— This is an action for false imprisonment. The plaintiff recovered a judgment for $10,000 in the circuit’ court of Clay county, and the defendant appealed.
The petition alleges that on the 4th of October, 1898, the defendant, acting through its agents and servants, and through certain detectives and officers from Missouri and Kansas, did without any warrant or other legal process, and without probable cause, falsely, wantonly, maliciously, illegally and unlawfully imprison plaintiff in a certain jail in the western part of Kansas City, Missouri; did keep him there for about four days and nights, and denied him access to his relatives and
The answer is a general denial.
The case made is this:
On the 23rd of September, 1898, one of the defendant’s passenger trains was held up and robbed near Leeds, in the southern part of Kansas City. A day or two afterwards H. Gr. Clark, the defendant’s general superintendent, sent for Thomas Furlong, the president of the Furlong Secret Service Company, a corporation, engaged in the detective business, and when Furlong arrived Clark said to him: “I suppose you have read and heard about this train robbery up near Kansas ■ City?” He said: “Yes, sir.” 'Clark then said: “I want you to go up there and find out who committed this robbery and report.”
Furlong states the matter in this way: ‘ ‘ Mr. Clark said a train had been held up at Leeds the night before and that he wished that I would go up there and ascertain the facts pertaining to the robbery, if I could, as to who the parties were that held up the train. ”
The foregoing is all the evidence in the case as to the employment of Furlong by the defendant, and that evidence was adduced by the plaintiff; accordingly Furlong went to Kansas City, and had two of his employees, Dickson and Harbaugh, to go there also.
Prior to Furlong’s reaching Kansas City, John Hays, the chief of. the police department of that city, with his detectives force, had been investigating the matter, and had obtained information that convinced them that one Lowe was implicated therein, but they had been unable to locate him. After Harbaugh’s arrival, he succeeded in finding him, and he'was arrested by the police department of Kansas City, and Lowe confessed to having been interested in the hold-up, and stated the names of other persons who acted with him, and said that one of the parties told him that his friend
Furlong instructed Harbaugh to ascertain any facts and any information that he could that would lead to the discovery of the robbers, and to act in connection with Chief Hays; and to report to Chief Hays, and Chief Hays detailed Harbaugh to work with three of the Kansas City detectives, Sanderson, Bryant and Keshlear, on the matter.
Thereafter Harbaugh continued so to operate with the local detectives. There were other detectives representing the express company also working on the case. Furlong did not remain long in Kansas City. From information obtained by Hays, he concluded that the plaintiff was the person referred to as Harry, and accordingly reported to Mastin, the prosecuting attorney of the county, and he advised him to send over to Kansas City, Kansas, where the plaintiff was working as a .switchman in the yards of the Chicago & Great Western Eailway Company, and ask him to come over to Kansas City, Missouri, and if he refused, to ask for the assistance of the police department of Kansas City, Kansas, and have him, the plaintiff, locked up over there, and to send the persons who claimed to be able to identify ‘1 Harry ” to see him.
Accordingly Harbaugh, Bryant, Keshlear and Sanderson went over to the said yards, and Sanderson, with the assistance of one Addison, who was connected with the police department of Kansas City, Kansas, arrested the plaintiff, and Sanderson took him to the Mulberry street police station in Kansas City.
Harbaugh, Sanderson and Addison testified that Harbaugh had nothing to dp with the arrest or subsequent confinement; while on the other hand, other witnesses, who were present, testified that Harbaugh participated in the arrest. After Sanderson had taken the
Furlong testified that his company had no authority to make arrests and no police power, and that he gave Harbaugh no instructions as to participating in the arrest of any person in this particular case, but that Harbaugh had general instructions not to participate in arrests.
While the plaintiff was in prison he was compelled to put on the hat, necktie and collar, aforesaid, and to submit to the inspection of various persons to see whether he could be identified as the “Harry” who got the buggy for the robbers. During those inspections Harbaugh was present and participated therein. None of the persons who had called-to identify him were able to say that he was the “Harry” referred to. So after being held under arrest for four days and nights, the plaintiff was discharged and went back to work with the railroad aforesaid.
At the close of the whole case the defendant demurred to the evidence, the court overruled the demurrer, and the defendant excepted, and now assigns that ruling of the court as the chief error relied on.
