459 F.2d 395 | 3rd Cir. | 1972
Lead Opinion
Carrier
And thereby hangs this tale. For assuming First Set to be the true and only outstanding bills, Carrier’s agent delivered the goods on surrender of a non-negotiable copy of First Set against a so-called letter of indemnity by Free Port.
The District Judge in findings which none can, or do, assail held each liable jointly and severally but with indemnity to Free Port against Carrier. Only Carrier appeals — a fact which eliminates all of the difficult problems Shipper’s tardiness injected. We affirm.
Carrier Bungles
The facts in this case are really undisputed. Shipper’s claim is for misde-livery of a cargo of sandal straps shipped from New York to Cristobal, Panama on Carrier’s S/S Telde. In April, 1966, Shipper purchased the sandal straps from the Atlas Trading Corporation and subsequently on May 2, 1966, sold them to Chia Hermanos of Lima, Peru. The purchase price of $24,189.94 was on a landed cost basis and included freight, import taxes and delivery expenses. As part of the sale Shipper assumed the duty of having the goods shipped to Lima. The first leg was to be accomplished by shipment on S/S Telde sailing from New York bound for Cristobal, Panama, on about July 8, 1966. As is customary the Atlas Corporation, Shipper’s forwarder, prepared First Set bills of lading for issuance by Carrier. The cargo and the covering unexecuted bills of lading were delivered to Carrier’s pier. In effect the consignee was to order of Purchaser.
No original bills of lading were issued or delivered for First Set showing Peru-bras S.A. (order) as the consignee. But Carrier did retain several non-negotiable. copies. Several of these were forwarded to Carrier’s Cristobal office. In the meantime on receipt of three originals of Second Set, Atlas processed and forwarded them to Shipper’s agent in Peru. Carrier’s Cristobal office did not receive any copies of Second Set, the only valid documents, nor did it receive any notification that Second Set existed or had been issued and delivered.
S/S Telde sailed from New York on July 9, 1966 and arrived in Panama on July 15, 1966 shortly after which the cargo was discharged onto the dock at Cris-tobal where it was placed in the Panama Canal Company warehouse. The goods were held in the custody and possession of the Panama Canal Company, subject to the order of the Carrier and remained in the warehouse for approximately ten days.
On July 25, 1966, Free Port requested that Carrier release the shipment to it against non-negotiable copy of the First Set one of which Carrier’s agent had sent to Free Port as notification of the shipment’s arrival. Free Port did not have any original bill of lading to surrender.
Carrier demanded and received from Free Port a letter of indemnity
On August 15, 1966 Shipper’s agent arrived to take delivery of the shipment and presented the original bills of lading to Panama Free Port. Shipper and his agent made several inquiries about the shipment but were never able to discover its whereabouts. On January 10, 1968, over 17 months after actual delivery and 16 months after Shipper had knowledge of the misdelivery, he filed suit in the District Court for the Canal Zone, Cris-tobal Division against Carrier and Free Port.
From the adverse judgment against it Carrier contends that (i) under COGSA as incorporated in the bills of lading the suit is time-barred under the statutory and contractual one-year limitation, (ii) Free Port is not entitled to judgment over and against Carrier because it was negligent in not obtaining a customary letter of indemnity from Pe-rubras S.A., (iii) Carrier, instead of indemnifying Free Port, should on its third-party complaint have received full indemnity from Free Port under the letter of indemnity, and (iv) the damages were excessive.
Carrier from the outset strenuously urged that COGSA, having been expressly incorporated by the bills of lading
Notwithstanding the arguments which rest on the sound propositions that (i) COGSA may become a part of the contract of affreightment through express incorporation
All of this goes out because under the judgment Carrier is cast jointly and severally with Free Port and for reasons we now discuss Carrier cannot succeed in its dual argument that all should fall on Free Port. Since Shipper has a good collectible judgment against Free Port which is not assailable on any of the carrier-based contentions, the operation of the Rules (F.R. Civ.P. 14) in reverse makes such circuity wasteful and unnecessary. What — and all — that is left to Carrier is to prevail in its contentions (ii) and (iii) vis a vis Free Port that (ii) Free Port should have exacted indemnity from Perubras S.A. and (iii) indemnity should run to not from Carrier.
