125 F. Supp. 2d 365 | D. Minnesota | 2000
State of MINNESOTA, by its Attorney General, Mike HATCH, Plaintiff,
v.
WORLDCOM, INC., f/k/a MCI Worldcom, Inc., doing business through a subsidiary, MCI Worldcom Communications, Inc., Defendant.
United States District Court, D. Minnesota.
*366 Prentiss Cox, Erik A. Lindseth, Assistant Attorneys General for the State of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, for Plaintiff.
Laura J. Hein, Gray Plant Mooty, Mooty & Bennett, P.A., Minneapolis, MN, Charles P. Scheeler, Glen K. Allen, Quincy M. Crawford, Piper Marbury, Rudnick & Wolfe LLP, Baltimore, MD, for Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
KYLE, District Judge.
Introduction
This lawsuit arises out of Defendant Worldcom, Inc.'s ("Worldcom") "Five Cents Everyday" advertising campaign for long distance telecommunication services, which included television spots featuring Michael Jordan and the Looney Tunes® cartoon characters. On July 20, 2000, the State of Minnesota, through its Attorney General (hereinafter "the State"), filed suit in Ramsey County District Court alleging that the "Five Cents Everyday" advertisements were false and deceptive, in violation of several state trade practice and consumer protection statutes. Worldcom removed the State's lawsuit to this Court on the grounds that the State's Complaint is completely preempted to the extent that it challenges Worldcom's federally filed tariffs for interstate long distance telecommunications services and the billing practices associated with those rates.[1] Presently before the Court is the State's motion to remand this matter to state district court. For the reasons set forth below, the Court will grant the motion.
Background
I. Factual History
An individual can make long distance telephone calls in a variety of ways. (Compl. ¶ 9; Answer ¶ 9.) A consumer may, for example, subscribe to a long distance calling plan offered by a long distance *367 carrier such as Worldcom; that carrier is said to be the consumer's "presubscribed" long distance carrier. (Id.) The consumer may further choose to have the presubscribed long distance carrier handle either interLATA long distance service, intraLATA long distance service, or both.[2] (Id.) When a consumer chooses to have the presubscribed carrier handle "interLATA" calls, that carrier will provide long distance for all of the consumer's interstate long distance calls and all of the consumer's intrastate long distance calls that cross LATA boundaries.[3] (Id.)
Beginning in August of 1999, Worldcom offered "Five Cents Everyday" interLATA calling plans. (Compl. ¶ 11; Answer ¶ 11.) Under the "Five Cents Everyday" calling plans, consumers pay five cents per minute on evening and weekend interstate calls. (Compl. ¶ 12; Answer ¶ 12.) Worldcom also charged consumers additional fees in connection with the "Five Cents Everyday" calling plans, including
* service charges of between $1.95 and $4.95 per month;
* "Carrier Access Charges" of $1.46 per month (discontinued by Worldcom on August 1, 2000);
* "Federal Universal Service Fees" calculated as a percentage of the consumer's monthly interstate long distance charges; and
* under certain of the "Five Cent Everyday" calling plans, monthly minimum call charges.
(Compl. ¶ 13; Answer ¶ 13.) In addition, Worldcom charged Minnesota consumers between ten and twenty cents per minute for intrastate, interLATA long distance telephone calls, depending on the "Five Cents Everyday" calling plan to which the consumer had subscribed. (Answer ¶ 14; see also Compl. ¶ 14.)
Worldcom advertised its "Five Cents Everyday" presubscribed long distance calling plans by sending direct mail solicitations to Minnesota consumers and by frequent television advertisements broadcast in Minnesota. (Compl. ¶ 15; Answer ¶ 15.) Worldcom has sent direct mail advertisements to Minnesota consumers since at least March 2000. (Compl. ¶ 16; Answer ¶ 16.) Worldcom also broadcast several television advertisements in Minnesota promoting its "Five Cents Everyday" calling plans beginning in at least August 1999. (Compl. ¶ 18; Answer ¶ 18.)
II. Procedural History
In December of 1999, a group of officials from state Attorneys General offices met with Worldcom to discuss a resolution of the states' concerns that Worldcom's advertisements for its "Five Cents Everyday" calling programs were deceptive. (Cox Aff. ¶ 4.) When those negotiations fell through, the Attorneys General of Minnesota, California, Missouri, New Jersey, and Maine filed consumer protection lawsuits on July 20, 2000, against Worldcom. (Id.)
