141 F. Supp. 686 | M.D.N.C. | 1956
This infringement suit is brought by the assignee of a patent on a pressure-sensitive stretchable and retractable vinyl plastic tape primarily for use as an electrical insulating tape. The original application was filed by Oace, Snell and Eastwold January 12, 1946 and patent 2,559,990 issued July 10, 1951, naming them as assignors to the Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co. For convenience it will be referred to as the Oace Patent. Also involved is Reissue Patent 23,843 of June .29, 1954, on application filed July 9, 1952. All available defenses are asserted.
Prior to the Oace invention, great difficulties with conventional methods of splicing electric conductors had been encountered, among others, the bulky and cumbersome and time consuming element in making splices; the materials available were ineffective under temperature changes of heat and moisture; the loss of tackiness (adhesiveness) and by becoming soft and pasty, resulting, in the tape then in use, in loosening and becoming ineffective. Slight increases in temperature above normal room temperature increased this tendency to impair the effectiveness of the splicing material with the. consequent grave hazards of escaping voltage.
.The Oace invention overcame these and other defects by providing an insulated spliced electrical conductor which is. “electrically, mechanically and chemically effective” and is readily and quickly, prepared without use of special procedures or equipment. These results were obtained by the use of an insulating tape in the form of a relatively thick but easily stretchable and highly elastic pressure-sensitive adhesive tape comprising a Well-bonded, water-insoluble, non-corrosive, normally tacky, and pressure-sensitive ádhesive coating bn a plasticized vinyl chloride polymer film which is . in permanent equilibrium with the adhesive; it neither softens nor loses its adhering qualities on prolonged contact with the backing or film'layer..
Oace found thát high molecular weight modifier such as “Paraplex G-25” would produce the desired strength, stretch and elasticity in vinyl chloride polymer films, though classed as “nonmigrating” or “permanent” plasticizers, failed to provide for permanent equilibrium of adhesive and backing. When tape made in that manner was unwound from the roll, after a moderate period of storage it would not adhere either to the electrical conductor or to its own backing, and was oLno value as an insulating and protective coating. Oace provided an electrical insulating" tape having stretch'and elasticity rendering it highly effective .for wrapping wire and cable splices. It was
After citing five examples of the various embodiments of his invention, for purposes of illustration rather than limitation, he makes the five claims set out in the margin.
The re-issue copies all contained in the original patent, and adds claims 6, 7, 8, and 9 to the five of the original patent. Claim 6 typical of the others is cited in the margin.
Much of the controversy here arises from the employment of Paraplex G-25 as one of the ingredients in the production of the tape by the plaintiff and by the defendants in the accused tapes.
It is perfectly clear that the Paraplex G — 25, when the application for the original patent was filed, was of a substantially different formula than that of its later or subsequent vintage. This old formula of Paraplex G-25, in part, accounted for the defects of the tape which became manifest from the exposure, change of moisture or temperature or from storage. The problem was to discover what to do to solve these difficulties. Oace discovered and taught how Paraplex G-25 could not be used alone but the combinations with it which would add to the equilibrium of the tape and vastly prolong its usefulness and efficiency, and how to eliminate migration. The evidence abundantly shows that the subsequent vintage of Paraplex G-25 was altered and tailored so that, in a large measure, it overcame the migration. But the alteration of Paraplex G-25 which in its new vintage included the old vintage of Paraplex G-25 and the chemical product which plaintiffs discovered necessary to use in combination to solve the problem, does not invalidate the patent or excuse the defendants from infringement.
If it be granted that there was novelty in the chemical combination which resulted in a non-migrating adhesive tape which was resistant to changes of heat and moisture and storage, and if we conclude, as the evidence shows, that such a solution was discovered by using dioctyl phthalate or other plasticizer eompatable with vinyl polymer and with a definite ratio which was
• The accused tapes clearly infringe claims 1 of the original patent and 6 of the Re-issue. Not only are the .accused tapes the equivalent of the tape embodied in the above claims but they are practically identical in result. Moreover, they actually embody the very •chemical equivalents taught in both the original patent and in the Re-issue. It is .significant that Plymouth discounted the value and marketability of plaintiff’s product until it became the leader in the electric tape field. Plymouth’s salesman discovered this and afterwards Plymouth came out with the accused tapes. In August, 1947, General Electric, speaking of No.' 33 Scotch electrical tape (under Oace Patent), said: “For the first time in fifty years a revolutionary electrical tape is on the market ready for immediate delivery.”