Free Port’s Failure to Exact Indemnity
Carrier attacks the judgment granting indemnity to Free Port on the ground that Free Port was negligent in failing to obtain a letter of indemnity from Perubras S.A. when it released the shipment to them.
In essence, Carrier’s argument is that when Free Port subsequently released the shipment to Perubras S.A. (who of course did not have the originals), without requiring a letter of indemnity, they displayed such a lack of good business judgment as to render themselves liable for the loss. Since, the argument goes on, the customary procedure of requiring a letter of indemnity was not followed and since the goods were negligently delivered, Free Port rather than Carrier should be held ultimately liable for the whole loss.
Indemnity Due Carrier on Free Port’s Letter
It is ostensibly — but only ostensibly— odd that the party indemnified by the letter agreement ends up (i) not only losing that indemnity but (ii) indemnifying the indemnitor to boot. But there are several things either explicit or implicit in the Judge’s findings which make the ostensible something else.
There is first the letter itself (see note 6 supra). No model of clarity it is a long way from that specificity which, under any rule, majority, minority, liberal or strict, holds an indemnitor to indemnify an indemnitee for the consequences of the indemnitees own negligence only if the purpose is plainly spelled out.
This brings us to the real basis — overwhelmingly substantiated in fact, equity and fair dealing — for the Judge’s action.
There can be no question that it was the Carrier’s fault, innocent but decisive, which set the whole stage and then involved all in the consequences of having delivered the goods to an unauthorized party. Had First Set copies not been sent to the Cristobal agency, or had copies of Second Set been properly distributed Free Port could not have even requested delivery to Perubras and had it done so Carrier would have declined
The indemnity against Carrier was amply supported.
Excessive Damages
This leaves only Carrier's attack on the amount of damages fixed by the Court,
On the approach taken by us we examine only attacks which Free Port could make. Assuming an attack is sufficiently open to Free Port to allow Carrier vicariously to assert it, Carrier can get no further than could Free Port. That knocks out its $500.00 per package limitation since this is a statutory/contractual limitation available only to a carrier as defined in COGSA and does not extend to stevedores or here, forwarders, service or warehouse persons. Herd & Co. v. Krawill Machinery Corp.,
Likewise, liability and hence damage responsibility of Free Port does not rest exclusively on the traditional market value as of the place of destination test. For non-transportation activities the Court was entitled, as it did, to look to local law
Although the route taken is different, in navigation, and hopefully the law, the Great Circle Course is the shortest and it leads here to an affirmance since Carrier cannot escape the burden of ultimately paying the full loss through Court imposed indemnity to Free Port.
Affirmed.
. United Fruit Company
. Milos Zajicek
. Panama Free Port Corporation.
The Trial Court found that Free Port was at all times pertinent to this controversy the agent for Perubras S.A. It also found that this agency relationship was known to Carrier.
. “CONSIGNED TO ORDER OF:
PANAMA FREE PORT CORPORATION, C/O PERUBRAS, S.A., FREE ZONE, COLON, PANAMA.”
. The Second Set prescribed:
“CONSIGNED TO ORDER OF: MI-LOS ZAJICEK C/O PANAMA FREE PORT CORPORATION, FREE ZONE, COLON, PANAMA.”
. Free Port’s letter read:
“We have been advised that the subject shipment lias arrived and is ready for delivery. The original bills of lading, however, have not been received and we would greatly appreciate your assistance in taking delivery of this merchandise.
“In consideration for your assistance in releasing this shipment without the surrender of the original bills of lading, we hereby release the UNITED FRUIT GO. from all claims and/or actions that may arise as a result of this release. Upon receipt of advice for payment of this merchandise including freight and handling charges. We promise to you such amount as you have been required to pay.