In its Complaint, the State alleges that Worldcom's "Five Cents Everyday" advertisements have the capacity and tendency to deceive consumers or mislead them into believing that Worldcom will only charge a five-cent-per-minute rate for their long distance calls. (Compl. ¶ 15.) The State complains that Worldcom either fails to disclose or inadequately discloses the material *368 terms of the "Five Cents Everyday" calling plans. (Compl. ¶¶ 30-46.) The State further contends that, due to additional costs and limitations imposed by Worldcom, it is impossible for any consumer to realize the advertised per-minute rate on long distance telephone calls. (Compl. ¶ 15.) The State claims that Worldcom's advertising violates Minn.Stat. § 325F.67 (False Statement in Advertising Act); Minn.Stat. § 325D.44 (Deceptive Trade Practices Act); Minn.Stat. § 325F.69, subd. 1 (Prevention of Consumer Fraud Act); and Minn.Stat. § 237.662 (Notice and Disclosure Requirements of Long Distance Providers). (Compl. ¶¶ 47-61.) The State seeks declaratory and injunctive relief against Worldcom, and an award of civil penalties, costs and fees. (Compl.¶¶ I-VI, VIII.) The State also seeks "restitution under the parens patriae doctrine, the general equitable powers of this Court, and any other authority for all persons subjected to Defendant's acts described herein." (Compl. ¶ VII.)
Worldcom denies that its advertising violates state law and asserts that the State's claims are preempted by federal law and barred by the "filed rate" or "filed tariff" doctrine. (Answer at 8.) Worldcom timely removed the State's lawsuit to this Court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1441.[4] (Notice of Removal of Action (Doc. No. 1).) Worldcom asserts that this Court has original jurisdiction over the State's Complaint pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331, 1337 and 1368.[5] (Id.)
Analysis
I. Standard of Decision
Where a case has been removed from state court to federal court, "if at any time before final judgment it appears that the district court lacks subject matter jurisdiction, the case shall be remanded." 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c). In applying § 1447(c), the federal courts have established a presumption in favor of state court jurisdiction. As a result, the party seeking removal bears the burden in showing the action was properly removed, and all doubts as to the propriety of the removal are to be resolved in favor of remand. In re Business Men's Assur. Co. of Am., 992 F.2d 181, 183 (8th Cir.1993). Worldcom argues that the doctrines of "complete preemption" and "artful pleading" give rise to federal question jurisdiction because, by seeking restitution on behalf of Minnesota consumers, the State is trying to alter after the fact and through litigation Worldcom's federally filed long distance rates with respect to those consumers. *369 The Court considers Worldcom's arguments in turn.
II. Complete Preemption
Worldcom removed the State's Complaint on the grounds that it is a "federal question" case. Generally, "[a] defendant may remove a state court claim to federal court only if the claim originally could have been filed in federal court, and the well-pleaded complaint rule provides that a federal question must be presented on the face of the properly pleaded complaint to invoke federal court jurisdiction." Gore v. Trans World Airlines, 210 F.3d 944, 948 (8th Cir.2000) (citing Caterpillar, Inc. v. Williams, 482 U.S. 386, 392, 107 S. Ct. 2425, 2429, 96 L. Ed. 2d 318 (1987)). "The well-pleaded complaint' rule is the basic principle marking the boundaries of the federal question jurisdiction of the federal district courts." Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. v. Taylor, 481 U.S. 58, 63, 107 S. Ct. 1542, 1546, 95 L. Ed. 2d 55 (1987). "Congress has long since decided that federal defenses do not provide a basis for removal." Caterpillar, Inc., 482 U.S. at 399, 107 S. Ct. at 2433. "Thus, a case may not be removed to federal court on the basis of a federal defense, even if the defense is anticipated in the plaintiff's complaint, and even if both parties admit that the defense is the only question truly at issue in the case." Gore, 210 F.3d at 948 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
Removal jurisdiction may be predicated upon what might be viewed as a defense in the limited circumstances in which the doctrine of complete preemption applies. 14A Charles A. Wright, Arthur R. Miller & Edward H. Cooper, Federal Practice and Procedure § 3722. The doctrine of "complete preemption" is a narrow exception to the "well-pleaded complaint" rule. Krispin v. May Dep't Stores Co., 218 F.3d 919, 922 (8th Cir.2000). This "corollary of the well-pleaded complaint rule" applies in circumstances where "Congress [has] so completely pre-empt[ed] a particular area that any civil complaint raising this select group of claims is necessarily federal in character." Metropolitan Life, 481 U.S, at 63-64, 107 S. Ct. at 1546. "The complete preemption doctrine applies only when a federal statute possesses "extraordinary pre-emptive power," a conclusion courts reach reluctantly." Magee v. Exxon Corp., 135 F.3d 599, 601 (8th Cir. 1998) (quoting Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., 481 U.S. at 65, 107 S. Ct. at 1547); Gaming Corp. of Am. v. Dorsey & Whitney, 88 F.3d 536, 543 (8th Cir.1996).