I.
The chief contention of the defendant is that the plaintiff failed to make Out a prima-facie case. The gist of the contention is that the employment'of Furlong by the defendant’s general superintendent conferred no authority upon Furlong or any of his agents to arrest the plaintiff or to participate in any such arrest, nor was
Reduced to its last analysis this case must he solved upon the determination of the proposition whether authority conferred by a principal upon an agent to ascertain facts and to report to the principal makes the principal liable for tSe act of the agent in arresting a third person for the purpose of ascertaining whether he was concerned in the robbery under investigation.
There is very little difference between counsel as to the general rules of law bearing upon the question under consideration.
The plaintiff cites a great number of cases, but relies principally upon Garretzen v. Duenckel, 50 Mo. 104. In that case the defendant kept a gun store, and had a clerk to assist him in selling firearms and ammunition. He had instructed the clerk never to load a gun.' A customer went to the store to buy a gun and the clerk showed him a Henry rifle. The customer requested the clerk to load it so that he could see how it worked. The clerk at first refused, stating that it was against orders to load firearms in the store.' The customer refused to buy unless he could see how it was loaded. Thereupon the clerk undertook to load the gun. It was discharged and the plaintiff, who was sitting at a window on the opposite side of the street, was shot. This court, per Wagner, J., stated the general rule of law as follows: “The universally recognized rule is that a principal is civilly liable for the neglect, fraud or other wrongful act of his agent in the course of his employment, though the principal did not authorize the specific act; but the liability is only for acts committed in the course of the agent’s employment. A master is not responsible for any act or omission of his servants which is not connected with the business in which they serve him, though in general he is responsible for the manner in which they execute his orders, and for their negligence in selecting means by which the orders are to be carried
In the same case it was further said: “ The true ground upon which a master avoids responsibility for most of the willful acts of his servant, when unauthorized by him, is that they were not done in the course of the servant’s employment. When they are so done, the master is liable for them.”
In 1 Ám. and Eng. Ency. Law (2 Ed.), 115Í, the rule is thus stated; “It is a general rule that the principal will be liable where the torts of an agent are done by his express authority, or are the natural consequence resulting from an order given, or where they are committed in the course of the agent’s employment, although the principal did not authorize, or justify, or participate in, or even if he disapproved of them. But the principal will not be liable for torts committed by the agent outside the scope of the authority delegated to him.”
The same author, at page 1156, says: “The earlier eases, both in this country and in England, support the doctrine that the principal cannot be held liable for the wanton or malicious acts of the agent. The later decisions, however, incline to the rule making’ the principal liable for acts of the agent done within the scope of his employment, though they be wanton or malicious, and
Stringer v. Railroad, 96 Mo. 299, was an action for damages for personal injury. On the invitation of a brakeman, the plaintiff boarded one of defendant’s engines in the city of St. Louis to ride to another point in the city. The engine jumped the track and the plaintiff was injured. It was held that the defendant was not liable, and Snyder v. Railroad, 60 Mo. 419, was cited as authority for the proposition that, “The mere fact that a tortious act is committed by a servant while he is actually engaged in the performance of the service he has been employed to render, cannot make the master liable. Something more is required. It must not only be done while so employed, but it must pertain to the particular duties of that employment. ’ ’ And Sherman v. Railroad, 72 Mo. 62, and Cousins v. Railroad, 66 Mo. 576, were said to hold the same doctrine.
Farber v. Railroad, 116 Mo. 81, was an action for damages for personal injuries. The plaintiff and his friend boarded one of defendant’s freight trains in St. Louis to steal a ride to Kirkwood. Before reaching their destination a brakeman observed them and ejected them from the train, while it was in motion, in consequence of which the plaintiff was injured. This court, per G-antt, J., said: “It was said in Snyder v. Railroad, 60 Mo. 413, that, £it is firmly established [in this State] that the master is civilly liable for a tortious act of his servant, whether of omission or commission, and whether negligent, fraudulent or deceitful, when done in the course of his employment, even though the master did not authorize or know of such acts, or may have disapproved or forbidden them.’ [Garretzen v. Duenckel, 50 Mo. 104.] Indeed the doctrine of the old cases as announced in M’Manus v. Crickett, 1 East’s Term Reports 106, no longer obtains in the courts of this State.
