Case Information

Miriam Maldonado v. Ghassem Seyed Ghaderi et al

Case No. 2:25-cv-04260-JLS-JC

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

May 29, 2025

HONORABLE JOSEPHINE L. STATON, UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

CIVIL MINUTES - GENERAL

Present: HONORABLE JOSEPHINE L. STATON, UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

Kelly Davis	N/A
Deputy Clerk	Court Reporter

ATTORNEYS PRESENT FOR PLAINTIFF: ATTORNEYS PRESENT FOR DEFENDANT:

Not Present Not Present

PROCEEDINGS: (IN CHAMBERS) ORDER TO SHOW CAUSE RE SUPPLEMENTAL JURISDICTION

The Complaint filed in this action asserts a claim for injunctive relief arising out of an alleged violation of the federal Americans with Disabilities Act and a claim for damages pursuant to California's Unruh Act and other state-law claims. Accordingly, the Court ORDERS Plaintiff to show cause why the Court should not decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Plaintiff's Unruh Act claim and other state-law claims. See 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c).

"In 2012, in an attempt to deter baseless claims and vexatious litigation, California adopted heightened pleading requirements for disability discrimination lawsuits under the Unruh Act." Velez v. Il Fornaio (America) Corp., CV 3:18-1840 CAB (MDD), 2018 WL 6446169, at *6 (S.D. Cal. Dec. 10, 2018). These heightened pleading requirements apply to actions alleging a "construction-related accessibility claim," which California law defines as "any civil claim in a civil action with respect to a place of public accommodation, including but not limited to, a claim brought under Section 51, 54, 54.1, or 55, based wholly or in part on an alleged violation of any construction-related accessibility standard." Cal. Civ. Code § 55.52(a)(1).

Moreover, California imposes additional limitations on "high-frequency litigants," defined as:

A plaintiff who has filed 10 or more complaints alleging a construction-related accessibility violation within the 12-month period immediately preceding the filing of the current complaint alleging a construction-related accessibility violation.

Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 425.55(b)(1). The definition of "high-frequency litigant" also extends to attorneys. See Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 425.55(b)(2). "High frequency litigants" are subject to a special filing fee and further heightened pleading requirements. See Cal. Gov. Code § 70616.5; Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 425.50(a)(4)(A).

By enacting restrictions on the filing of construction-related accessibility claims, California has expressed a desire to limit the financial burdens California's businesses may face for claims for statutory damages under the Unruh Act. Plaintiffs who file these actions in federal court evade these limits and pursue state law damages in a manner inconsistent with the state law's requirements.

In an action over which a district court possesses original jurisdiction, that court "shall have supplemental jurisdiction over all other claims that are so related to claims in the action within such original jurisdiction that they form part of the same case or controversy under Article III of the United States Constitution." 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a). Even if supplemental jurisdiction exists, however, district courts have discretion to decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction. 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c). Such discretion may be exercised "[d]epending on a host of factors" including "the circumstances of the particular case, the nature of the state law claims, the character of the governing state law, and the relationship between the state and federal claims." City of Chicago v. Int'l Coll. of Surgeons, 522 U.S. 156, 173 (1997).

Accordingly, Plaintiff is ORDERED to show cause, in writing, no later than ten (10) days from the date of this Order, why the Court should not decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Plaintiff's Unruh Act claim[and other state-law claims. In so responding, Plaintiff is further ORDERED to:

identify the amount of statutory damages Plaintiff seeks to recover; and
provide declarations from Plaintiff and Plaintiff's counsel, signed under penalty of perjury, providing all facts necessary for the Court to determine if each is a "high-frequency litigant."

Failure to respond may, without further warning, result in dismissal of the entire action without prejudice. Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(b) (stating that dismissal is warranted "[i]f the plaintiff fails to ... comply with ... a court order"); see Link v. Wabash R. Co., 370 U.S. 626, 629-33 (1962) (holding that while Rule 41(b) explicitly authorizes motions to dismiss by defendants, it also permits the district court to dismiss sua sponte); see also Hells Canyon Pres. Council v. U.S. Forest Serv., 403 F.3d 683, 689 (9th Cir. 2005).

Further, an inadequate response will result in the Court declining to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Plaintiff's Unruh Act claim and other state-law claims and the dismissal of those claims pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c).

Initials of Deputy Clerk: kd