"[T]he touchstone of the federal district court's removal jurisdiction is not the `obviousness' of the pre-emption defense but the intent of Congress. Indeed, ... even an `obvious' pre-emption defense does not, in most cases, create removal jurisdiction." Metropolitan Life, 481 U.S. at 66, 107 S. Ct. at 1548. In Metropolitan Life, the plaintiff's state law cause of action was not only subject to ERISA's preemption provision, 29 U.S.C. § 1144(a), but also was a suit seeking to recover benefits from a covered plan. Thus, the plaintiff's suit fell squarely within the provision of ERISA creating an exclusive federal cause of action for the resolution of such disputes. See id. at 62-63, 107 S. Ct. at 1546. The existence of the exclusive federal cause of action was the conclusive element in the Supreme Court's decision that Congress had intended to completely preempt state law with respect to suits seeking to recover benefits.
Worldcom argues that the State's Complaint is completely preempted by the rate filing provisions of the Federal Communications Act ("FCA") specifically, by sections 203 and 207. Section 203(a) of the FCA requires every common carrier (except connecting carriers) to file with the Federal Communications Commission ("FCC") "schedules showing all charges for itself and its connecting carriers for interstate ... wire or radio communication ... and showing the classifications, practices, and regulations affecting such charges." 47 U.S.C. § 203(a). These schedules of rates must be posted and kept *370 open for public inspection pursuant to FCC regulation. Id. The carrier may not change the charges, classifications, regulations or practices that have been filed without prior written notice to the Commission and the public. Id. § 203(b). Furthermore, once the carrier has filed its charges and published them, the carrier cannot
(1) charge, demand, collect, or receive a greater or less or different compensation for [its] communication [services], or for any service in connection therewith ... that the charges specified in the schedule then in effect, or (2) refund or remit by any means or device any portion of the charges so specified, or (3) extend to any person any privileges or facilities in such communication [services] or employ or enforce any classifications, regulations, or practices affecting such charges, except as specified in such schedule.
47 U.S.C. § 203(c). The purpose of these rate-filing provisions is to prevent "unreasonable and discriminatory charges" for long distance telephone services, American Tel. & Tel. Co. v. Central Office Tel., Inc., 524 U.S. 214, 222, 118 S. Ct. 1956, 1962, 141 L. Ed. 2d 222 (1998), and, specifically, to "prevent carriers from intentionally `misquoting' rates" to customers "as a means of offering them rebates or discounts." Maislin Indus. U.S., Inc. v. Primary Steel, Inc., 497 U.S. 116, 127, 110 S. Ct. 2759, 2766, 111 L. Ed. 2d 94 (1990), quoted in Central Office Tel., 524 U.S. at 223, 118 S. Ct. at 1963. Any common carrier that does something prohibited by the chapter of the FCA governing wire and radio communication, or fails to do something required by that chapter, shall be liable to the person or persons injured thereby for the full amount of the damages sustained as a consequence of the violation. 47 U.S.C. § 206. Congress further provided that
[a]ny person claiming to be injured by any common carrier subject to the provisions of this chapter may either make complaint to the Commission as hereinafter provided for, or may bring suit for the recovery of the damages for which such common carrier may be liable under the provisions of this chapter in any district court of the United States of competent jurisdiction; but such person shall not have the right to pursue both such remedies.
47 U.S.C. § 207. Congress thus imposed monetary liability on long distance carriers for acts or omissions violating the chapter of the FCA governing wire and radio communications and designated the FCC and the federal district courts as the fora for recovering such damages. At oral argument, Worldcom acknowledged that, had the State not requested restitution, there would have been no basis for removing this action to federal court. Worldcom contends, however, that the State's restitution claim is "necessarily federal" because it cannot be resolved without affecting the tariffs Worldcom filed with the FCC.