“We promise to deliver to you original bills of lading within the next thirty (30) days.”
. This includes the assertion belatedly made here but not on the trial that the COGSA $500 per package limitation was controlling.
. “1. CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY SEA ACT.
This bill of lading shall have effect subject to the provisions of the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act of the United States, approved April 16, 1936, which shall be deemed to be incorporated herein, and nothing herein contained shall be deemed a surrender by the carrier of any of its rights or immunities or an increase of any of its responsibilities or liabilities under said Act. The provisions stated in said Act shall (except as may be otherwise specifically provided herein) govern before the goods are loaded on and after they are discharged from the ship and throughout the entire time the goods are in the custody of the carrier.” (Emphasis added.)
. “In any event the carrier and the ship shall be discharged from all liability in respect of loss or damage unless suit is brought within one year after delivery of the goods or the date when the goods should have been delivered.” 46 U.S. C.A. § 1303(6).
. “18. NOTICE OF LOSS OR DAMAGE. — TIME FOR SUIT. Unless notice of loss or damage and the general nature of sucli loss or damage be given in writing to the carrier or his agent at the port of discharge before or at the time of the removal of the goods into the custody of the person entitled to delivery thereof under the contract of carriage, such removal shall be PRIMA FACIE evidence of the delivery by the carrier of the goods as described in the bill of lading. If the loss or damage is not apparent the notice must be given within three days of the delivery.
“In any events the carrier and the ship shall be discharged from all liability in any capacity under this bill of lading or otherwise for delay, loss of or damage to or in respect of the goods, or for loss or damage to any other property of the shipper, consignee or owner of the goods, or with respect to general average unless suit is brought within one year after the delivery of the goods or the date when the goods should have been delivered.”
. “Many bills of lading contain a provision to the effect that the Act [COGSA] shall govern rights and liabilities of the parties at all times that the cargo is in the carrier’s possession, both before the cargo is stowed on and after its discharge from the carrying vessel. Such a provision makes the Act a term of the contract to be considered with the other contractual terms.” Longley, Common Carriage of Cargo (1967), Pages 32-33.
. See Bank of California N.A. v. International Mercantile Marine Corp., 2d Cir., 1933, 64 F.2d 97, 1933 A.M.C. 719, cert. denied, 1933, 290 U.S. 649, 54 S.Ct. 66, 78 L.Ed. 563; Commodity Service Corp. v. Furness Withy & Co., N.Y. City Civ.Ct., 1964 A.M.C. 760; Mamiye Bros. Barbara Steamship Lines, Inc., S.D.N.Y., 1965, 241 F.Supp. 99, 1966 A.M.C. 1175, aff’d, 2d Cir., 1966, 360 F.2d 774, 1966 A.M.C. 1165, cert. denied, 1966, 385 U.S. 835, 87 S.Ct. 80, 17 L.Ed.2d 70; Commercio Transito Internazionale, Ltd. v. Lykes Bros. Steamship Co., 2d Cir., 1957, 243 F.2d 683, 1957 A.M.C. 1188.
. See Covenant 4:
“4. * * * When the goods are discharged from the ship, as herein provided, they shall be at their own risk and expense; such discharge shall constitute complete delivery and performance under this contract and the carrier shall be freed from any further responsibility. For any services rendered to the goods as hereinabove provided, the carrier shall be entitled to a reasonable extra compensation.” (Emphasis added.)
And see Clause 12.
“If the goods are not taken away by the consignee by the expiration of the
See Federal Ins. Co. v. American Export Lines, D.C.N.Y., 1953, 113 F.Supp. 540, 1953 A.M.C. 352. One clause of the contract made the COGSA applicable to the whole period of time the goods were in the carrier’s custody. Somewhat as here, another clause, however, stated that all lighterage and use of craft in discharging cargo was to be at the risk and expense of the goods.
