite and certain. The contract between the bank and the defendant did not vest power in the architect to determine any question of damages to the bank for delay or to withhold payment on account thereof. The architect’s authority was limited to computing the amounts payable in installment in each month, the remainder to be paid upon his certificate that the work was satisfactorily completed and a showing that all bills and claims had been paid.
The evidence as to the defect in the marble was in the main that it failed to conform in color to the contract sample. By an agreement between the supervising architect and the defendant it was installed in the building, with an understanding that the defendant was later to take it out and put in the other corresponding with the sample. The supervising architect, on consulting ’ with his as
Although an officer of the bank was called as a witness for the defendant, he did not .testify, nor was any evidence offered on behalf of the bank, that the bank considered the marble defective, or was dissatisfied with the marble as installed. It is to be borne in mind that the bank is not a party to the present action, and that there has been no settlement of the question of damages between the defendant and the bank. Indeed, it is not established that the bank will ever claim damages as against the defendant. The whole subject-matter here in litigation is the contract between the plaintiff and the defendant and the latter’s counterclaim for damages. The defendant can claim damages against the plaintiff only on the theory that it has paid, or will be compelled to pay, damages to the bank. Its relation to the litigation is analogous to that of an indemnitee under a contract of indemnity. An indemnitee “must prove actual payment, or that which the law considers the equivalent of actual payment; a mere liability to pay not being sufficient.” 14 R. C. L. 56.
The judgment is reversed, and the cause is remanded for a new trial.