Neither the Supreme Court nor the Eighth Circuit has specifically addressed whether the rate-filing provisions of the FCA reflect the requisite intent of Congress to so completely preempt that area such that any civil complaint raising claims related to that area must be deemed federal in character.[6] Worldcom therefore relies extensively on the Seventh Circuit's decision in Cahnmann v. Sprint Corp., 133 F.3d 484 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 524 U.S. 952, 118 S. Ct. 2368, 141 L. Ed. 2d 737 (1998). Suzanne Cahnmann was one of several thousand small business owners *371 who had signed up for a Sprint "Fridays Free" calling plan that included up to $1,000 worth per month of free long distance calls on Fridays to anywhere in the world for one year. 133 F.3d at 486. At the time Cahnmann signed up for the calling plan, those were indeed the terms of the tariff Sprint had filed with the FCC. Id. Four months later, however, Sprint amended its tariff to delete ten countries from the free Friday calling offer. Id.
Cahnmann filed a class action lawsuit in Illinois state court alleging breach of contract and claims of fraud under the common law and several Illinois fraud and consumer protection statutes. Id. at 486-87, 490. Cahnmann's fraud claim was based on allegations that Sprint misrepresented to prospective customers that the "Fridays Free" service would entitle them to a full year of free calls on Friday to anywhere in the world (as opposed to what the customers got, which was four months of free Friday calls to anywhere in the world and eight months of free Friday calls to all but ten countries). Id. at 490. Sprint removed the case to federal district court. Id. at 486. The district court denied Cahnmann's motion for a remand and entered judgment on the pleadings in favor of Sprint. Id. In challenging the denial of her motion to remand, Cahnmann argued to the Seventh Circuit that a suit cannot be removed to federal court merely on the basis of a federal defense. Id. at 487.
The Seventh Circuit rejected Cahnmann's argument, ruling that the FCA does more than "just provide a defense that the carrier might interpose in a suit under state law" and in fact "extinguishes the right to bring a suit for breach of contract under state law when the effect of the suit would be to challenge a tariff." Cahnmann, 133 F.3d at 488. The Seventh Circuit concluded that Cahnmann's fraud claims sought the same relief as was sought in the breach of contract claim: an invalidation and setting aside of the amended tariff and enforcement of the terms of the original tariff. Id. at 490.
Significantly, Judge Posner distinguished Cahnmann's claims from from the claims that had been asserted in In re Long Distance Telecommunications Litig., 831 F.2d 627 (6th Cir.1987). Cahnmann, 133 F.3d at 488. In the Long Distance Telecommunications case, a carrier allegedly "represented that its rates were lower than a competitor's without revealing that, unlike the competitor, it charged its customers for their uncompleted calls." Id. (citing In re Long Distance Telecomm. Litig., 831 F.2d at 633-34). Judge Posner characterized that claim as being one "of simple fraud, and its adjudication did not require determining the validity of a tariff." Id.
Worldcom has argued that, in light of the Supreme Court's ruling in Central Office Telephone, Judge Posner's discussion distinguishing the claims asserted in Long Distance Telecommunications is no longer valid. The Seventh Circuit has reiterated, however, in a case decided after the Supreme Court's decision in Central Office Telephone, that Long Distance Telecommunications represents a case in which not all claims involving telephone carriers "will involve rates or other issues specially reserved to federal control." Bastien v. AT&T Wireless Services, Inc., 205 F.3d 983, 987 (7th Cir.2000) (holding state law claims were completely preempted by express terms of § 332(c)(3) of the FCA, governing the market entry of mobile telephone service providers). The Bastien court reasoned that
Because the claims for fraud and deceit [in the Long Distance Telecommunications case] would not have affected the federal regulation of the carriers at all, the [Sixth Circuit] held that Congress could not have intended to preempt the claims.
Bastien, 205 F.3d at 988-89.