The Court declined to hold that the COGSA one-year limitation barred the claim. As though writing on the very bill of lading here involved (see note S, supra) with an identical “except as otherwise provided’’ parenthetical, the Court stated:
“Indeed the part of clause 1 of the bill of lading which makes the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act applicable during custody contemplates such specific exceptions to that rule. It provides: ‘The provisions stated in said
Act (except as may be otherwise specifically provided herein) shall govern before the goods are loaded on and after they are discharged from the ship and throughout the entire time the goods are in the custody of the Carrier.’ Since the question is solely one of intention, the specific controls the general and the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act does not apply to the period when cargo is on a lighter. Thus the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act does not apply in this case. Since the Act does not apply the one-year limitation which is part of the Act does not apply.”
Cf. David Crystal, Inc. v. Cunard Steam-Ship Co., 2 Cir., 1964, 339 F.2d 295, 1964 A.M.C. 1292. Unlike the contract which there gave carrier an option, which carrier did not exercise, the clause here (note 13, supra) provides that the carrier can do a number of tilings with the shipment after discharge and notice, etc., “but always at the rish and expense of the goods.” (Emphasis added.)
. Strictly speaking point (iv) on damages is not ■ open since Free Port has not appealed, but we examine and reject it nevertheless.
. See United States v. Seckinger, 1970, 397 U.S. 1031, 90 S.Ct. 1255, 25 L.Ed. 2d 546, reversing, 5 Cir., 1969, 408 F.2d 146, 150-152; American Agricultural Chemical Co. v. Tampa Armature Works, Inc., 5 Cir., 1963, 315 F.2d 856, 860 (concurring opinion).
. The Trial Court found:
“The Panama Free Port Corporation, although having signed the letter of indemnity in which it agreed to release the United Fruit Company ‘from all claims and/or actions that may arise as a result of this release’ and promising to deliver to the United Fruit Company ‘original bills óf lading within the next thirty (30) days’, could not comply because of the mistake and negligence of the United Fruit Company itself. It was led to believe by the United Fruit Company that original bills were forthcoming to Perubras and relied upon this presentation to its detriment.”
. (A) Value of goods Sales Price Less delivery expenses
$24,189.94
5,791.44
$18,398.50
(B) Investigation Pursuit Expenses Air Fares Per diem
$ 1,109.44
300.00
$ 1,409.44
TOTAL $19,807.94
. Clause 17 provides:
“Whenever the value of the goods is less than $500.00 per package or other freight unit their value in the calculation and adjustment of claims for which the carrier may be liable in any capacity shall, for the purpose of avoiding uncertainties and difficulties in fixing value, be deemed to be the invoice value, plus freight and insurance, if paid, irrespective of whether any other value is greater or less.”
. This expressly overruled our previous case, A. M. Collins & Co. v. Panama R. Co., 5 Cir., 1952, 197 F.2d 893, 1952 A.M.C. 2054.
. Title 4 Section 4702 of the Canal Zone Code provides:
“The detriment caused by the wrongful conversion of personal property is presumed to be:
“(1) the value of the property at the time of the conversion, with the inter est from the time, or an amount sufficient to indemnify the party injured for the loss which is the natural, reasonable and proximate result of the wrongful act complained of and which a proper degree of prudence on his part would not have averted; and
“(2) a fair compensation for the time and money properly expended in pursuit of the property.”
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting):
I would reverse the judgment against United Fruit Company because the period of limitations in the bill of lading discharges the carrier from all liability in any capacity unless suit is brought within one year of delivery, which it was not, and the indemnity agreement taken by United Fruit Company from Panama Free Port Company controls the liability as between United Fruit and Free Port. Consent to the release of the goods without the surrender of the original bill of lading was requested by Free Port. United Fruit agreed only after receiving a written release “from all claims and/or actions that may arise as a result of this release.” I do not know what more United Fruit could have done to protect against liability to Free Port and out-of-time liability to the shipper. There is no reason that the whole affair should not be controlled by the agreements of the parties.