Counsel have cited many cases illustrative of the liability of a principal for the tortious acts of an agent, and with few exceptions they all proceed, or attempt to proceed, on the rule hereinbefore referred to. There is not much difficulty in determining the law applicable to such cases, but the trouble always arises from the application of the law to the particular facts in judgment in each case. The crucial test in all cases is, whether the act of the agent was within the scope of his employment. For instance, the employment of an agent to present a claim, and demand payment thereof from a debt- or to his principal, does not include within its scope the right to arrest or assault the debtor if he refuses to pay. Such an employment contemplates only lawful and peaceable acts, and when an agent so clothed with authority commits a trespass upon the debtor he acts wholly outside of the - scope of his employment.
The employment of a mercantile agency by a creditor to ascertain and report the financial condition of a debtor does not contemplate within its scope the arrest of the debtor by the mercantile agency even to force him to disclose his true financial condition. In short, the employment of one to ascertain a fact and to report the result thereof does not contemplate within its scope the right to arrest or commit any trespass upon any person whomsoever.
The case at bar is totally different from cases wherein the agent was charged with the duty of keeping and preserving the property of a principal, and in the attempt so to do, caused the arrest of a third person who undertook to interfere or make way with the principal’s property.
The full extent and scope of Furlong’s employment by defendant was to ascertain and report the facts, not to arrest any one or to commit any tortious acts whatever. The defendant would be liable for all of the acts done by Furlong or his agents within the scope and purpose of the employment, whether the same be tortious or otherwise, but the defendant is not liable for any act of Furlong or his agents that did not fall within the scope of such employment.
For the purpose of this case it may be conceded that Harbaugh made the arrest camplained of, although there is scarcely room for doubt that the arrest was made by the direction of the chief of police of Kansas City on the advice of the prosecuting attorney of Jack
This conclusion makes it unnecessary to consider the other points relied on by the defendant, and necessarily results in holding that the trial court erred in overruling the demurrer to the evidence. As no good purpose can be subserved by a new trial herein, the judgment of the circuit court is reversed without remanding the case.
DISSENTING OPINION.
— The master’s liability for the wrongful act of his servant depends not on the words in which the contract of employment is expressed, for, if that were the case, then care in phraseology would enable the master to avoid all liability. The liability of the master is not one that he contracts to assume, but it is one that is imposed by law on the relation of master and servant. And it is not necessary that the wrongful act of the servant be done with the knowledge or consent of the master; the master may in fact give the servant strict orders to be very careful to avoid hurting others, and yet be liable if the servant disregards the orders.
The theory of the law is that the hand of the servant, moving in the performance of the act which he was employed to do, is the hand of the master, and if in his effort to accomplish that act the servant negligently or willfully injures another, it is in legal theory the hand of the master that does the wrong. The mas
To say that a master may employ an agent possessing the power and the means of inflicting wrong, which the evidence in this case tends to show the agent in this instance possessed, and yet hide his liability behind the innocent form of expression he used when he employed the agent and sent him forth to do his work, would be to mark out an easy method for doing wrong without incurring liability.
And the aptitude of the servant for committing torts is to be judged by his acts rather than by his words. What would it have profited the plaintiff in this case while he was undergoing torture for four days to be told that the detective agency had no lawful power to make arrests and that its emissaries had strict orders to refrain from doing so?
Of course the detective agency had no lawful power to make arrest, but as soon as its agent in this case landed in Kansas City he put himself in close companionship with those who could make arrests and incited them to action. If making or promoting an arrest was not in its line of business and not in contemplation when it was employed to do work of this kind, what was the necessity or pertinency of giving its men orders, on sending them out, not to arrest any one? A merchant
I do not underrate the merit displayed by the railroad company in seeking to discover the criminals who held up its train for robbery and murder; it had a right to do so in its own self-interest, but doubtless a higher motive also prompted the act. But the merit in the effort to find and punish the criminal does not justify or mitigate the offense of seizing and torturing an innocent man.
To say that the defendant is not liable for the act of its servant under the circumstances which the plaintiff’s evidence tends to show in this case is,, in my opinion, to lay down a doctrine that is full of danger to the citizen.
For these reasons I am compelled to dissent from the opinion of the majority of the court in this case.