The State's restitution claim is closer to the Long Distance Telecommunications case than to Cahnmann. Nothing in the *372 State's action requires a determination of whether the rates Worldcom filed with the FCC are valid or enforceable. The State does not allege that the rates Worldcom charged Minnesota consumers were inconsistent with the rates filed with the FCC. Nor does the State allege that Worldcom's filed rates were improper or unreasonable in light of the services Worldcom actually provided to Minnesota consumers. See Central Office Telephone, 524 U.S. at 223, 118 S. Ct. at 1963 (observing that rates "have meaning only when one knows the services to which they are attached. Any claim for excessive rates can be couched as a claim for inadequate services and vice versa."). Furthermore, the State's restitution claim does not implicate the purpose underlying the rate-filing provisions of the FCA the prevention of carriers from "misquoting" their rates in order to offer some (but not all) consumers a discount or rebate.[7] On balance, this case is not sufficiently dissimilar to the Long Distance Telecommunications case.
Neither the text nor the structure of the FCA evidences an intent of Congress to regulate long-distance telecommunication services so extensively as to preempt a lawsuit brought by a state law enforcement official to enforce state laws prohibiting deceptive advertising. Worldcom has not identified any provision of the FCA demonstrating that Congress intended to regulate the advertisement of interstate long distance telephone services. While § 203 of the FCA addresses the "classifications, practices, and regulations affecting" the rates charged for long distance telephone services, Worldcom has cited no authority construing those terms to include advertising. Nor has Worldcom shown that either § 203 of the FCA or, indeed, any other section of the FCA imposes any duties or confers any rights on a carrier regarding the advertisement of long distance telephone services.
Furthermore, Worldcom has pointed to no express language in the FCA vesting exclusive jurisdiction in either the FCC or the federal district courts for claims regarding the advertising of long distance rates. See Deford v. Soo Line R.R. Co., 867 F.2d 1080, 1088-89 (8th Cir.1989) (finding that the exclusivity of the Interstate Commerce Commission to govern railway transactions is expressly set out in § 10501 of the Interstate Commerce Act); see also Bastien, 205 F.3d at 986-87 (reasoning that Congress intended complete preemption where it expressly said that " no State or local government shall have any authority to regulate the entry of or the rates charged by any commercial mobile service.") Nor has Worldcom demonstrated that Congress created an exclusive federal remedy in the FCA that would displace overlapping or inconsistent state remedies. See M. Nahas & Co. v. First Nat'l Bank of Hot Springs, 930 F.2d 608, 612 (8th Cir.1991) (holding that Congress enacted § 86 of the National Bank Act "to prevent the application of overly-punitive state law usury penalties against national banks.") Indeed, Worldcom has not shown that the State's restitution claim can be characterized as an action to recover damages either for conduct prohibited by the chapter governing wire and radio communication, or for a failure by Worldcom to do something required by that chapter. See 47 U.S.C. § 206 (creating civil liability where carrier acts or fails to act, in violation of the FCA); see also id. § 208 (providing that any person, body politic or municipal organization, or State commission may complain to the FCC regarding "anything done or omitted to be done by any common carrier subject to this chapter, in contravention of the provisions thereof...."). Finally, it does not *373 appear that the State's restitution claim requires the interpretation of as opposed to "a mere need to reference or consult" Worldcom's federally filed rates for long distance services. See Gore, 210 F.3d at 949 (reasoning that, under the Labor Management Relations Act and the Railway Labor Act, a state law claim that depends upon an interpretation of a collective bargaining agreement is preempted.)
In light of the foregoing, the Court concludes that Congress did not intend, in enacting the FCA, to completely preempt state law claims seeking monetary relief for the false or deceptive advertising of long distance telephone rates. "Complete preemption" does not provide this Court with federal question jurisdiction over the State's restitution claim.
III. Artful Pleading
Alternatively, Worldcom argues that federal question jurisdiction over the State's restitution claim can be found under the "artful pleading doctrine." That doctrine provides that a plaintiff may not defeat removal by inadvertently, mistakenly or fraudulently omitting from his or her complaint an element of the claim that rests on federal law. See Gore, 210 F.3d at 950; M. Nahas & Co., 930 F.2d at 612. The Supreme Court has held that "the artful pleading doctrine allows where federal law completely preempts a plaintiff's state-law claim." Rivet v. Regions Bank of Louisiana, 522 U.S. 470, 475, 118 S. Ct. 921, 925, 139 L. Ed. 2d 912 (1998) (emphasis added) (citing Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., 481 U.S. at 65-66, 107 S. Ct. at 1547-48.) Thus, complete preemption is a prerequisite for application of the "artful pleading" doctrine.