The commercial success of the patents ed tape was phenominal. In 1945 the sales were $8,270.19; in 1946, $94,000; in 1948, $1,500,000 and in 1953 reached $8,712,744.75. When 'Plymouth copied Oace Patent, its sales jumped rapidly to $400,000 in 1952 and $500,000 in 1953. In 1950 and 1951, Plymouth’s output was so small it did not bother to get the figures.
■ A decree will be entered permanently enjoining each defendant from further infringement and appointing Rufus Reynolds, Esq., to ascertain the damages.
. 1. A pressure-sensitive adhesive insulating tape wound upon itself in roll form and comprised of: a stretchable and elastic film backing having a thickness of 4 to 20 mils and formed of a homogeneous mixture primarily consisting of a stable blend of a film-forming polymer of monomers including at least a major proportion of vinyl chloride, a substantially non-volatile liquid phthalyl ester plasticizer amounting to 8 to 20 pans per 100 parts of said polymer, and a soft and viscous low-acid number alkyd plasticizer resin in amount at least equil to the amount of said liquid phthalyl ester plasticizer, the total amount of said plasticizers about being % to % the amount of said polymer and the proportions being such that the adhesive tape has the properties of stretch and elasticity hereafter specified without causing pastiness or tack-loss of the contracting adhesive in the roll; and a eucohesive normally tacky and pressure-sensitive rubber-resin type adhesive coating united to the inner face of said film backing; said adhesive tape being unwindable without delamination or offsetting of adhesive, being originally stretchable by hand-pulling to an extent of at least 50% at room temperature and being substantially completely retractable from an elongation of 30% as herein specified.
2. An adhesive tape according to claim 1, wherein the adhesive includes a small proportion of an oil-soluble heat-reactive phenol-aldehyde resin.
3. An adhesive tape according to claim 1 in which the film forming polymer is a copolymer of vinyl chloride and a minor proportion of vinyl acetate, said copolymer having a softening temperature of at least about 280 degrees C.
4. A pressure sensitive adhesive insulating tape wound upon itself in roll form and comprised of: (1) a stretchable and elastic film backing having a thickness of 4 to 10 mills and formed of a homogeneous mixture primarily consisting of a stable blend of 70 parts of a copolymer of vinyl chloride and a minor proportion of vinyl acetate, about 10 parts of a substantially non-volatile liquid phthalyl ester plasticizer, and about 20 parts of a soft and viscous low-acid-number alkyd plasticizer resin; (2) an adhesive primer coating on the inside face of the film backing adapted to increase the anchorage of the adhesive coating; and (3) a eucohesive normally tacky and pressure sensitive rubber-resin type adhesive coating bonded to said primer coating; and said adhesive tape being unwindable without delamination or offsetting of adhesive being originally stretchable to an extent of at least 100% at room temperature and being substantially completely retractable from an elongation of 30% as herein specified.
5. An adhesive tape according to claim 4, wherein the adhesive includes a small proportion of an oil-soluble heat-reactive phenol-aldehyde resin.
. 6. A pressure-sensitive adhesive insulating tape wound upon itself in roll form and comprising: (1) a water-insoluble and hydrocarbon-oil-insoluble film backing of high dielectric strength containing a stabilizer and having a thickness of 4-20 mils and formed of a homogeneous mixture primarily consisting of a stable blend of (a) a film-forming polymer of monomers including at least a major proportion of vinyl chloride, and (b) a substantially non-volatile plasticizing material therefor in an amount within the range of at least 1/3 the weight of said polymer but in a substantially lesser