For the reasons set forth above, the Court has concluded that the FCA does not completely preempt a claim for restitution arising from an alleged violation of state consumer protection laws prohibiting the deceptive or false advertising of long distance telephone rates. In this case, the State's claim for restitution arises solely from state consumer protection laws; that claim does not depend upon the existence of a federal right or immunity as an essential element of the cause of action. The federal question in this case involves the federal defense of preemption under the "filed rate" doctrine. See Missouri ex rel. Nixon v. Coeur D'Alene Tribe, 164 F.3d 1102, 1109 n. 4 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 527 U.S. 1039, 119 S. Ct. 2400, 144 L. Ed. 2d 799 (1999). Accordingly, the Court concludes that the "artful pleading doctrine" does not provide a separate basis for the exercise of removal jurisdiction.
Conclusion
Based on the foregoing, and all of the files, records and proceedings herein, IT IS ORDERED THAT the State's Motion for Remand (Doc. No. 10) is hereby GRANTED. The Clerk of Court is directed to remand this case to the Ramsey County District Court. LET JUDGMENT BE ENTERED ACCORDINGLY.
NOTES
[1] To the extent the State's claims relate to intrastate long distance telephone calls, Worldcom asks this Court to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over such claims pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367.
[2] Local Access and Transport Area ("LATA") boundaries were created when the national Bell telephone system broke up in the 1980s. Some intrastate long distance telephone calls are "interLATA" calls (e.g., a call from Duluth to Saint Paul), whereas others are "intraLATA" calls (e.g., a call from Minneapolis to Red Wing). Due to federal laws prohibiting certain carriers from transmitting calls across LATA boundaries, long distance carriers offer two types of long distance services to their customers; interLATA service and intraLATA service. (Compl. ¶ 8; Answer ¶ 8.)
[3] Domestic long distance telephone calls and charges are regulated differently depending on whether the call is interstate or intrastate. (Compl. ¶ 7, Answer ¶ 7.) An interstate long distance telephone call is one that crosses state boundaries. (Id.) An intrastate long distance telephone call is call that begins and ends in the same state. (Id.)
[4] Worldcom cites sections 1441(a) and (b) as grounds for removal. Section 1441(a) provides:
Except as otherwise expressly provided by Act of Congress, any civil action brought in a State court of which the district courts of the United States have original jurisdiction, may be removed by the defendant or defendants to the district court of the United States for the district and division embracing the place where such action is pending.
28 U.S.C. § 1441(a). Section 1441(b) provides that "[a]ny civil action of which the district courts have original jurisdiction founded on a claim or right arising under the Constitution, treaties, or laws of the United States shall be removable without regard to the citizenship or residence of the parties." 28 U.S.C. § 1441(b).
[5] Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331, federal district courts have "original jurisdiction of all civil actions arising under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States." 28 U.S.C. § 1331. Section 1337 provides that federal district courts have "original jurisdiction of any civil action or proceeding arising under any Act of Congress regulating commerce or protecting trade and commerce against restraints and monopolies...." 28 U.S.C. § 1337(a). Section 1368 states that federal district courts
... shall have original jurisdiction of any civil action based on a counterclaim raised pursuant to Section 337(c) of the Tariff Act of 1930, to the extent that it arises out of the transaction or occurrence that is the subject matter of the opposing party's claim in the proceeding under section 337(a) of that Act.
28 U.S.C. § 1368. Although Worldcom has filed an Answer to the State's Complaint, it has not asserted any counterclaims.
[6] Although Worldcom contends that the Supreme Court found the requisite degree of preemption in the rate-filing provisions of the FCA in the Central Office Telephone case, this Court notes that Central Office Telephone did not come to federal court by means of removal jurisdiction. Central Office Telephone filed suit against AT & T in federal district court. Central Office Tel., 524 U.S. at 220, 118 S. Ct. at 1961. The Court in Central Office Telephone was therefore addressing the scope of AT & T's affirmative defense of preemption, which was based on the "filed-rate" doctrine. Id. at 221, 118 S. Ct. at 1962.
[7] As Justice Rehnquist noted in his concurrence in Central Office Telephone, "in order for the filed rate doctrine to serve its purpose ... it need pre-empt only those suits that seek to alter the terms and conditions provided for in the tariff." Central Office Telephone, 524 U.S. at 229, 118 S. Ct. at 1966. "The tariff does not govern, however, the entirety of the relationship between the common carrier and its customers." Id. at 230, 118 S. Ct. at 1966.
